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Copy file name to clipboardexpand all lines: CONTRIBUTING.md
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## Setting up your environment
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This site is powered by [Jekyll](https://jekyllrb.com/). Running it on your local machine requires a working [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/) installation with [Bundler](http://bundler.io/).
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This site is powered by [Jekyll](https://jekyllrb.com/). Running it on your local machine requires a working [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/) installation with [Bundler](https://bundler.io/).
Copy file name to clipboardexpand all lines: _articles/en-US/best-practices.md
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</p>
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</aside>
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The same applies to a user who really wants a solution that you simply don't have the bandwidth to build. Offering APIs and customization hooks can help others meet their own needs, without having to modify the source directly. @orta[found that](http://artsy.github.io/blog/2016/07/03/handling-big-projects/) encouraging plugins for CocoaPods led to "some of the most interesting ideas":
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The same applies to a user who really wants a solution that you simply don't have the bandwidth to build. Offering APIs and customization hooks can help others meet their own needs, without having to modify the source directly. @orta[found that](https://artsy.github.io/blog/2016/07/03/handling-big-projects/) encouraging plugins for CocoaPods led to "some of the most interesting ideas":
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> It's almost inevitable that once a project becomes big, maintainers have to become a lot more conservative about how they introduce new code. You become good at saying "no", but a lot of people have legitimate needs. So, instead you end up converting your tool into a platform.
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I believe that tests are necessary for all code that people work on. If the code was fully and perfectly correct, it wouldn't need changes – we only write code when something is wrong, whether that's "It crashes" or "It lacks such-and-such a feature". And regardless of the changes you're making, tests are essential for catching any regressions you might accidentally introduce.
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<pmarkdown="1"class="pquote-credit">
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— @edunham, ["Rust's Community Automation"](http://edunham.net/2016/09/27/rust_s_community_automation.html)
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— @edunham, ["Rust's Community Automation"](https://edunham.net/2016/09/27/rust_s_community_automation.html)
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</p>
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</aside>
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Burnout is a real and pervasive issue in open source work, especially among maintainers. As a maintainer, your happiness is a non-negotiable requirement for the survival of any open source project.
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Although it should go without saying, take a break! You shouldn't have to wait until you feel burned out to take a vacation. @brettcannon, a Python core developer, decided to take [a month-long vacation](http://www.snarky.ca/why-i-took-october-off-from-oss-volunteering) after 14 years of volunteer OSS work.
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Although it should go without saying, take a break! You shouldn't have to wait until you feel burned out to take a vacation. @brettcannon, a Python core developer, decided to take [a month-long vacation](https://snarky.ca/why-i-took-october-off-from-oss-volunteering/) after 14 years of volunteer OSS work.
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Just like any other type of work, taking regular breaks will keep you refreshed, happy, and excited about your work.
Copy file name to clipboardexpand all lines: _articles/en-US/building-community.md
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* If you've got a sizable community, **send out a newsletter or write a blog post** thanking contributors. Rust's [This Week in Rust](https://this-week-in-rust.org/) and Hoodie's [Shoutouts](http://hood.ie/blog/shoutouts-week-24.html) are two good examples.
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***Give every contributor commit access.**@felixge found that this made people [more excited to polish their patches](http://felixge.de/2013/03/11/the-pull-request-hack.html), and he even found new maintainers for projects that he hadn't worked on in awhile.
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***Give every contributor commit access.**@felixge found that this made people [more excited to polish their patches](https://felixge.de/2013/03/11/the-pull-request-hack.html), and he even found new maintainers for projects that he hadn't worked on in awhile.
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* If your project is on GitHub, **move your project from your personal account to an [Organization](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-new-organization-account/)** and add at least one backup admin. Organizations make it easier to work on projects with external collaborators.
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Some projects use a voting process to make major decisions. While sensible at first glance, voting emphasizes getting to an "answer," rather than listening to and addressing each other's concerns.
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Voting can become political, where community members feel pressured to do each other favors or vote a certain way. Not everybody votes, either, whether it's the [silent majority](http://ben.balter.com/2016/03/08/optimizing-for-power-users-and-edge-cases/#the-silent-majority-of-users) in your community, or current users who didn't know a vote was taking place.
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Voting can become political, where community members feel pressured to do each other favors or vote a certain way. Not everybody votes, either, whether it's the [silent majority](https://ben.balter.com/2016/03/08/optimizing-for-power-users-and-edge-cases/#the-silent-majority-of-users) in your community, or current users who didn't know a vote was taking place.
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Sometimes, voting is a necessary tiebreaker. As much as you are able, however, emphasize ["consensus seeking"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus-seeking_decision-making) rather than consensus.
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* What happens if someone violates the code of conduct
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* How someone can report violations
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Wherever you can, use prior art. The [Contributor Covenant](http://contributor-covenant.org/) is a drop-in code of conduct that is used by over 40,000 open source projects, including Kubernetes, Rails, and Swift.
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Wherever you can, use prior art. The [Contributor Covenant](https://contributor-covenant.org/) is a drop-in code of conduct that is used by over 40,000 open source projects, including Kubernetes, Rails, and Swift.
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The [Django Code of Conduct](https://www.djangoproject.com/conduct/) and the [Citizen Code of Conduct](http://citizencodeofconduct.org/) are also two good code of conduct examples.
For a deeper dive into messaging, check out Mozilla's ["Personas and Pathways"](http://mozillascience.github.io/working-open-workshop/personas_pathways/) exercise for developing user personas.
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For a deeper dive into messaging, check out Mozilla's ["Personas and Pathways"](https://mozillascience.github.io/working-open-workshop/personas_pathways/) exercise for developing user personas.
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## Help people find and follow your project
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Online outreach is a great way to share and spread the word quickly. Using online channels, you have the potential to reach a very wide audience.
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Take advantage of existing online communities and platforms to reach your audience. If your open source project is a software project, you can probably find your audience on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/), [Reddit](http://www.reddit.com), [Hacker News](https://news.ycombinator.com/), or [Quora](https://www.quora.com/). Find the channels where you think people will most benefit from or be excited about your work.
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Take advantage of existing online communities and platforms to reach your audience. If your open source project is a software project, you can probably find your audience on [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/), [Reddit](https://www.reddit.com), [Hacker News](https://news.ycombinator.com/), or [Quora](https://www.quora.com/). Find the channels where you think people will most benefit from or be excited about your work.
Financial donations do add a feeling of responsibility, for some. (...) It's important for us, in the globally connected, fast-paced world we live in, to be able to say "not now, I feel like doing something completely different".
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<pmarkdown="1"class="pquote-credit">
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— @alloy, ["Why We Don't Accept Donations"](http://blog.cocoapods.org/Why-we-dont-accept-donations/)
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— @alloy, ["Why We Don't Accept Donations"](https://blog.cocoapods.org/Why-we-dont-accept-donations/)
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</p>
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</aside>
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Many companies are developing open source programs to build their brand and recruit quality talent.
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@hueniverse, for example, found that there were financial reasons to justify [Walmart's investment in open source](http://www.infoworld.com/article/2608897/open-source-software/walmart-s-investment-in-open-source-isn-t-cheap.html). And @jamesgpearce found that Facebook's open source program [made a difference](https://opensource.com/business/14/10/head-of-open-source-facebook-oscon) in recruiting:
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@hueniverse, for example, found that there were financial reasons to justify [Walmart's investment in open source](https://www.infoworld.com/article/2608897/open-source-software/walmart-s-investment-in-open-source-isn-t-cheap.html). And @jamesgpearce found that Facebook's open source program [made a difference](https://opensource.com/business/14/10/head-of-open-source-facebook-oscon) in recruiting:
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> It is closely aligned with our hacker culture, and how our organization was perceived. We asked our employees, "Were you aware of the open source software program at Facebook?". Two-thirds said "Yes". One-half said that the program positively contributed to their decision to work for us. These are not marginal numbers, and I hope, a trend that continues.
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If you can't convince your current employer to prioritize open source work, consider finding a new employer that encourages employee contributions to open source. Look for companies that make their dedication to open source work explicit. For example:
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* Some companies, like [Netflix](https://netflix.github.io/) or [PayPal](http://paypal.github.io/), have websites that highlight their involvement in open source
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* Some companies, like [Netflix](https://netflix.github.io/) or [PayPal](https://paypal.github.io/), have websites that highlight their involvement in open source
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*[Rackspace](https://www.rackspace.com/en-us) published its [open source contribution policy](https://blog.rackspace.com/rackspaces-policy-on-contributing-to-open-source/) for employees
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Projects that originated at a large company, such as [Go](https://github.com/golang) or [React](https://github.com/facebook/react), will also likely employ people to work on open source.
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Finally, depending on your personal circumstances, you can try raising money independently to fund your open source work. For example:
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*@gaearon funded his work on [Redux](https://github.com/reactjs/redux) through a [Patreon crowdfunding campaign](http://redux.js.org/)
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*@gaearon funded his work on [Redux](https://github.com/reactjs/redux) through a [Patreon crowdfunding campaign](https://redux.js.org/)
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*@andrewgodwin funded work on Django schema migrations [through a Kickstarter campaign](https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/andrewgodwin/schema-migrations-for-django)
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### Do you like helping people?
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* Answer questions about the project on e.g., Stack Overflow ([like this Postgres example](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/18664074/getting-error-peer-authentication-failed-for-user-postgres-when-trying-to-ge)) or Reddit
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* Answer questions about the project on e.g., Stack Overflow ([like this Postgres example](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18664074/getting-error-peer-authentication-failed-for-user-postgres-when-trying-to-ge)) or Reddit
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* Answer questions for people on open issues
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* Help moderate the discussion boards or conversation channels
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If you go to an issue tracker and things seem confusing, it's not just you. These tools require a lot of implicit knowledge, but people can help you navigate it and you can ask them questions.
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<pmarkdown="1"class="pquote-credit">
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— @shaunagm, ["How to Contribute to Open Source"](http://readwrite.com/2014/10/10/open-source-diversity-how-to-contribute/)
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— @shaunagm, ["How to Contribute to Open Source"](https://readwrite.com/2014/10/10/open-source-diversity-how-to-contribute/)
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</p>
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You might scan a README and find a broken link or a typo. Or you're a new user and you noticed something is broken, or an issue that you think should really be in the documentation. Instead of ignoring it and moving on, or asking someone else to fix it, see whether you can help out by pitching in. That's what open source is all about!
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> [28% of casual contributions](http://www.igor.pro.br/publica/papers/saner2016.pdf) to open source are documentation, such as a typo fix, reformatting, or writing a translation.
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> [28% of casual contributions](https://www.igor.pro.br/publica/papers/saner2016.pdf) to open source are documentation, such as a typo fix, reformatting, or writing a translation.
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You can also use one of the following resources to help you discover and contribute to new projects:
Whenever somebody sends you a pull request, give them commit access to your project. While it may sound incredibly stupid at first, using this strategy will allow you to unleash the true power of GitHub. (...) Once people have commit access, they are no longer worried that their patch might go unmerged...causing them to put much more work into it.
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If you want to accept donations for your open source project, you can set up a donation button (using PayPal or Stripe, for example), but the money won't be tax-deductible unless you are a qualifying nonprofit (a 501c3, if you're in the US).
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Many projects don't wish to go through the trouble of setting up a nonprofit, so they find a nonprofit fiscal sponsor instead. A fiscal sponsor accepts donations on your behalf, usually in exchange for a percentage of the donation. [Software Freedom Conservancy](https://sfconservancy.org/), [Apache Foundation](http://www.apache.org/), [Eclipse Foundation](https://eclipse.org/org/foundation/), [Linux Foundation](https://www.linuxfoundation.org/projects) and [Open Collective](https://opencollective.com/opensource) are examples of organizations that serve as fiscal sponsors for open source projects.
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Many projects don't wish to go through the trouble of setting up a nonprofit, so they find a nonprofit fiscal sponsor instead. A fiscal sponsor accepts donations on your behalf, usually in exchange for a percentage of the donation. [Software Freedom Conservancy](https://sfconservancy.org/), [Apache Foundation](https://www.apache.org/), [Eclipse Foundation](https://eclipse.org/org/foundation/), [Linux Foundation](https://www.linuxfoundation.org/projects) and [Open Collective](https://opencollective.com/opensource) are examples of organizations that serve as fiscal sponsors for open source projects.
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</p>
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If your project is closely associated with a certain language or ecosystem, there may also be a related software foundation you can work with. For example, the [Python Software Foundation](https://www.python.org/psf/) helps support [PyPI](https://pypi.python.org/pypi), the Python package manager, and the [Node.js Foundation](https://nodejs.org/en/foundation/) helps support [Express.js](http://expressjs.com/), a Node-based framework.
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If your project is closely associated with a certain language or ecosystem, there may also be a related software foundation you can work with. For example, the [Python Software Foundation](https://www.python.org/psf/) helps support [PyPI](https://pypi.python.org/pypi), the Python package manager, and the [Node.js Foundation](https://nodejs.org/en/foundation/) helps support [Express.js](https://expressjs.com/), a Node-based framework.
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