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lang/en/docs/tutorials/materials/specific/passivation-surface-silicon-surface.md

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render_macros: true
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---
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# Passivation of Silicon (001) Surface
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# Passivation of Silicon (100) Surface
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## Introduction
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This tutorial demonstrates how to passivate a reconstructed silicon (001) surface with hydrogen atoms, following the methodology described in the literature.
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This tutorial demonstrates how to passivate a reconstructed silicon (100) surface with hydrogen atoms, following the methodology described in the literature.
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!!!note "Manuscript"
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Hansen, U., & Vogl, P.
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### 1.1. Load Base Material
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Navigate to [Materials Designer](../../../materials-designer/overview.md) and import the reconstructed Si(100) surface from [Standata](../../../materials-designer/header-menu/input-output/standata-import.md) using the search term "Silicon.*100.*reconstructed".
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Navigate to [Materials Designer](../../../materials-designer/overview.md) and import the reconstructed Si(100) surface from [Standata](../../../materials-designer/header-menu/input-output/standata-import.md).
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![Standata Si Import](/images/tutorials/materials/surfaces/si_100_passivation/standata-import.webp "Import Si(100) from Standata")
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![Si(100) Structure](/images/tutorials/materials/surfaces/si_100_passivation/1-wave-original-material.webp "Si(100) Structure")
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### 1.2. Launch JupyterLite Session
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Select the "Advanced > [JupyterLite Transformation](../../../materials-designer/header-menu/advanced/jupyterlite-dialog.md)" menu item to launch the JupyterLite environment.
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### 1.3. Open Modified `create_supercell.ipynb` Notebook
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Open `create_supercell.ipynb` and replace the "Get input materials" cell with the following code to adjust the Si atom position:
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Open `create_supercell.ipynb`, select input material as the Si(100) structure, and set the supercell parameters in 1.1.:
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```python
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SUPERCELL_MATRIX = [
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[1, 0, 0],
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[0, 1, 0],
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[0, 0, 1]
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]
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# or use the scaling factor
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SCALING_FACTOR = None # [3, 3, 1]
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```
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Also add to the "Get input materials" cell the following code to adjust the Si atom position:
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```python
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from utils.jupyterlite import get_materials
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material.set_coordinates(new_coordinates)
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```
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![Supercell Parameters](/images/tutorials/materials/surfaces/si_100_passivation/2-jl-setup-nb-adjust.webp "Supercell Parameters Visualization")
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### 1.4. Run Structure Adjustment
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Run the notebook using "Run > Run All Cells". This will:
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1. Load the Si(100) structure
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2. Adjust the position of the specified Si atom
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3. Create a supercell if specified in the parameters
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4. Visualize the adjusted structure
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![Adjusted Structure](/images/tutorials/materials/surfaces/si_100_passivation/adjusted-structure.webp "Adjusted Si(100) Structure")
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![Adjusted Structure](/images/tutorials/materials/surfaces/si_100_passivation/3-wave-adjusted-material.webp "Adjusted Si(100) Structure")
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## 2. Passivate the Surface
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```
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Key parameters explained:
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- `BOND_LENGTH`: Si-H bond length from literature
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- `SHADOWING_RADIUS`: Controls which atoms are considered surface atoms
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- `DEPTH`: How deep to look for surface atoms
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![Passivation Parameters](/images/tutorials/materials/surfaces/si_100_passivation/passivation-params.webp "Passivation Parameters Visualization")
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- `BOND_LENGTH`: Si-H bond length from literature.
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- `SHADOWING_RADIUS`: Controls which atoms are considered surface atoms, set to be below the distance between top Si atoms pair.
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- `SURFACE`: Passivate only the top surface.
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- `DEPTH`: How deep to look for surface atoms, set to include only top Si atoms.
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![Passivation Parameters](/images/tutorials/materials/surfaces/si_100_passivation/4-jl-setup-nb-passivation.webp "Passivation Parameters Visualization")
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### 2.3. Run Passivation
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Run all cells in the notebook. The passivation process will:
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1. Detect surface Si atoms
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2. Add H atoms at the specified bond length
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3. Generate the passivated structure
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![Passivated Structure](/images/tutorials/materials/surfaces/si_100_passivation/5-jl-result-preview.webp "H-Passivated Si(100) Structure")
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## 3. Analyze Results
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After running both notebooks, examine the final structure:
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### 3.1. Surface Structure
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Check that:
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- The adjusted Si atom position is correct
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- Surface reconstruction is maintained
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- H atoms are properly placed above surface Si atoms
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### 3.2. Bond Geometry
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Verify:
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- Si-H bond length is ~1.46 Å
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- H atoms are approximately perpendicular to the surface
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- No H atoms are added to subsurface Si atoms
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![Final Structure](/images/tutorials/materials/surfaces/si_100_passivation/final-structure.webp "Final H-Passivated Si(100)")
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![Final Structure](/images/tutorials/materials/surfaces/si_100_passivation/6-wave-result.webp "Final H-Passivated Si(100)")
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## 4. Save Passivated Structure
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{% with origin_url=config.extra.jupyterlite.origin_url %}
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{% with notebooks_path_root=config.extra.jupyterlite.notebooks_path_root %}
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{% with notebook_name='specific_examples/si_100_passivation.ipynb' %}
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{% with notebook_name='specific_examples/passivation_surface_silicon_surface.ipynb' %}
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{% include 'jupyterlite_embed.html' %}
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{% endwith %}
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{% endwith %}
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To adjust the passivation:
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1. Surface Detection:
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- Increase `SHADOWING_RADIUS` to be more selective about surface atoms
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- Adjust `DEPTH` to control how deep to look for surface atoms
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2. Passivation:
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- Modify `BOND_LENGTH` for different Si-H distances
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- Change `SURFACE` to passivate different surfaces
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- Change `PASSIVANT` to use different passivating species

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