From b69d1d47a5ea1cfb57a64380b076fe897689d0d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: divyagh Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2020 05:51:34 +0530 Subject: [PATCH] Perl strings and operators --- perl/operators/operators.md | 252 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ perl/strings/strings.md | 72 +++++++++++ 2 files changed, 324 insertions(+) create mode 100644 perl/operators/operators.md create mode 100644 perl/strings/strings.md diff --git a/perl/operators/operators.md b/perl/operators/operators.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9729ada --- /dev/null +++ b/perl/operators/operators.md @@ -0,0 +1,252 @@ +Let us understand the below terms before we get into more details. + +### 1. Operator + +An operator is a symbol which has special meaning and performs an operation on single or multiple operands like addition, substraction etc. In the below example, `+` is the operator. + +```c +#include +using namespace std; + +int main() +{ + int x, y, sum; + x = 10; + y = 20; + + sum = x + y; + cout << "Sum : " << sum; + + return(0); +} +``` +### Check result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb5yays) + +### 2. Operand + +An operand is what operators are applied on. In the above example `x` and `y` are the operands. + +# Types of Operators in C + +## 1. Arithmetic Operators + +C++ arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on operands. + +|Operator| Description | Example| +|----|----|----| +| + | Used to perform Addition | 8+2 = 10| +| - | Used to perform Subtraction | 12-2 = 10| +| * | Used to perform Multiplication | 5*2 = 10| +| / | Used to perform Division | 100/10 = 10| +| % | Used to return Remainder | 40%10 = 0| +| ++ | Used to perform Increment | int a=10; a++; // a becomes 11| +| -- | Used to perform Decrement | int a=10; a--; // a becomes 9| + + +### Example + +```c +#include +using namespace std; + +int main() +{ + int x, y, sum, diff, product, division, mod, inc, dec; + x = 90; + y = 10; + + sum = x + y; + cout << "Sum : " << sum << endl; + + diff = x - y; + cout << "Difference : " << diff << endl; + + product = x * y; + cout << "Product : " << product << endl; + + division = x / y; + cout << "Division : " << division << endl; + + mod = x % y; + cout << "Remainder : " << mod << endl; + + inc = x++; + cout << "x value after incrementing : " << x << endl; + + dec = x--; + cout << "x value after decrementing : " << x; + + return(0); + +} +``` +### Check Result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb6bf4b) + +## 2. Relational Operators + +C++ relational operators are used to compare two operands. + +| Operator | Description| Usage| +|----|----|----| +| == | Is equal to | x == y| +| != | Not equal to | !=x | +| > | Greater than | x > y | +| >= | Greater than or equal to | x >= y| +| < | Less than| x < y | +| <= | Less than or equal to| x <= y| + +### Example + +```C +#include +using namespace std; + +int main() +{ + int x = 90; + int y = 10; + + if ( x == y) { + cout << "x and y are equal" << endl; + } + + if ( x != y) { + cout << "x and y are not equal" << endl; + } + + if ( x > y) { + cout << "x is greater than y" << endl; + } + + if ( x < y) { + cout << "x is less than y" << endl; + } +} +``` +### Check Result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb6ppv9) + +## 3. Bitwise Operators + +C++ bitwise operators are used to perform bitwise operations on operands. + +|Operator| Description| Usage| +|----|----|----| +| `&` | Bitwise AND | `(x > y) & (y > z)`| +| `|` | Bitwise OR | `(x > y) | (y > z)`| +| `^` | Bitwise XOR | `(x > y) ^ (y > z)`| +| `~` | Bitwise NOT | `(~x)`| +| `<<` | Bitwise Left Shift| `x << y`| +| `>>` | Bitwise Right Shift| `x >> y`| + +## 4. Logical operators + +Below are the logical operators present in the C++. + +|Operator| Description| Usage| +|----|----|----| +| `&&` | Logical AND | `(x > y) && (y > z)`| +| `||` | Logical OR | `(x > y) || (y > z)`| +| `!` | Logical NOT | `(!x)`| + +## 5. Assignment Operators + +Below are the assignment operators present in the C++. + +|Operator| Description| Usage| +|----|----|----| +| = | Assign| int x = 10;| +| += | Add and assign| int x=10; x+=30; // x becomes 40| +| -= | Subtract and assign| int x=40; x-=10; // x becomes 30| +| *= | Multiply and assign| int x=10; x*=40; // x becomes 400| +| /= | Divide and assign| int x=100; x /= 10;// x becomes 10| +| %= | Modulus and assign| int x=100; x%=10; // x becomes 0| +| <<= | Left shift and assign| x <<= 2 is same as x = x << 2| +| >>= | Right shift and assign| x >>= 2 is same as x = x >> 2| +| &= | Bitwise and assign| x &= 10 is same as x = x & 10| +| ^= | Bitwise exclusive OR and assign| x ^= 10 is same as x = x ^ 10| +| `|=` |Bitwise inclusive OR and assign | `x |= 10 is same as x = x | 10`| + +### Example + +```C +#include +using namespace std; + +int main() +{ + int x = 10; // assigning 10 to x +cout << "x value: " << x << endl; + +x+=30; +cout << "x value after += operation: " << x << endl; + +x-=10; +cout << "x value after -= operation: " << x << endl; + +x*=10; +cout <<"x value after *= operation: " << x << endl; + +x/=10; +cout <<"x value after /= operation: " << x << endl; + +x%=10; +cout <<"x value after %= operation: " << x; + +} +``` + +### Check Result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb6zaez) + +## 6. Misc Operator + +* Ternary Operator +If the operator is applied on a three operands then it is called ternary. This is also known as conditional operator as a condition is followed by `?` and true-expression which is followed by a `:` and false expression. This is oftenly used as a shortcut to replace if-else statement + +### Example + +```c +#include +using namespace std; + +int main() +{ + int x = 10; + int y = 90; + + int z = x > y ? x : y; + + cout << "Larger Number is: " << z; +} +``` +### Check Result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb79s3q) + +* sizeof() + +This operator is used to return the size of a variable. + +```c +#include +using namespace std; + +int main() +{ + + int x = 90; + int y = sizeof(x); + + cout <<"Size of x is: " << y; +} +``` +### Check Result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb7cnag) + +## Summary + +| Operator type | Description| +|----|-----| +| Arithmetic Operator|+ , - , * , / , %| +| comparision Operator| < , > , <= , >=, != , ==| +| Bitwise Operator| & , ^ , | +| Logical Operator| && , `||`, ! | +| Assignment Operator|= , += , -= , *= , /= , %=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, `|=` | +| Ternary Operator| ? : | +| sizeof operator| sizeof() | diff --git a/perl/strings/strings.md b/perl/strings/strings.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..287c4cd --- /dev/null +++ b/perl/strings/strings.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +String is an ordered series of characters usually enclosed in single quotes (') or double quotes (“) quotations. + +## How to declare strings + +```java +$string_var = value; +``` +value should be enclosed in either single quotes `'` or double quotes `“`. + +## Example + +```perl + +$str1 = 'Hello World! '; +$str2 = "Happy learning!!"; + +print($str1); +print($str2); +``` +### Check result [here](https://onecompiler.com/perl/3vnmqz42z) + +# String Functions + +Below are some of the useful string functions in Perl. + +| String Function | Description| +|----|----| +|length| This function is used to return the number of characters of a given string| +|substr| This method is used to modify a substring in a string| +|index| Searches for a substring in the given string and returns the position of the first occurrence of the substring if found| +|rindex| Similar to index but searches for a substring from right to left| +|reverse| This function is used to reverse a string| +|lc| This function is used to convert the specified string to lowercase| +|uc| This function is used to convert the specified string to uppercase| +|crypt| This function is used to encrypt password| +|q/string/| used to create single-quoted strings| +|qq/string/| used to create double-quoted strings| +|chr| to return ASCII or UNICODE character of a number| +|hex| used to convert a hexadecimal string to it's equivalent decimal value| +|oct| used to convert an octal number to it's equivalent decimal value| +|ord| returns the ASCII value of the first character of a string| +|sprintf| Formats string provided by the user and returns the formatted string to be used with print()| + +## Example + +```perl +#!/usr/bin/perl +use warnings; +use strict; + +# Find the length of a string +my $str = "Hello world! Happy learning!!"; +print(length($str),"\n"); + +# extract substring from a string +my $substr1 = substr($str, 0, 5); +my $substr2 = substr($str, -10); + +print($substr1,"\n"); +print($substr2,"\n"); + +my $i = "Happy"; +my $p = index($str,$i); +print(qq\Index of substring "$i" is "$p" in the string: "$str"\,"\n"); + +print("Upper case of the string:\n"); +print(uc($str),"\n"); + +print("Lower case of the string:\n"); +print(lc($str),"\n"); +``` +### Check result [here](https://onecompiler.com/perl/3vnqhk3bu)