From 72e1f72aa45d53bf208639cd2e0ebfd88d56274d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Herberto Graca <herberto.graca@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 18 Sep 2023 19:27:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Make the Expression $because be empty by default

This will make it easier to use in cases where we can not provide a
reason, namely in automatically built rules.
The system is already prepared to receive an empty reason, and
will not write the "because" word in the output.
---
 src/Expression/Boolean/Andx.php                           | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/Boolean/Not.php                            | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/Boolean/Orx.php                            | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/Expression.php                             | 8 ++++----
 src/Expression/ForClasses/ContainDocBlockLike.php         | 4 ++--
 .../ForClasses/DependsOnlyOnTheseExpressions.php          | 4 ++--
 .../ForClasses/DependsOnlyOnTheseNamespaces.php           | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/Extend.php                      | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveAttribute.php               | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveCorrespondingUnit.php       | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveNameMatching.php            | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/Implement.php                   | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsA.php                         | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsAbstract.php                  | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsEnum.php                      | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsFinal.php                     | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsInterface.php                 | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsMapped.php                    | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotAbstract.php               | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotEnum.php                   | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotFinal.php                  | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotInterface.php              | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotTrait.php                  | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/IsTrait.php                     | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/MatchOneOfTheseNames.php        | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/NotContainDocBlockLike.php      | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/NotDependsOnTheseNamespaces.php | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/NotExtend.php                   | 4 ++--
 .../ForClasses/NotHaveDependencyOutsideNamespace.php      | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/NotHaveNameMatching.php         | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/NotImplement.php                | 4 ++--
 src/Expression/ForClasses/NotResideInTheseNamespaces.php  | 4 ++--
 .../ForClasses/ResideInOneOfTheseNamespaces.php           | 4 ++--
 tests/Unit/Rules/ConstraintsTest.php                      | 8 ++++----
 34 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/Expression/Boolean/Andx.php b/src/Expression/Boolean/Andx.php
index 5f4cb222..d5b93f64 100644
--- a/src/Expression/Boolean/Andx.php
+++ b/src/Expression/Boolean/Andx.php
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ public function __construct(Expression ...$expressions)
         $this->expressions = $expressions;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         $expressionsDescriptions = [];
         foreach ($this->expressions as $expression) {
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Descripti
         return new Description($expressionsDescriptionsString, $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         foreach ($this->expressions as $expression) {
             $newViolations = new Violations();
diff --git a/src/Expression/Boolean/Not.php b/src/Expression/Boolean/Not.php
index 3db76654..bf018f6e 100644
--- a/src/Expression/Boolean/Not.php
+++ b/src/Expression/Boolean/Not.php
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ public function __construct(Expression $expression)
         $this->expression = $expression;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description('must NOT ('.$this->expression->describe($theClass, '')->toString().')', $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $newViolations = new Violations();
         $this->expression->evaluate($theClass, $newViolations, $because);
diff --git a/src/Expression/Boolean/Orx.php b/src/Expression/Boolean/Orx.php
index 91980f4b..34b43ec8 100644
--- a/src/Expression/Boolean/Orx.php
+++ b/src/Expression/Boolean/Orx.php
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ public function __construct(Expression ...$expressions)
         $this->expressions = $expressions;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         $expressionsDescriptions = [];
         foreach ($this->expressions as $expression) {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Descripti
         return new Description($expressionsDescriptionsString, $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if (0 === \count($this->expressions)) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/Expression.php b/src/Expression/Expression.php
index 79c8d4b3..83565df3 100644
--- a/src/Expression/Expression.php
+++ b/src/Expression/Expression.php
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@
 interface Expression
 {
     /**
-     * Returns a human readable description of the expression
+     * Returns a human-readable description of the expression
      * $theClass can be used to add contextual information.
      */
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description;
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description;
 
     /**
      * Evaluates the expression for the class passed as parameter.
-     * It should adds violations if rule is violated.
+     * It should add violations if rule is violated.
      */
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void;
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void;
 }
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/ContainDocBlockLike.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/ContainDocBlockLike.php
index 08d49a92..f3fea26d 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/ContainDocBlockLike.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/ContainDocBlockLike.php
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ public function __construct(string $docBlock)
         $this->docBlock = $docBlock;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("should have a doc block that contains {$this->docBlock}", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if (!$theClass->containsDocBlock($this->docBlock)) {
             $violation = Violation::create(
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/DependsOnlyOnTheseExpressions.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/DependsOnlyOnTheseExpressions.php
index 31ce0778..af245436 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/DependsOnlyOnTheseExpressions.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/DependsOnlyOnTheseExpressions.php
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ public function __construct(Expression ...$expressions)
         }
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         $expressionsDescriptions = '';
         foreach ($this->expressions as $expression) {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Descripti
         );
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $dependencies = $this->removeDuplicateDependencies($theClass->getDependencies());
 
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/DependsOnlyOnTheseNamespaces.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/DependsOnlyOnTheseNamespaces.php
index 55a346f3..ad81319c 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/DependsOnlyOnTheseNamespaces.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/DependsOnlyOnTheseNamespaces.php
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ public function __construct(string ...$namespace)
         $this->namespaces = $namespace;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         $desc = implode(', ', $this->namespaces);
 
         return new Description("should depend only on classes in one of these namespaces: $desc", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $dependencies = $theClass->getDependencies();
 
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/Extend.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/Extend.php
index b27947c5..487ec8f6 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/Extend.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/Extend.php
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ public function __construct(string $className)
         $this->className = $className;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("should extend {$this->className}", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $extends = $theClass->getExtends();
 
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveAttribute.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveAttribute.php
index 8a542fdf..461669e8 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveAttribute.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveAttribute.php
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ public function __construct(string $attribute)
         $this->attribute = $attribute;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("should have the attribute {$this->attribute}", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if ($theClass->hasAttribute($this->attribute)) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveCorrespondingUnit.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveCorrespondingUnit.php
index 6ac84dfb..e798ce6d 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveCorrespondingUnit.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveCorrespondingUnit.php
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ public function __construct(\Closure $inferFqnFunction)
         $this->inferFqnFunction = $inferFqnFunction;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         $correspondingFqn = $this->inferCorrespondingFqn($theClass);
 
         return new Description("should have a matching unit named: '$correspondingFqn'", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $correspondingFqn = $this->inferCorrespondingFqn($theClass);
 
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveNameMatching.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveNameMatching.php
index 858c3928..c807b4ee 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveNameMatching.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/HaveNameMatching.php
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ public function __construct(string $name)
         $this->name = $name;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("should have a name that matches {$this->name}", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $fqcn = FullyQualifiedClassName::fromString($theClass->getFQCN());
         if (!$fqcn->classMatches($this->name)) {
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/Implement.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/Implement.php
index b097a865..78a3c19d 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/Implement.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/Implement.php
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ public function __construct(string $interface)
         $this->interface = $interface;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("should implement {$this->interface}", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if ($theClass->isInterface() || $theClass->isTrait()) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsA.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsA.php
index be7b2ee2..028c7756 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsA.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsA.php
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ public function __construct(string ...$allowedFqcnList)
         $this->allowedFqcnList = $allowedFqcnList;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         $allowedFqcnList = implode(', ', $this->allowedFqcnList);
 
         return new Description("should inherit from one of: $allowedFqcnList", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if (!$this->isA($theClass, ...$this->allowedFqcnList)) {
             $violation = Violation::create(
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsAbstract.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsAbstract.php
index 3a58908e..6b233c33 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsAbstract.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsAbstract.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 class IsAbstract implements Expression
 {
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("{$theClass->getName()} should be abstract", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if ($theClass->isAbstract()) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsEnum.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsEnum.php
index 34e3c0a9..ed652a46 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsEnum.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsEnum.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 class IsEnum implements Expression
 {
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("{$theClass->getName()} should be an enum", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if ($theClass->isEnum()) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsFinal.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsFinal.php
index 968efc43..5cedd300 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsFinal.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsFinal.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 class IsFinal implements Expression
 {
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("{$theClass->getName()} should be final", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if ($theClass->isAbstract() || $theClass->isInterface() || $theClass->isFinal() || $theClass->isTrait()
             || $theClass->isEnum()) {
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsInterface.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsInterface.php
index d6c9ffde..62287b2a 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsInterface.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsInterface.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 class IsInterface implements Expression
 {
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("{$theClass->getName()} should be an interface", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if ($theClass->isInterface()) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsMapped.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsMapped.php
index 70cd0f77..8cefbba7 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsMapped.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsMapped.php
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ public function __construct(array $list)
         $this->list = array_flip($list);
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description(self::POSITIVE_DESCRIPTION, $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if (isset($this->list[$theClass->getFQCN()])) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotAbstract.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotAbstract.php
index 73eca2fb..d15be1a1 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotAbstract.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotAbstract.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 class IsNotAbstract implements Expression
 {
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("{$theClass->getName()} should not be abstract", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if (!$theClass->isAbstract()) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotEnum.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotEnum.php
index b8a412d5..edd6a518 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotEnum.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotEnum.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 class IsNotEnum implements Expression
 {
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("{$theClass->getName()} should not be an enum", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if (false === $theClass->isEnum()) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotFinal.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotFinal.php
index 7557099d..913d5359 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotFinal.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotFinal.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 class IsNotFinal implements Expression
 {
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("{$theClass->getName()} should not be final", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if (!$theClass->isFinal()) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotInterface.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotInterface.php
index 7f0768d9..bf5165b6 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotInterface.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotInterface.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 class IsNotInterface implements Expression
 {
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("{$theClass->getName()} should not be an interface", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if (!$theClass->isInterface()) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotTrait.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotTrait.php
index 5339fcc0..c89e29db 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotTrait.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsNotTrait.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 class IsNotTrait implements Expression
 {
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("{$theClass->getName()} should not be trait", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if (!$theClass->isTrait()) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsTrait.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsTrait.php
index 18c01ea0..4608dfc0 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsTrait.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/IsTrait.php
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 class IsTrait implements Expression
 {
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("{$theClass->getName()} should be trait", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if ($theClass->isTrait()) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/MatchOneOfTheseNames.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/MatchOneOfTheseNames.php
index 351782dc..6540d06f 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/MatchOneOfTheseNames.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/MatchOneOfTheseNames.php
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ public function __construct(array $names)
         $this->names = $names;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         $names = implode(', ', $this->names);
 
         return new Description("should have a name that matches {$names}", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $fqcn = FullyQualifiedClassName::fromString($theClass->getFQCN());
         $matches = false;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotContainDocBlockLike.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotContainDocBlockLike.php
index 164f6a66..6b6a4576 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotContainDocBlockLike.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotContainDocBlockLike.php
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ public function __construct(string $docBlock)
         $this->docBlock = $docBlock;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("should not have a doc block that contains {$this->docBlock}", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if ($theClass->containsDocBlock($this->docBlock)) {
             $violation = Violation::create(
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotDependsOnTheseNamespaces.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotDependsOnTheseNamespaces.php
index eb5c73a9..86a0c493 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotDependsOnTheseNamespaces.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotDependsOnTheseNamespaces.php
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ public function __construct(string ...$namespace)
         $this->namespaces = $namespace;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         $desc = implode(', ', $this->namespaces);
 
         return new Description("should not depend on these namespaces: $desc", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $dependencies = $theClass->getDependencies();
 
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotExtend.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotExtend.php
index 26539312..48efe6b7 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotExtend.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotExtend.php
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ public function __construct(string $className)
         $this->className = $className;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("should not extend {$this->className}", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $extends = $theClass->getExtends();
 
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotHaveDependencyOutsideNamespace.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotHaveDependencyOutsideNamespace.php
index 19ac84dd..debccef0 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotHaveDependencyOutsideNamespace.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotHaveDependencyOutsideNamespace.php
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ public function __construct(string $namespace, array $externalDependenciesToExcl
         $this->externalDependenciesToExclude = $externalDependenciesToExclude;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("should not depend on classes outside namespace {$this->namespace}", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $namespace = $this->namespace;
         $depends = function (ClassDependency $dependency) use ($namespace): bool {
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotHaveNameMatching.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotHaveNameMatching.php
index 05b80f01..a27a6986 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotHaveNameMatching.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotHaveNameMatching.php
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ public function __construct(string $name)
         $this->name = $name;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("should not have a name that matches {$this->name}", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $fqcn = FullyQualifiedClassName::fromString($theClass->getFQCN());
         if ($fqcn->classMatches($this->name)) {
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotImplement.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotImplement.php
index e01a51bf..4bbcc140 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotImplement.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotImplement.php
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ public function __construct(string $interface)
         $this->interface = $interface;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         return new Description("should not implement {$this->interface}", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         if ($theClass->isInterface() || $theClass->isTrait()) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotResideInTheseNamespaces.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotResideInTheseNamespaces.php
index 23949ff3..d25e56fa 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotResideInTheseNamespaces.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/NotResideInTheseNamespaces.php
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ public function __construct(string ...$namespaces)
         $this->namespaces = $namespaces;
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         $descr = implode(', ', $this->namespaces);
 
         return new Description("should not reside in one of these namespaces: $descr", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $resideInNamespace = false;
         foreach ($this->namespaces as $namespace) {
diff --git a/src/Expression/ForClasses/ResideInOneOfTheseNamespaces.php b/src/Expression/ForClasses/ResideInOneOfTheseNamespaces.php
index 5f7305b6..78ef621e 100644
--- a/src/Expression/ForClasses/ResideInOneOfTheseNamespaces.php
+++ b/src/Expression/ForClasses/ResideInOneOfTheseNamespaces.php
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ public function __construct(string ...$namespaces)
         $this->namespaces = array_unique($namespaces);
     }
 
-    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+    public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
     {
         $descr = implode(', ', $this->namespaces);
 
         return new Description("should reside in one of these namespaces: $descr", $because);
     }
 
-    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+    public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
     {
         $resideInNamespace = false;
         foreach ($this->namespaces as $namespace) {
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Rules/ConstraintsTest.php b/tests/Unit/Rules/ConstraintsTest.php
index 53530d12..ac5c05bd 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Rules/ConstraintsTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Rules/ConstraintsTest.php
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ class ConstraintsTest extends TestCase
     public function test_it_should_not_add_to_violation_if_constraint_is_not_violated(): void
     {
         $trueExpression = new class() implements Expression {
-            public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+            public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
             {
                 return new Description('', '');
             }
 
-            public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+            public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
             {
             }
         };
@@ -49,12 +49,12 @@ public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, str
     public function test_it_should_add_to_violation_store_if_constraint_is_violated(): void
     {
         $falseExpression = new class() implements Expression {
-            public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because): Description
+            public function describe(ClassDescription $theClass, string $because = ''): Description
             {
                 return new Description('bar', 'we want to add this rule');
             }
 
-            public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because): void
+            public function evaluate(ClassDescription $theClass, Violations $violations, string $because = ''): void
             {
                 $violation = Violation::create(
                     $theClass->getFQCN(),