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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head>
<title>Linux</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
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<h1 class="mume-header" id="linux%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C">Linux基本操作</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#linux%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C">Linux基本操作</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90">用户权限</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90">文件类型与权限</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90">修改文件权限</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#vim">vim</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#vim%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F">vim的模式</a></li>
<li><a href="#vim%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8">vim的基本使用</a></li>
<li><a href="#vim%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E5%85%89%E6%A0%87">vim中快速移动光标</a></li>
<li><a href="#vim%E7%9A%84%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E4%B8%8E%E6%9B%BF%E6%8D%A2">vim的查找与替换</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F">正则表达式</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E5%85%83%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6">元字符</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E7%AC%A6">限定符</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88">集合</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8trick">常用trick</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#git">git</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90">用户权限</h2>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90">文件类型与权限</h3>
<p>执行</p>
<p><code>ls -al</code></p>
<p>可以看到当前目录下所有文件信息，其中第一栏为文件类型与权限信息，例如：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">0</th>
<th style="text-align:center">1</th>
<th style="text-align:center">2</th>
<th style="text-align:center">3</th>
<th style="text-align:center">4</th>
<th style="text-align:center">5</th>
<th style="text-align:center">6</th>
<th style="text-align:center">7</th>
<th style="text-align:center">8</th>
<th style="text-align:center">9</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">-</td>
<td style="text-align:center">r</td>
<td style="text-align:center">w</td>
<td style="text-align:center">-</td>
<td style="text-align:center">r</td>
<td style="text-align:center">-</td>
<td style="text-align:center">-</td>
<td style="text-align:center">r</td>
<td style="text-align:center">-</td>
<td style="text-align:center">-</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>第0位：表示文件类型，具体有：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">值</th>
<th style="text-align:center">类型</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">d</td>
<td style="text-align:center">目录</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">-</td>
<td style="text-align:center">文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">l</td>
<td style="text-align:center">链接文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">b</td>
<td style="text-align:center">可存储周边设备</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">c</td>
<td style="text-align:center">串行端口设备，如键鼠</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>第1-3、4-6、7-9位：三个为一组，第一组表示文件拥有者的权限，第二组表示文件所属用户组的权限，第三组表示其他人的权限，三组均符合[rwx]格式，具体为：</p>
<p>第一位为<code>r</code>或者<code>-</code>，表示是否具有读权限；</p>
<p>第二位为<code>w</code>或者<code>-</code>，表示是否具有写权限；</p>
<p>第三位为<code>x</code>或者<code>-</code>，表示是否具有执行权限。</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90">修改文件权限</h3>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="vim">vim</h2>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="vim%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F">vim的模式</h3>
<ul>
<li>一般命令模式</li>
<li>编辑模式</li>
<li>命令行模式</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="vim%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8">vim的基本使用</h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>假设目标文件为<code>abc.txt</code>，在shell中使用</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="shell" class="language-shell"><span class="token function">vim</span> abc.txt
</pre></li>
<li>
<p>打开文件，进入一般命令模式。方向键可以移动光标位置，输入[字符]进入编辑模式。通常使用的有：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">字符</th>
<th style="text-align:center">作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">i</td>
<td style="text-align:center">在光标位置开始输入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">I</td>
<td style="text-align:center">在光标所在行的第一个非空格字符开始输入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">a</td>
<td style="text-align:center">在光标的下一个开始输入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">A</td>
<td style="text-align:center">在光标所在行的最后一个字符开始输入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">o</td>
<td style="text-align:center">在光标所在行下插入新行开始输入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">O</td>
<td style="text-align:center">在光标所在行上插入新行开始输入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">r</td>
<td style="text-align:center">替换光标所在字符一次</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">R</td>
<td style="text-align:center">一直替换光标所在字符</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li>
<p>使用Esc退出编辑模式，回到一般编辑模式。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>输入命令并回车，通常可以有：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">命令</th>
<th style="text-align:center">作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">:w</td>
<td style="text-align:center">保存</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">:q</td>
<td style="text-align:center">退出</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">:wq</td>
<td style="text-align:center">保存并退出</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">:wq!</td>
<td style="text-align:center">强制保存并退出</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="vim%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E5%85%89%E6%A0%87">vim中快速移动光标</h3>
<p>在一般命令模式中可以快速移动光标，通常有：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">字符</th>
<th style="text-align:center">作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">0或Home</td>
<td style="text-align:center">移动到当前行第一个字符前</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">$或End</td>
<td style="text-align:center">移动到当前行最后一个字符后</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">G</td>
<td style="text-align:center">移动到最后一行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">gg</td>
<td style="text-align:center">移动到第一行</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p>如果不能强制保存/退出，通常<code>sudo</code>一下就可以了。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="vim%E7%9A%84%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E4%B8%8E%E6%9B%BF%E6%8D%A2">vim的查找与替换</h3>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F">正则表达式</h2>
<p>正则表达式（Regular Expression）</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E5%85%83%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6">元字符</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">RE字符</th>
<th style="text-align:center">含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">^</td>
<td style="text-align:center">行首</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">$</td>
<td style="text-align:center">行尾</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">.</td>
<td style="text-align:center">一个任意字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">()</td>
<td style="text-align:center">标记目标子串的开始和结束位置（供获取后使用）</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E7%AC%A6">限定符</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">RE字符</th>
<th style="text-align:center">含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">*</td>
<td style="text-align:center">重复零次或任意多次前一个RE字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">+</td>
<td style="text-align:center">重复一次或任意多次前一个RE字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">?</td>
<td style="text-align:center">重复零次或一次前一个RE字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">{n}</td>
<td style="text-align:center">重复n次</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">{n,}</td>
<td style="text-align:center">重复n次或更多次</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">{n,m}</td>
<td style="text-align:center">重复n到m次</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88">集合</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">RE字符</th>
<th style="text-align:center">含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">[a,b,c]</td>
<td style="text-align:center">RE字符的集合</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">[A-Z]</td>
<td style="text-align:center">按顺序包含的RE字符的集合</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">[^a]</td>
<td style="text-align:center">取反，不包含集合中字符的集合</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8trick">常用trick</h3>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="git">git</h2>
<p><img src="Linux/git_commands.png" alt></p>
</div>
</body></html>