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<h1 class="mume-header" id="openwrt%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8">OpenWrt入门</h1>
<p>记录了OpenWrt的入门步骤和踩的一些坑。</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#openwrt%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8">OpenWrt入门</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E5%9B%BA%E4%BB%B6%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91helloworldhelloworld">固件编译Helloworld</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83">构建编译环境</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96openwrt%E7%9A%84%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81">获取OpenWrt的源代码</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85feeds">更新和安装<code>feeds</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E9%80%89%E9%A1%B9">设置编译选项</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85luci">安装LuCI</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91">编译</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%83%A7%E5%86%99">烧写</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8u-boot-tftp%E7%83%A7%E5%86%99">使用u-boot + TFTP烧写</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E5%B7%B2%E7%9F%A5%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98">已知问题</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E5%86%99%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AAinitd%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC">写一个init.d脚本</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sysv%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BCsysv_styleopenwrt_doc_initscripts">sysv风格</a></li>
<li><a href="#procd%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BCprocd_styleopenwrt_wiki_procd_style">procd风格</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%9C%A8%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E6%97%B6%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC">在编译时包含脚本</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#openwrt%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">OpenWrt目录结构</a></li>
<li><a href="#uci">UCI</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#uci%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6">UCI配置文件</a></li>
<li><a href="#uci%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7">UCI命令行工具</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#luci">LuCI</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83">关于开发环境</a></li>
<li><a href="#luci-app%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91helloworldluci_module_helloworld">LuCI app开发Helloworld</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">创建目录结构</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#dispatching-tree">dispatching tree</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">结构</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E4%BB%93%E5%BA%93%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">仓库目录结构</a></li>
<li><a href="#module%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">module目录结构</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E6%9D%BF%E4%B8%8A%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">板上目录结构</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BAvmware%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E7%9A%84x86-openwrt">搭建VMware运行的x86 OpenWrt</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E5%9B%BA%E4%BB%B6">编译固件</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E6%9C%BA">设置虚拟机</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8docker%E5%9C%A8%E9%AB%98%E7%89%88%E6%9C%ACubuntu%E4%B8%8B%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E6%97%A7%E7%89%88%E6%9C%ACopenwrt">使用docker在高版本Ubuntu下编译旧版本OpenWrt</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85docker">安装docker</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E9%95%9C%E5%83%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%85%B6%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83">配置镜像和其中的编译环境</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8%E4%B8%AD%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91openwrt">在容器中编译OpenWrt</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%9B%BA%E4%BB%B6%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91helloworldhelloworld">固件编译Helloworld<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup></h2>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83">构建编译环境</h3>
<p>操作系统：Ubuntu 20.04 LTS<br>
开发板：JS9331开发板</p>
<p>可以先更换国内源。</p>
<p>安装依赖：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info class="language-"><code>sudo apt-get install subversion g++ zlib1g-dev build-essential git python rsync man-db
sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev gawk gettext unzip file libssl-dev wget zip time
</code></pre><h3 class="mume-header" id="%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96openwrt%E7%9A%84%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81">获取OpenWrt的源代码</h3>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">git</span> clone https://git.openwrt.org/openwrt/openwrt.git/
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> openwrt
</pre><ul>
<li>如果无法从地址<code>git clone</code>，可以访问镜像：</li>
</ul>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">git</span> clone https://github.com/openwrt/openwrt.git
</pre><p>切换到指定的版本，首先查看可用的版本号：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">git</span> tag
</pre><p>切换到<code>v17.01.7</code></p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">git</span> checkout v17.01.7
</pre><h3 class="mume-header" id="%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85feeds">更新和安装<code>feeds</code></h3>
<p>切换到<code>./scripts</code>文件夹下：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info class="language-"><code>cd scripts
./feeds update -a
./feeds install -a
</code></pre><blockquote>
<p><code>feeds install</code>使得下载的包在<code>make menuconfig</code>中可用。</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>在<code>./feeds update -a</code>时遇到端口443拒接访问：</li>
</ul>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash">fatal: 无法访问 <span class="token string">'https://git.lede-project.org/feed/packages.git/'</span>：
Failed to connect to git.lede-project.org port <span class="token number">443</span>: 拒绝连接
</pre><p>可以在根目录的<code>feeds.conf.default</code>中把所有的<code>https://</code>改为<code>git://</code>。</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E9%80%89%E9%A1%B9">设置编译选项</h3>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">make</span> menuconfig
</pre><h4 class="mume-header" id="%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85luci">安装LuCI</h4>
<p>如果上一步<code>./feeds install -a</code>正确，那<code>menuconfig</code>里应该会多出<code>LuCI</code>的选项。</p>
<p>在<code>LuCI -> 1. Collections</code>里勾选：</p>
<ul>
<li>luci</li>
<li>luci-ssl-openssl</li>
</ul>
<p>要添加中文支持，在<code>LuCI -> 2. Modules -> Translation</code>里勾选：</p>
<ul>
<li>Chinese</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>发现这么设置后无论是否勾选<code>3. Applications -> luci-app-uhttpd</code>最终生成的固件中都会包含<code>httpd</code></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91">编译</h3>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">make</span>
</pre><p>如果报错了，使用</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">make</span> -j1 <span class="token assign-left variable">V</span><span class="token operator">=</span>s
</pre><p>查看具体报错信息。</p>
<p>生成的<code>.bin</code>文件位于<code>.bin/targets/</code>中，对应<code>menuconfig</code>里面选择的target。</p>
<p>如果出现了各种：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash">check_data_file_clashes: Package libustream-openssl20150806 wants to <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token function">file</span> /home/b/Desktop/test_openwrt/openwrt/build_dir/target-i386_pentium4_musl/root-x86/lib/libustream-ssl.so
But that <span class="token function">file</span> is already provided by package * libustream-mbedtls20150806
</pre><p>可以检查<code>menuconfig</code>的选项，往往是配置有问题，实在不行只能删掉配置、清空文件然后重新编译。由于第一次编译时间实在是太长了，我们不喜欢这么干。</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info class="language-"><code>mv .config .config.bak
make clean
</code></pre><h3 class="mume-header" id="%E7%83%A7%E5%86%99">烧写</h3>
<h4 class="mume-header" id="%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8u-boot-tftp%E7%83%A7%E5%86%99">使用u-boot + TFTP烧写</h4>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E5%B7%B2%E7%9F%A5%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98">已知问题</h3>
<p><code>OpenWrt 19.07.7</code>编译会报警告</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash">WARNING: Makefile <span class="token string">'package/feeds/packages/ksmbd/Makefile'</span> has a dependency on <span class="token string">'kmod-crypto-arc4'</span>, <span class="token function">which</span> does not exist
</pre><p>但是实际不影响编译和使用，原因未知。</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%86%99%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AAinitd%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC">写一个init.d脚本</h2>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="sysv%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BCsysv_styleopenwrt_doc_initscripts">sysv风格<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup></h3>
<p>在<code>/etc/init.d/</code>下的脚本在系统启动时会被调用，脚本的格式如下</p>
<p>假设文件为<code>/etc/init.d/example</code>，内容是：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token shebang important">#!/bin/sh /etc/rc.common</span>
<span class="token comment"># Example script</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">START</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">10</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">STOP</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">15</span>
<span class="token function-name function">start</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> start
<span class="token comment"># commands to launch application</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token function-name function">stop</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> stop
<span class="token comment"># commands to kill application </span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</pre><p>第一行指明使用<code>/bin/sh /etc/rc.common</code>作为脚本解释器并在执行脚本前调用<code>main</code>和检查脚本。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>#!</code>称作“Shebang”，用于指明执行这个脚本文件的解释器：</p>
<ol>
<li>如果脚本文件中没有#!这一行，那么执行时会默认采用当前Shell去解释这个脚本(即：$SHELL环境变量）。</li>
<li>如果<code>#!</code>之后的解释程序是一个可执行文件，那么执行这个脚本时，它就会把文件名及其参数一起作为参数传给那个解释程序去执行。</li>
<li>如果<code>#!</code>指定的解释程序没有可执行权限，则会报错<code>bad interpreter: Permission denied</code>。如果<code>#!</code>指定的解释程序不是一个可执行文件，那么指定的解释程序会被忽略，转而交给当前的SHELL去执行这个脚本。</li>
<li>如果<code>#!</code>指定的解释程序不存在，那么会报错<code>bad interpreter: No such file or directory</code>。注意：<code>#!</code>之后的解释程序，需要写其绝对路径（如：<code>#!/bin/bash</code>），它是不会自动到<code>$PATH</code>中寻找解释器的。</li>
<li>当然，如果你使用类似于<code>bash test.sh</code>这样的命令来执行脚本，那么<code>#!</code>这一行将会被忽略掉，解释器当然是用命令行中显式指定的bash。</li>
<li>脚本文件必须拥有可执行权限。</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<p><code>START=10</code>和<code>STOP=15</code>分别指定脚本启动时的次序，分别对应<code>/etc/rc.d</code>中软链接的名字，比如这里会对应<code>/etc/rc.d/S10example</code>和<code>/etc/rc.d/K15example</code>。</p>
<p><code>start()</code>和<code>stop()</code>是脚本的方法，公用的 init script 方法有：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash">start <span class="token comment"># 启动服务</span>
stop <span class="token comment"># 停止服务</span>
restart <span class="token comment"># 重启服务</span>
reload <span class="token comment"># 重新载入配置文件, 如果失败则重启</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">enable</span> <span class="token comment"># 启用开机自启动, 实际上是在/etc/rc.d/下创建S??和K??开头的软链</span>
disable <span class="token comment"># 禁用开机自启动, 实际上是删除/etc/rc.d/下对应的软链</span>
</pre><p>其中<code>start()</code>和<code>stop()</code>是必须的，缺少了会导致不工作。</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="procd%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BCprocd_styleopenwrt_wiki_procd_style">procd风格<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup></h3>
<p>Procd：Openwrt的进程管理守护进程（process management daemon）,它与初始化脚本（/etc/init.d/*）保持联系，当进程相关联的配置文件更改时，会触发procd去重启或启动脚本。Procd代替了原本的Hotplug2。</p>
<p>主要区别是：</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>shebang不同：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token shebang important">#!/bin/sh /etc/rc.common</span>
</pre></li>
<li>
<p>需要指明<code>USE_PROCD=1</code>：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token assign-left variable">USE_PROCD</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span>
</pre></li>
<li>
<p>主要包含<code>start_service()</code>和<code>stop_service()</code>函数</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E5%9C%A8%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E6%97%B6%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC">在编译时包含脚本</h3>
<p>在<code>./target/linux/<arch_name>/base-files/</code>下的文件会包含在生成的固件中的对应位置，只要将写好的脚本置于此处，OpenWrt会在构建中（使用<code>enable()</code>及<code>disable()</code>）使其生效<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:1">[3:1]</a></sup>，在编译后生成的固件就能自动调用启动脚本。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>可能需要<code>chmod 777</code></p>
</blockquote>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="openwrt%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">OpenWrt目录结构</h2>
<p><img src="openwrt/dir_structure.png" alt></p>
<p>如图，第一行是原始目录（由<code>Git</code>管理的 + 下载的），第二行是编译生成的目录，作用分别是：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">目录名</th>
<th style="text-align:center">作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">tools</td>
<td style="text-align:center">编译时需要一些工具， tools里包含了获取和编译这些工具的命令。里面是一些Makefile，有的可能还有patch。每个Makefile里都有一句 <code>$(eval $(call HostBuild))</code>，表示编译这个工具是为了在主机上使用的。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">toolchain</td>
<td style="text-align:center">包含一些命令去获取kernel headers, C library, bin-utils, compiler, debugger</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">target</td>
<td style="text-align:center">各平台在这个目录里定义了firmware和kernel的编译过程。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">package</td>
<td style="text-align:center">包含针对各个软件包的Makefile。openwrt定义了一套Makefile模板，各软件参照这个模板定义了自己的信息，如软件包的版本、下载地址、编译方式、安装地址等。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">include</td>
<td style="text-align:center">openwrt的Makefile都存放在这里。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">scripts</td>
<td style="text-align:center">一些perl脚本，用于软件包管理。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">dl</td>
<td style="text-align:center">软件包下载后都放到这个目录里</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">build_dir</td>
<td style="text-align:center">软件包都解压到build_dir/里，然后在此编译</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">staging_dir</td>
<td style="text-align:center">最终安装目录。tools, toolchain被安装到这里，rootfs也会放到这里。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">feeds</td>
<td style="text-align:center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">bin</td>
<td style="text-align:center">编译完成之后，firmware和各ipk会放到此目录下。</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="uci">UCI</h2>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="uci%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6">UCI配置文件</h3>
<p>UCI（Unified Configuration Interface）是OpenWrt中所有系统的统一配置接口，当应用提供UCI接口时，用户只需通过UCI配置文件进行配置，而不用处理各应用各不相同的分散的配置文件。UCI配置文件位于<code>/etc/config/</code>下，用户通过文本编辑器直接编辑，或者使用C/Lua/Shell的UCI工具配置，之后执行<code>/etc/init.d/</code>下的对应脚本即可完成一个配置。</p>
<p>比如Samba/CIFS程序，其原配置文件是在<code>/etc/samba/smb.conf</code>，而对应的UCI文件是<code>/etc/config/samba</code>，当<code>/etc/config/samba文</code>件被修改了之后，需要运行一次</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash">/etc/init.d/samba start
</pre><h3 class="mume-header" id="uci%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7">UCI命令行工具</h3>
<p>以<code>/etc/config/network</code>为例，其原内容为：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash">config interface <span class="token string">'loopback'</span>
option ifname <span class="token string">'lo'</span>
option proto <span class="token string">'static'</span>
option ipaddr <span class="token string">'127.0.0.1'</span>
option netmask <span class="token string">'255.0.0.0'</span>
config globals <span class="token string">'globals'</span>
option ula_prefix <span class="token string">'fd89:5984:253b::/48'</span>
config interface <span class="token string">'lan'</span>
option <span class="token builtin class-name">type</span> <span class="token string">'bridge'</span>
option ifname <span class="token string">'eth1'</span>
option proto <span class="token string">'static'</span>
option ipaddr <span class="token string">'192.168.1.1'</span>
option netmask <span class="token string">'255.255.255.0'</span>
option ip6assign <span class="token string">'60'</span>
config interface <span class="token string">'wan'</span>
option ifname <span class="token string">'eth0'</span>
option proto <span class="token string">'dhcp'</span>
config interface <span class="token string">'wan6'</span>
option ifname <span class="token string">'eth0'</span>
option proto <span class="token string">'dhcpv6'</span>
</pre><p>可以发现一个<strong>config</strong>文件由若干个<strong>section</strong>组成，每个<strong>section</strong>又含有若干不同值的<strong>option</strong>。</p>
<p>大致结构为：</p>
<ul>
<li>config
<ul>
<li>section / list[section]
<ul>
<li>option / list[option]</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>如果我们想要添加的内容是：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash">config route <span class="token string">'custom_static_route'</span>
option target <span class="token string">'1.1.1.1'</span>
option gateway <span class="token string">'1.1.1.1'</span>
option interface <span class="token string">'lan'</span>
</pre><p>可以使用</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash">uci <span class="token builtin class-name">set</span> network.custom_static_route<span class="token operator">=</span>route
uci <span class="token builtin class-name">set</span> network.custom_static_route.target<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1.1</span>.1.1
uci <span class="token builtin class-name">set</span> network.custom_static_route.gateway<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1.1</span>.1.1
uci <span class="token builtin class-name">set</span> network.custom_static_route.interface<span class="token operator">=</span>lan
uci commit
</pre><p>所有<code>uci set</code>和<code>uci add</code>只会暂存更改，使用<code>uci commit</code>后才会正式提交到UCI文件中。特别注意，当创建section和创建option时参数的含义不同：</p>
<ul>
<li>创建section时，等号前为section的自定义名称，等号后为section的类型</li>
<li>创建option时，等号前是option的属性名，等号后为值</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>通过LuCI页面创建的section往往无命名，在UCI文件里会形如：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash">config route
option target <span class="token string">'1.1.1.1'</span>
option gateway <span class="token string">'1.1.1.1'</span>
option interface <span class="token string">'lan'</span>
config route
option target <span class="token string">'2.2.2.2'</span>
option gateway <span class="token string">'2.2.2.2'</span>
option interface <span class="token string">'lan'</span>
</pre><p>这个时候得用list方式分别访问这两个section，<code>uci show network</code>得到的相关部分内容会是：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info class="language-"><code>network.@route[0]=route
network.@route[0].target='1.1.1.1'
network.@route[0].gateway='1.1.1.1'
network.@route[0].interface='lan'
network.@route[1]=route
network.@route[1].target='2.2.2.2'
network.@route[1].gateway='2.2.2.2'
network.@route[1].interface='lan'
</code></pre><p>这里的<code>@foo[i]</code>是访问list形式的section或者option的方法。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="luci">LuCI</h2>
<p>UCI（Unified Configuration Interface）是OpenWrt中所有系统的统一配置接口，LuCI（Lua Configuration Interface）是使用LuCI开发的供用户使用的一套配置界面</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83">关于开发环境</h3>
<p>根据官方文档<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup>，LuCI的开发方式主要有两种:</p>
<ol>
<li>部署环境开发</li>
<li>开发环境开发</li>
</ol>
<p>前者即直接在烧写好了OpenWrt的板上进行代码编写，写完刷新一下即可在网页看到效果。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>凡是修改<code>controller/</code>文件夹中的配置，都需要重启板子或把<code>/tmp/</code>目录下<code>luci-indexcache</code>、<code>luci-modulecache/luci-sessions/</code>删除才能生效，其他几个文件夹修改可不用，刷新一下网页即可。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>后者是在LuCI的git仓库中进行代码编写，写完需要编译固件并烧写到板上才能看到效果。</p>
<p>两种开发方法大同小异，各有优劣。本文推荐的方法是先在本地按项目结构开发，需要预览的时候通过SCP直接拷入板内即可。直接板上开发过于麻烦。</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="luci-app%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91helloworldluci_module_helloworld">LuCI app开发Helloworld<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup></h3>
<h4 class="mume-header" id="%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">创建目录结构</h4>
<p>在<code>luci</code>目录的<code>application</code>文件夹下新建如下结构：</p>
<ul>
<li>luci-app-myapplication
<ul>
<li>luasrc
<ul>
<li>controller
<ul>
<li>myapp
<ul>
<li>new_tab.lua</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>model
<ul>
<li>cbi
<ul>
<li>myapp-mymodule
<ul>
<li>gateway_sn.lua</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>view
<ul>
<li>myapp-mymodule
<ul>
<li>helloworld.htm</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>特别注意要确保行尾符是LF，如果是在windows下开发，推荐用vscode选择行尾符为LF。</p>
<p><code>new_tab.lua</code>的内容为：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="lua" class="language-lua"><span class="token function">module</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"luci.controller.myapp.new_tab"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> package<span class="token punctuation">.</span>seeall<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">index</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">entry</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"admin"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"new_tab"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">firstchild</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">translate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"cfg"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>dependent<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token keyword">false</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">entry</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"admin"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"new_tab"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"sn"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">cbi</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"myapp-mymodule/gateway_sn"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">translate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"sn"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">entry</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"admin"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"new_tab"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"hellworld"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">template</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"myapp-mymodule/helloworld"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">_</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"HelloWorld"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">end</span>
</pre><p><code>gateway_sn.lua</code>的内容为：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="lua" class="language-lua">m <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">Map</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"sn_file"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">translate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"产品序列号"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment">-- cbi_file is the config file in /etc/config</span>
d <span class="token operator">=</span> m<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token function">section</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>TypedSection<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"gateway_sn"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment">-- info is the section called info in cbi_file</span>
a <span class="token operator">=</span> d<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token function">option</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Value<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"sn"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">translate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"序列号"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
a<span class="token punctuation">.</span>optional<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token keyword">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
a<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rmempty <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">-- name is the option in the cbi_file</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> m
</pre><p><code>helloworld.htm</code>的内容为：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="html" class="language-html"><%+header%>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>h1</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><%: HelloWorld %><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>h1</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<%+footer%>
</pre><p>整个目录内的内容拷贝到板上<code>/usr/lib/lua/luci</code>，<code>reboot</code>后重新进入LuCI即可看到效果。</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="dispatching-tree">dispatching tree</h3>
<p>LuCI使用dispatching tree加载每个controller中的<code>index()</code>函数。LuCI页面整个呈一个树形结构，使用<code>luci.dispatcher</code>中<code>entry()</code>来进行注册：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="lua" class="language-lua"><span class="token function">entry</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>path<span class="token punctuation">,</span> target<span class="token punctuation">,</span> title<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token keyword">nil</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> order<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token keyword">nil</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</pre><ul>
<li>
<p>path: path描述了dispatching tree中自身的位置，比如网页中的<code>/cgi-bin/luci/foo/bar/baz</code>在register时写<code>foo.bar.baz</code>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>target: 有三类，<code>call</code>、<code>template</code>和<code>cbi</code>：</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">结构</h3>
<h4 class="mume-header" id="%E4%BB%93%E5%BA%93%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">仓库目录结构</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">目录名</th>
<th style="text-align:center">作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">applications</td>
<td style="text-align:center">针对其他模块或者应用的单独的一个应用或者插件，可理解为功能模块</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">i18n</td>
<td style="text-align:center">国际化</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">modules</td>
<td style="text-align:center">应用集 ？包含主要的用户文件、核心文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">theme</td>
<td style="text-align:center">主题</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">build</td>
<td style="text-align:center">编译过程的脚本</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">host</td>
<td style="text-align:center">编译产生的：将语言打包为二进制格式</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">contrib</td>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">ipkg-ramips_24kec</td>
<td style="text-align:center">编译产生的：封装make menuconfig阶段选中的页面和功能</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">libs</td>
<td style="text-align:center">独立的库函数：控件、接口、cbi.js、</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">po</td>
<td style="text-align:center">语言文件</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><code>modules</code>下的<code>luci-base</code>和<code>luci-mod-admin-full</code>包含了网页的基本功能。</p>
<h4 class="mume-header" id="module%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">module目录结构</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">文件/目录名</th>
<th style="text-align:center">子目录名</th>
<th style="text-align:center">作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">htdocs</td>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">html+docs，此目录存放HTML相关文件，主要包含以下两个目录，当烧录到硬件设备后，将拷贝到/www根目录下</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">cgi-bin</td>
<td style="text-align:center">存放luci启动脚本</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">luci-static</td>
<td style="text-align:center">存放HTML相关文件，包含CSS、JS及网页图片等文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">luasrc</td>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">lua+src，此目录存放系统功能的LUA文件及M（model）、V（view）、C（controller）文件夹，当烧录到硬件设备后，将拷贝到/usr/lib/lua/luci目录下</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">controller</td>
<td style="text-align:center">控制器，生成页面的菜单栏并定义各个页面的调用方法</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">model</td>
<td style="text-align:center">数据模型，根据底层UCI配置文件生成页面</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">view</td>
<td style="text-align:center">视图，HTML页面</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">po</td>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">定义页面的语言风格</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">root</td>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">存放配置文件，该目录下的所有文件将拷贝到硬件设备根目录下</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">src</td>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">生成所需要的库文件及LUA脚本</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">Makefile</td>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">定义模块的编译方法</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 class="mume-header" id="%E6%9D%BF%E4%B8%8A%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">板上目录结构</h4>
<ol>
<li><code>/www</code>下</li>
</ol>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">文件/目录名</th>
<th style="text-align:center">作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">cgi-bin</td>
<td style="text-align:center">此文件从luci-base下拷贝过来的，存放luci启动脚本</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">index.html</td>
<td style="text-align:center">http请求的主页面，默认是/www/index.html，这个文件里显示了登录时常看见的那句话“LuCI - Lua Configuration Interface”，同时也指定了href链接/cgi-bin/luci</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">luci-static</td>
<td style="text-align:center">存放HTML相关文件，包含CSS、JS及网页图片等文件。不同主题的htdocs/luci-static都将拷贝到这个目录下</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ol start="2">
<li><code>/usr/lib/lua</code>下</li>
</ol>
<p>顾名思义，存放了与LUA相关的文件，在LUA脚本中，通过require命令引用的脚本及函数，起始路径都是该目录。同时，不同模型及主题的luasrc文件夹都拷贝到/usr/lib/lua/luci目录下，通过/etc/config/luci中的mediaurlbase字段决定当前使用的主题及语言。</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BAvmware%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E7%9A%84x86-openwrt">搭建VMware运行的x86 OpenWrt</h2>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E5%9B%BA%E4%BB%B6">编译固件</h3>
<p>执行</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">make</span> menuconfig
</pre><p><code>Target System</code>选择<code>x86</code>，<code>Subtarget</code>选择<code>x86_64</code>，<code>Target Profile</code>默认为<code>Generic</code>。</p>
<p>在<code>Target Images</code>中勾选<code>Build Vmware image files (VMDK)</code>，这样会生成<code>.vmdk</code>格式的镜像，可以直接供VMware使用。</p>
<p>在<code>LuCI -> 1. Collections</code>里勾选<code>luci</code>和<code>luci-ssl-openssl</code>，之后</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">make</span>
</pre><p>之后生成的固件在<code>./bin/targets/x86/64</code>下，文件名如<code>openwrt-x86-64-combined-ext4.vmdk</code>。</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E6%9C%BA">设置虚拟机</h3>
<p>本文使用的VMware版本为<code>VMware Workstation Pro 15</code>，下面记录在虚拟机中安装上文编译的OpenWrt镜像的步骤。</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>打开<code>文件 -> 新建虚拟机</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>选择<code>自定义（高级）</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>硬件兼容性可以保留默认<code>Workstation 15.x</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>选择<code>稍后安装操作系统</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>客户机操作系统：</p>
<p>选择<code>Linux</code>；由于我编译的<code>OpenWrt</code>中内核源码版本为<code>4.14</code>，故版本选择<code>其他Linux 4.x 64位</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>设置名称和路径、处理器数量、内存大小等，合适即可</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>网络连接、I/O控制器类型、虚拟磁盘类型可以选择默认值</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>磁盘选择<code>使用现有虚拟磁盘</code>，选择上一步编译生成的<code>.vmdk</code>文件</p>
<p>如果弹出<code>将现有虚拟磁盘转换为更新的格式？</code>，可以选择<code>转换</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>配置网卡</strong>，选择<code>自定义硬件</code>：</p>
<p>OpenWrt需要一个WAN口和一个LAN口，所以至少需要两个<code>网络适配器</code>，其中用于WAN口的选择<code>桥接模式</code>，用于LAN口的可以选择<code>自定义</code>中任意一个未被使用的虚拟网络。我使用的配置是：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">设备</th>
<th style="text-align:center">摘要</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">网络适配器</td>
<td style="text-align:center">自定义（VMnet2）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">网络适配器2</td>
<td style="text-align:center">桥接模式（自动）</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li>
<p>至此虚拟机建立完成，启动虚拟机</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>设置网络参数</strong>：</p>
<p>进入OpenWrt系统，敲一下回车进入命令行，然后修改网络配置文件：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">vim</span> /etc/config/network
</pre><p>主要是保证<code>'lan'</code>和<code>'wan'</code>这两个配置没问题，这里需要打开VMWare中<code>编辑 -> 虚拟网络编辑器</code>查看VMnet的网段。</p>
<p>这里我的<code>VMnet2</code>的子网地址是<code>192.168.233.0</code>，并且我的宿主机为<code>192.168.233.1</code>，因此只需要将<code>'lan'</code>下的<code>option ipaddr</code>修改到同一网段下的另一个IP即可。</p>
<p><code>wan</code>我这里保持的默认<code>dhcp</code>没有出现问题。</p>
<p>给出一个我的参考：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash">config interface <span class="token string">'lan'</span>
option <span class="token builtin class-name">type</span> <span class="token string">'bridge'</span>
option ifname <span class="token string">'eth0'</span>
option proto <span class="token string">'static'</span>
option ipaddr <span class="token string">'192.168.233.10'</span>
option netmask <span class="token string">'255.255.255.0'</span>
option ip6assign <span class="token string">'60'</span>
config interface <span class="token string">'wan'</span>
option ifname <span class="token string">'eth1'</span>
option proto <span class="token string">'dhcp'</span>
</pre><p>之后使用</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">service</span> network restart
</pre><p>如果WAN口配置没有问题，那在OpenWrt虚拟机中应该可以直接ping通外网，如</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">ping</span> www.baidu.com
</pre><p>如果LAN口没有问题，那宿主机和OpenWrt应该可以互相ping通，比如在宿主机ping虚拟机：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">ping</span> <span class="token number">192.168</span>.233.10
</pre></li>
</ol>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8docker%E5%9C%A8%E9%AB%98%E7%89%88%E6%9C%ACubuntu%E4%B8%8B%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E6%97%A7%E7%89%88%E6%9C%ACopenwrt">使用docker在高版本Ubuntu下编译旧版本OpenWrt</h2>
<p>由于高版本的gnulib与低版本不兼容的问题，在高版本Ubuntu下编译一个依赖低版本gnulib的OpenWrt版本可能会遇到<code>freadahead.c</code>，<code>fseterr.c</code>相关的报错问题，比如：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash">freadahead.c:91:3: error: <span class="token comment">#error "Please port gnulib freadahead.c to your platform! Look at the definition of fflush, fread, ungetc on your system, then report this to bug-gnulib."</span>
</pre><p>解决方法是降低本系统内gnuilb版本，或者手动修改受影响的源代码，或者直接换一个旧版本Ubuntu。百度的方法绝大多数都如这种：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> /opt/p2/openwrt/build_dir/host/m4-1.4.17/
<span class="token function">sed</span> -i <span class="token string">'s/IO_ftrylockfile/IO_EOF_SEEN/'</span> lib/*.c
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"#define _IO_IN_BACKUP 0x100"</span> <span class="token operator">>></span> lib/stdio-impl.h
</pre><p>是直接修改了受影响的代码。但是这些都很麻烦，受影响的地方多且琐碎，如果我们仍想用高版本的Ubuntu如20.04，可以使用docker来进行编译，使用一个Ubuntu 16.04的docker镜像就可以了。</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85docker">安装docker</h3>
<p>Docker本身是跨平台的，在Windows或者Mac OS上运行docker需要安装<a href="https://docs.docker.com/desktop/">Docker Desktop</a>，大体上Docker Desktop运行了一个Linux虚拟机，在虚拟机中再运行docker。本文是在Ubuntu 20.04下安装<a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/">Docker Engine</a>的流程<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8">[8]</a></sup>。</p>
<p>首先移除系统中可能存在的旧版本docker：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt-get</span> remove docker docker-engine docker.io containerd runc
</pre><p>添加docker源，先安装让apt可以用HTTPS源的依赖：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt-get</span> update
<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
apt-transport-https <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
ca-certificates <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
<span class="token function">curl</span> <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
gnupg <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
lsb-release
</pre><p>添加docker官方的GPG key：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">curl</span> -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sudo</span> gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg
</pre><p>设置稳定版的源：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
<span class="token string">"deb [arch=<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span>dpkg --print-architecture<span class="token variable">)</span></span> signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu \
<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span>lsb_release -cs<span class="token variable">)</span></span> stable"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">tee</span> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list <span class="token operator">></span> /dev/null
</pre><p>安装Docker Engine：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt-get</span> update
<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
</pre><p>如果安装没有问题，可以用<code>docker run hello-world</code>进行验证，会自动从Docker Hub上拉取hello-world镜像并且运行。</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E9%95%9C%E5%83%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%85%B6%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83">配置镜像和其中的编译环境</h3>
<p>拉取一个Ubuntu 16.04的镜像：</p>
<pre data-role="codeBlock" data-info="bash" class="language-bash"><span class="token function">sudo</span> docker pull ubuntu:16.04