diff --git a/src/bloqade/cirq_utils/emit/op.py b/src/bloqade/cirq_utils/emit/op.py
index 3289cbac..99dcb915 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/cirq_utils/emit/op.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/cirq_utils/emit/op.py
@@ -64,7 +64,8 @@ def sp(self, emit: EmitCirq, frame: EmitCirqFrame, stmt: op.stmts.Sp):
 
     @impl(op.stmts.Identity)
     def identity(self, emit: EmitCirq, frame: EmitCirqFrame, stmt: op.stmts.Identity):
-        op = HermitianRuntime(cirq.IdentityGate(num_qubits=stmt.sites))
+        sites = frame.get(stmt.sites)
+        op = HermitianRuntime(cirq.IdentityGate(num_qubits=sites))
         return (op,)
 
     @impl(op.stmts.Control)
diff --git a/src/bloqade/cirq_utils/lowering.py b/src/bloqade/cirq_utils/lowering.py
index 165ddce5..e32d1b79 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/cirq_utils/lowering.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/cirq_utils/lowering.py
@@ -378,7 +378,8 @@ def visit_SingleQubitPauliStringGateOperation(
             case cirq.Z:
                 op_ = op.stmts.Z()
             case cirq.I:
-                op_ = op.stmts.Identity(sites=1)
+                site = state.current_frame.push(py.Constant(1)).result
+                op_ = op.stmts.Identity(sites=site)
             case _:
                 raise lowering.BuildError(f"Unexpected Pauli operation {node.pauli}")
 
@@ -386,6 +387,12 @@ def visit_SingleQubitPauliStringGateOperation(
         qargs = self.lower_qubit_getindices(state, [node.qubit])
         return state.current_frame.push(qubit.Apply(op_.result, qargs))
 
+    def visit_IdentityGate(
+        self, state: lowering.State[CirqNode], node: cirq.IdentityGate
+    ):
+        sites = state.current_frame.push(py.Constant(node.num_qubits()))
+        return state.current_frame.push(op.stmts.Identity(sites=sites.result))
+
     def visit_HPowGate(self, state: lowering.State[CirqNode], node: cirq.HPowGate):
         if abs(node.exponent) == 1:
             return state.current_frame.push(op.stmts.H())
diff --git a/src/bloqade/pyqrack/squin/op.py b/src/bloqade/pyqrack/squin/op.py
index 1a603aaa..a670423e 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/pyqrack/squin/op.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/pyqrack/squin/op.py
@@ -83,7 +83,8 @@ def rot(
     def identity(
         self, interp: PyQrackInterpreter, frame: interp.Frame, stmt: op.stmts.Identity
     ) -> tuple[OperatorRuntimeABC]:
-        return (IdentityRuntime(sites=stmt.sites),)
+        sites = frame.get(stmt.sites)
+        return (IdentityRuntime(sites=sites),)
 
     @interp.impl(op.stmts.PhaseOp)
     @interp.impl(op.stmts.ShiftOp)
diff --git a/src/bloqade/squin/analysis/nsites/analysis.py b/src/bloqade/squin/analysis/nsites/analysis.py
index 52bd3091..0768084c 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/squin/analysis/nsites/analysis.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/squin/analysis/nsites/analysis.py
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@
 
 
 class NSitesAnalysis(Forward[Sites]):
+    """Analysis pass to infer number of sites an operator applies to.
+
+    **NOTE**: run kirin.passes.HintConst prior to using this analysis pass.
+    """
 
     keys = ["op.nsites"]
     lattice = Sites
diff --git a/src/bloqade/squin/analysis/nsites/impls.py b/src/bloqade/squin/analysis/nsites/impls.py
index 3e47b607..9433e569 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/squin/analysis/nsites/impls.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/squin/analysis/nsites/impls.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from kirin import interp
+from kirin.analysis import const
 from kirin.dialects import scf, func, ilist
 from kirin.dialects.scf.typeinfer import TypeInfer as ScfTypeInfer
 
@@ -88,6 +89,21 @@ def pauli_string(
         s = stmt.string
         return (NumberSites(sites=len(s)),)
 
+    @interp.impl(op.stmts.Identity)
+    def identity(
+        self, interp: NSitesAnalysis, frame: interp.Frame, stmt: op.stmts.Identity
+    ):
+        sites = stmt.sites
+        const_hint = sites.hints.get("const")
+
+        if not isinstance(const_hint, const.Value):
+            return (interp.lattice.top(),)
+
+        if not isinstance(n_sites := const_hint.data, int):
+            return (interp.lattice.top(),)
+
+        return (NumberSites(sites=n_sites),)
+
 
 @ilist.dialect.register(key="op.nsites")
 class IListMethods(interp.MethodTable):
diff --git a/src/bloqade/squin/op/_wrapper.py b/src/bloqade/squin/op/_wrapper.py
index 86703ad6..45540ecf 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/squin/op/_wrapper.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/squin/op/_wrapper.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def reset_to_one() -> types.Op: ...
 
 
 @wraps(stmts.Identity)
-def identity(*, sites: int) -> types.Op: ...
+def identity(sites: int) -> types.Op: ...
 
 
 @wraps(stmts.Rot)
diff --git a/src/bloqade/squin/op/stmts.py b/src/bloqade/squin/op/stmts.py
index c4e512df..923d5dfa 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/squin/op/stmts.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/squin/op/stmts.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class Rot(CompositeOp):
 @statement(dialect=dialect)
 class Identity(CompositeOp):
     traits = frozenset({ir.Pure(), lowering.FromPythonCall(), Unitary(), HasSites()})
-    sites: int = info.attribute()
+    sites: ir.SSAValue = info.argument(types.Int)
 
 
 @statement
diff --git a/src/bloqade/squin/rewrite/U3_to_clifford.py b/src/bloqade/squin/rewrite/U3_to_clifford.py
index bc3c4f63..c51350c7 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/squin/rewrite/U3_to_clifford.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/squin/rewrite/U3_to_clifford.py
@@ -14,34 +14,39 @@ def sdag() -> list[ir.Statement]:
     return [_op := op.stmts.S(), op.stmts.Adjoint(op=_op.result, is_unitary=True)]
 
 
+def single_site_identity(node: ir.Statement) -> Tuple[List[ir.Statement], ...]:
+    (site := py.Constant(1)).insert_before(node)
+    return ([op.stmts.Identity(sites=site.result)],)
+
+
 # (theta, phi, lam)
 U3_HALF_PI_ANGLE_TO_GATES: dict[
-    tuple[int, int, int], Callable[[], Tuple[List[ir.Statement], ...]]
+    tuple[int, int, int], Callable[[ir.Statement], Tuple[List[ir.Statement], ...]]
 ] = {
-    (0, 0, 0): lambda: ([op.stmts.Identity(sites=1)],),
-    (0, 0, 1): lambda: ([op.stmts.S()],),
-    (0, 0, 2): lambda: ([op.stmts.Z()],),
-    (0, 0, 3): lambda: (sdag(),),
-    (1, 0, 0): lambda: ([op.stmts.SqrtY()],),
-    (1, 0, 1): lambda: ([op.stmts.S()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()]),
-    (1, 0, 2): lambda: ([op.stmts.H()],),
-    (1, 0, 3): lambda: (sdag(), [op.stmts.SqrtY()]),
-    (1, 1, 0): lambda: ([op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.S()]),
-    (1, 1, 1): lambda: ([op.stmts.S()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.S()]),
-    (1, 1, 2): lambda: ([op.stmts.Z()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.S()]),
-    (1, 1, 3): lambda: (sdag(), [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.S()]),
-    (1, 2, 0): lambda: ([op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.Z()]),
-    (1, 2, 1): lambda: ([op.stmts.S()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.Z()]),
-    (1, 2, 2): lambda: ([op.stmts.Z()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.Z()]),
-    (1, 2, 3): lambda: (sdag(), [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.Z()]),
-    (1, 3, 0): lambda: ([op.stmts.SqrtY()], sdag()),
-    (1, 3, 1): lambda: ([op.stmts.S()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], sdag()),
-    (1, 3, 2): lambda: ([op.stmts.Z()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], sdag()),
-    (1, 3, 3): lambda: (sdag(), [op.stmts.SqrtY()], sdag()),
-    (2, 0, 0): lambda: ([op.stmts.Y()],),
-    (2, 0, 1): lambda: ([op.stmts.S()], [op.stmts.Y()]),
-    (2, 0, 2): lambda: ([op.stmts.Z()], [op.stmts.Y()]),
-    (2, 0, 3): lambda: (sdag(), [op.stmts.Y()]),
+    (0, 0, 0): single_site_identity,
+    (0, 0, 1): lambda node: ([op.stmts.S()],),
+    (0, 0, 2): lambda node: ([op.stmts.Z()],),
+    (0, 0, 3): lambda node: (sdag(),),
+    (1, 0, 0): lambda node: ([op.stmts.SqrtY()],),
+    (1, 0, 1): lambda node: ([op.stmts.S()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()]),
+    (1, 0, 2): lambda node: ([op.stmts.H()],),
+    (1, 0, 3): lambda node: (sdag(), [op.stmts.SqrtY()]),
+    (1, 1, 0): lambda node: ([op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.S()]),
+    (1, 1, 1): lambda node: ([op.stmts.S()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.S()]),
+    (1, 1, 2): lambda node: ([op.stmts.Z()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.S()]),
+    (1, 1, 3): lambda node: (sdag(), [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.S()]),
+    (1, 2, 0): lambda node: ([op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.Z()]),
+    (1, 2, 1): lambda node: ([op.stmts.S()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.Z()]),
+    (1, 2, 2): lambda node: ([op.stmts.Z()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.Z()]),
+    (1, 2, 3): lambda node: (sdag(), [op.stmts.SqrtY()], [op.stmts.Z()]),
+    (1, 3, 0): lambda node: ([op.stmts.SqrtY()], sdag()),
+    (1, 3, 1): lambda node: ([op.stmts.S()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], sdag()),
+    (1, 3, 2): lambda node: ([op.stmts.Z()], [op.stmts.SqrtY()], sdag()),
+    (1, 3, 3): lambda node: (sdag(), [op.stmts.SqrtY()], sdag()),
+    (2, 0, 0): lambda node: ([op.stmts.Y()],),
+    (2, 0, 1): lambda node: ([op.stmts.S()], [op.stmts.Y()]),
+    (2, 0, 2): lambda node: ([op.stmts.Z()], [op.stmts.Y()]),
+    (2, 0, 3): lambda node: (sdag(), [op.stmts.Y()]),
 }
 
 
@@ -154,4 +159,4 @@ def decompose_U3_gates(self, node: op.stmts.U3) -> Tuple[List[ir.Statement], ...
             gates_stmts is not None
         ), "internal error, U3 gates not found for angles: {}".format(angles_key)
 
-        return gates_stmts()
+        return gates_stmts(node)
diff --git a/test/cirq_utils/test_cirq_to_squin.py b/test/cirq_utils/test_cirq_to_squin.py
index 9aa5c235..79063c51 100644
--- a/test/cirq_utils/test_cirq_to_squin.py
+++ b/test/cirq_utils/test_cirq_to_squin.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ def basic_circuit():
 
     # Create a circuit.
     return cirq.Circuit(
+        cirq.I(qubit),
         cirq.X(qubit),
         cirq.Y(qubit2),
         cirq.Z(qubit),
diff --git a/test/squin/analysis/test_nsites_analysis.py b/test/squin/analysis/test_nsites_analysis.py
index bba0402b..187db028 100644
--- a/test/squin/analysis/test_nsites_analysis.py
+++ b/test/squin/analysis/test_nsites_analysis.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from kirin import ir, types
 from kirin.passes import Fold
-from kirin.dialects import py, func
+from kirin.dialects import py, scf, func
 
 from bloqade import squin
 from bloqade.squin import op, noise, qubit
@@ -304,3 +304,72 @@ def test():
     assert has_n_sites[6].sites == 1  # single_qubit_pauli_channel
     assert has_n_sites[7].sites == 2  # two_qubit_pauli_channel
     assert has_n_sites[8].sites == 1  # qubit_loss
+
+
+def test_identity():
+
+    @squin.kernel(fold=False)
+    def main1():
+        squin.op.identity(2)
+
+    nsites_frame, _ = nsites.NSitesAnalysis(main1.dialects).run_analysis(
+        main1, no_raise=False
+    )
+
+    main1.print(analysis=nsites_frame.entries)
+
+    assert [nsites_frame.entries[result] for result in results_at(main1, 0, 1)] == [
+        nsites.NumberSites(sites=2)
+    ]
+
+    @squin.kernel(fold=False)
+    def main2(n: int):
+        squin.op.identity(n)
+
+    nsites_frame, _ = nsites.NSitesAnalysis(main2.dialects).run_analysis(
+        main2, no_raise=False
+    )
+
+    main2.print(analysis=nsites_frame.entries)
+
+    assert [nsites_frame.entries[result] for result in results_at(main2, 0, 0)] == [
+        nsites.AnySites()
+    ]
+
+    @squin.kernel(fold=False)
+    def main3():
+        n = 3
+        squin.op.identity(n)
+
+    nsites_frame, _ = nsites.NSitesAnalysis(main3.dialects).run_analysis(
+        main3, no_raise=False
+    )
+
+    main3.print(analysis=nsites_frame.entries)
+
+    assert [nsites_frame.entries[result] for result in results_at(main3, 0, 1)] == [
+        nsites.NumberSites(3)
+    ]
+
+    @squin.kernel(fold=False)
+    def main4():
+        x = 0
+        for i in range(3):
+            squin.op.identity(i)
+
+            # NOTE: need a workaround yield here, else kirin fails verification complaining about missing yield
+            x += 1
+
+    nsites_frame, _ = nsites.NSitesAnalysis(main4.dialects).run_analysis(
+        main4, no_raise=False
+    )
+
+    main4.print(analysis=nsites_frame.entries)
+
+    for stmt in main4.callable_region.stmts():
+        if not isinstance(stmt, scf.For):
+            continue
+
+        for body_stmt in stmt.body.stmts():
+            if isinstance(body_stmt, squin.op.stmts.Identity):
+                assert nsites_frame.get(body_stmt.result) == nsites.AnySites()
diff --git a/test/squin/rewrite/test_U3_to_clifford.py b/test/squin/rewrite/test_U3_to_clifford.py
index 6076c1cf..37e6a286 100644
--- a/test/squin/rewrite/test_U3_to_clifford.py
+++ b/test/squin/rewrite/test_U3_to_clifford.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def test():
 
     SquinToCliffordTestPass(test.dialects)(test)
 
-    assert isinstance(get_stmt_at_idx(test, 4), op.stmts.Identity)
+    assert isinstance(get_stmt_at_idx(test, 5), op.stmts.Identity)
 
 
 def test_s():
diff --git a/test/stim/passes/test_squin_wire_to_stim.py b/test/stim/passes/test_squin_wire_to_stim.py
index 72f4b26f..d90b41cc 100644
--- a/test/stim/passes/test_squin_wire_to_stim.py
+++ b/test/stim/passes/test_squin_wire_to_stim.py
@@ -157,8 +157,8 @@ def test_wire_multiple_apply():
         # pass the wires through some 1 Qubit operators
         (op1 := squin.op.stmts.S()),
         (op2 := squin.op.stmts.H()),
-        (op3 := squin.op.stmts.Identity(sites=1)),
-        (op4 := squin.op.stmts.Identity(sites=1)),
+        (op3 := squin.op.stmts.Identity(sites=n_qubits.result)),
+        (op4 := squin.op.stmts.Identity(sites=n_qubits.result)),
         (v0 := squin.wire.Apply(op1.result, w0.result)),
         (v1 := squin.wire.Apply(op2.result, v0.results[0])),
         (v2 := squin.wire.Apply(op3.result, v1.results[0])),