A default value is the value that's assigned to a function parameter if the caller does not pass in that parameter.
For example:
function doSomething(
input: any,
{ onError = THROW_THE_ERROR }: OnErrorOptions = {}
) { ... }
// when we do this, `onError` uses the default value
// of `THROW_THE_ERROR`
doSomething(input);
// when we do this, `onError` uses our arrow function
// instead of the default value
doSomething(input, { onError: (e) => { logger.logError(e); throw e; }});
Not every programming language supports default values. Golang is a noteable language that does not.