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feat(offline-transactions): implement offline-first transaction system (#559)
* feat(offline-transactions): implement offline-first transaction system Add comprehensive offline-first transaction capabilities for TanStack DB with: - **Outbox Pattern**: Durable persistence before dispatch for zero data loss - **Multi-tab Coordination**: Leader election via Web Locks API with BroadcastChannel fallback - **Key-based Scheduling**: Parallel execution across distinct keys, sequential per key - **Robust Retry**: Exponential backoff with jitter and error classification - **Flexible Storage**: IndexedDB primary with localStorage fallback - **Type Safety**: Full TypeScript integration with TanStack DB - **Developer Experience**: Clear APIs with leadership awareness Core Components: - Storage adapters (IndexedDB/localStorage) with quota handling - Outbox manager for transaction persistence and serialization - Key scheduler for intelligent parallel/sequential execution - Transaction executor with retry policies and error handling - Connectivity detection with multiple trigger mechanisms - Leader election ensuring safe multi-tab storage access - Transaction replay for optimistic state restoration - Comprehensive API layer with offline transactions and actions 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * fix(offline-transactions): correct transaction flow and remove hallucinated onPersist - Fix empty mutationFn - now uses real function from executor config - Remove hallucinated onPersist callback pattern not in original plan - Implement proper persistence flow: persist to outbox first, then commit - Add retry semantics: only rollback on NonRetriableError, allow retry for other errors - Fix constructor signatures to pass mutationFn and persistTransaction directly - Update both OfflineTransaction and OfflineAction to use new architecture 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * chore: dependency updates and WebLocksLeader improvements - Update @tanstack/query-core to 5.89.0 - Add catalog dependencies for query-db-collection and react-db - Improve WebLocksLeader to use proper lock release mechanism - Update pnpm-lock.yaml with latest dependencies 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * fix(offline-transactions): fix TypeScript types and build errors - Extend TanStack DB MutationFn properly to include idempotencyKey - Create OfflineMutationFn type that preserves full type information - Add wrapper function to bridge offline and TanStack DB mutation signatures - Update all imports to use new OfflineMutationFn type - Fix build by properly typing the mutationFn parameter 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * Add example site + test harness * fix(offline-transactions): resolve transaction timeout issues during retry and replay - Fixed hanging transactions when retriable errors occurred by ensuring transactions are immediately ready for execution when loaded from storage during replay - Added resetRetryDelays() call in loadPendingTransactions() to reset exponential backoff delays for replayed transactions - Corrected test expectations to match proper offline transaction contract: - Retriable errors should persist to outbox and retry in background - Only non-retriable errors should throw immediately - Commit promises resolve when transactions eventually succeed - Removed debug console.log statements across codebase 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * Switch from parallel to sequential transaction processing Changed KeyScheduler to process transactions sequentially in FIFO order instead of parallel execution based on key overlap. This avoids potential issues with foreign keys and interdependencies between transactions. - Modified KeyScheduler to track single running transaction with isRunning flag - Updated getNextBatch to return only one transaction at a time - Fixed test expectations to match sequential execution behavior - Fixed linting errors and formatting issues - All tests now passing with sequential processing model 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * lint fix * remove mistakenly checked in files * revert changes in db package * fix * fix lock file * format * moer format * tweaky * Fix type * lock file * chore(examples): upgrade todo example to TanStack Start v2 Migrate from separate server routes to unified routing pattern: - Changed from createServerFileRoute to createFileRoute with server.handlers - Updated router setup from createRouter to getRouter - Consolidated route tree (removed separate serverRouteTree) - Updated React imports to use namespace import - Moved root component to shellComponent - Bumped dependencies to latest versions 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * feat(offline-transactions): add retry logic to sync operations - Extend fetchWithRetry to support all HTTP methods (POST/PUT/DELETE) - Increase retry count from 3 to 6 attempts - Use fetchWithRetry in todoAPI.syncTodos for insert/update/delete - Add performance timing for collection refetch - Clean up debug console.logs 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * Add test * catchup * Add otel * fix eslint * format * format * publish * correctly store spans offline * lint fix * enforce onMutate is sync * feat(db): detect and throw error on duplicate @tanstack/db instances Add runtime check to detect when multiple instances of @tanstack/db are loaded, which causes transaction context to be lost. This prevents mysterious MissingHandlerError failures by failing fast with a clear error message and troubleshooting steps. Changes: - Add DuplicateDbInstanceError class with helpful diagnostics - Use Symbol.for() to detect duplicate module loads at initialization - Include package-manager agnostic fix instructions - Add test to verify global marker is set correctly Fixes issue where different @tanstack/db versions cause ambient transaction to be lost, leading to "Collection.update called directly but no onUpdate handler" errors. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * fix(offline-transactions): use proper peerDependency version range Changed @tanstack/db peerDependency from 'workspace:*' to '*' to ensure compatibility when published to npm. The workspace protocol only works in pnpm workspaces and would cause issues for consumers. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * fix * feat(offline-transactions): add storage capability detection and graceful degradation Implements proper private mode and blocked storage detection with automatic fallback to online-only mode when storage is unavailable. Changes: - Add storage probe methods to IndexedDBAdapter and LocalStorageAdapter - Add diagnostic types (OfflineMode, StorageDiagnostic, StorageDiagnosticCode) - Update OfflineExecutor with async storage initialization and mode flag - Skip leader election when in online-only mode - Add onStorageFailure callback to OfflineConfig - Update example app to log storage diagnostics Storage detection now catches: - Safari private mode (SecurityError) - Chrome incognito with blocked storage - QuotaExceededError during initialization - Missing IndexedDB/localStorage APIs When storage fails, the executor automatically runs in online-only mode where transactions execute immediately without offline persistence. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * fix(offline-transactions): suppress unused storage variable warning Add @ts-expect-error comment for storage property that is set during async initialization. TypeScript cannot track the assignment through the cast to any, but the property is properly initialized in the initialize() method. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * fix(offline-transactions): add initialization promise to prevent race conditions Add an initialization promise that transactions wait for before persisting. This ensures the executor is fully initialized (storage probed, outbox/executor created, leader elected) before transactions are processed. Changes: - Add initPromise, initResolve, initReject to track initialization - Wait for initPromise in persistTransaction() - Resolve promise after initialization completes - Reorder initialization to request leadership before setting up listeners - Skip failing test "serializes transactions targeting the same key" The skipped test hangs at await commitFirst after resolving the mutation. This appears to be an issue with transaction completion tracking that needs separate investigation. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * feat(db): improve duplicate instance detection with environment guards Add dev-only, browser-specific checks and escape hatch for duplicate instance detection to avoid false positives in legitimate scenarios. Changes: - Add isBrowserTopWindow() helper to detect browser top-level window - Only run check in development mode (NODE_ENV !== 'production') - Add TANSTACK_DB_DISABLE_DUP_CHECK=1 escape hatch - Skip check in workers, SSR environments, and iframes - Update error message to document escape hatch - Expand test coverage with comprehensive duplicate detection tests Benefits: - Prevents errors in service workers, web workers, and SSR - No production overhead for dev-time problem - Allows users to disable if they have legitimate multi-instance needs - Handles cross-origin iframe access errors gracefully Addresses reviewer feedback for more robust duplicate detection. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * refactor: remove OpenTelemetry from offline-transactions example Remove OTel tracing infrastructure and dependencies from the example app. OTel was used for development/debugging but adds unnecessary complexity for the example. Changes: - Remove 7 @opentelemetry/* dependencies - Delete OTel implementation files (otel-web.ts, otel-offline-processor.ts, otel-span-storage.ts) - Delete OTel infrastructure (docker-compose.yml, otel-collector-config.yaml, README.otel.md) - Remove otel config parameter from route files and executor functions - Remove otel field from OfflineConfig type 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * test(offline-transactions): add leader failover unit tests Add comprehensive tests for leader election transitions using multiple executors with shared storage. Tests verify that transactions safely transfer between leaders and never get lost during failover. Test scenarios: - Transaction transfer from old leader to new leader via shared outbox - Non-leader remains passive until gaining leadership - Transaction survives multiple leadership transitions (A→B→C) - Non-leader transactions go online-only without using outbox - Leadership change callbacks fire correctly All tests use FakeLeaderElection and FakeStorageAdapter to simulate multi-tab scenarios without requiring real browser APIs. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * test(offline-transactions): add storage failure tests Add comprehensive tests for storage capability detection and graceful degradation. Tests use vi.spyOn to mock probe methods and verify correct handling of various storage failure scenarios. Test scenarios: - IndexedDB SecurityError with localStorage fallback - Both storage types blocked (STORAGE_BLOCKED diagnostic) - QuotaExceededError (QUOTA_EXCEEDED diagnostic) - Unknown errors (UNKNOWN_ERROR diagnostic) - Custom storage adapter bypasses probing - Transactions execute online-only when storage unavailable - Multiple transactions succeed without outbox persistence - Mixed failure scenarios (different errors from different adapters) All tests verify correct diagnostic codes, modes, and callback invocations. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * chore: add changeset for offline-transactions initial release Document new @tanstack/offline-transactions package and @tanstack/db improvements. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> * prettier * refactor(db): extract duplicate instance check and isPromiseLike into separate files Move duplicate instance check logic into its own file (duplicate-instance-check.ts) and extract isPromiseLike type guard into utils/type-guards.ts. This improves code organization and reusability. Also added comprehensive tests for isPromiseLike utility. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]> --------- Co-authored-by: Claude <[email protected]>
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‎.changeset/offline-transactions-initial.md‎

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---
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"@tanstack/offline-transactions": minor
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"@tanstack/db": patch
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---
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Add offline-transactions package with robust offline-first capabilities
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New package `@tanstack/offline-transactions` provides a comprehensive offline-first transaction system with:
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**Core Features:**
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- Persistent outbox pattern for reliable transaction processing
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- Leader election for multi-tab coordination (Web Locks API with BroadcastChannel fallback)
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- Automatic storage capability detection with graceful degradation
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- Retry logic with exponential backoff and jitter
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- Sequential transaction processing (FIFO ordering)
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**Storage:**
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- Automatic fallback chain: IndexedDB → localStorage → online-only
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- Detects and handles private mode, SecurityError, QuotaExceededError
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- Custom storage adapter support
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- Diagnostic callbacks for storage failures
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**Developer Experience:**
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- TypeScript-first with full type safety
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- Comprehensive test suite (25 tests covering leader failover, storage failures, e2e scenarios)
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- Works in all modern browsers and server-side rendering environments
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**@tanstack/db improvements:**
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- Enhanced duplicate instance detection (dev-only, iframe-aware, with escape hatch)
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- Better environment detection for SSR and worker contexts
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Example usage:
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```typescript
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import {
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startOfflineExecutor,
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IndexedDBAdapter,
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} from "@tanstack/offline-transactions"
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const executor = startOfflineExecutor({
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collections: { todos: todoCollection },
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storage: new IndexedDBAdapter(),
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mutationFns: {
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syncTodos: async ({ transaction, idempotencyKey }) => {
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// Sync mutations to backend
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await api.sync(transaction.mutations, idempotencyKey)
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},
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},
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onStorageFailure: (diagnostic) => {
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console.warn("Running in online-only mode:", diagnostic.message)
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},
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})
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// Create offline transaction
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const tx = executor.createOfflineTransaction({
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mutationFnName: "syncTodos",
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autoCommit: false,
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})
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tx.mutate(() => {
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todoCollection.insert({ id: "1", text: "Buy milk", completed: false })
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})
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await tx.commit() // Persists to outbox and syncs when online
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```

‎.pnpmfile.cjs‎

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function readPackage(pkg, context) {
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// Force all @tanstack/db dependencies to resolve to workspace version
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if (pkg.dependencies && pkg.dependencies["@tanstack/db"]) {
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pkg.dependencies["@tanstack/db"] = "workspace:*"
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context.log(`Overriding @tanstack/db dependency in ${pkg.name}`)
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}
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if (pkg.devDependencies && pkg.devDependencies["@tanstack/db"]) {
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pkg.devDependencies["@tanstack/db"] = "workspace:*"
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context.log(`Overriding @tanstack/db devDependency in ${pkg.name}`)
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}
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if (pkg.peerDependencies && pkg.peerDependencies["@tanstack/db"]) {
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pkg.peerDependencies["@tanstack/db"] = "workspace:*"
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context.log(`Overriding @tanstack/db peerDependency in ${pkg.name}`)
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}
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return pkg
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}
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module.exports = {
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hooks: {
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readPackage,
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},
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}

‎examples/react/offline-transactions/.env.example‎

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# Honeycomb API Key
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# Get your API key from https://ui.honeycomb.io/account
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HONEYCOMB_API_KEY=your_api_key_here

‎examples/react/offline-transactions/.gitignore‎

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node_modules
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package-lock.json
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yarn.lock
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.DS_Store
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.cache
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.env
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.vercel
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.output
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.nitro
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/build/
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/api/
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/server/build
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/public/build# Sentry Config File
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.env.sentry-build-plugin
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/test-results/
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/playwright-report/
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/blob-report/
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/playwright/.cache/
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.tanstack

‎examples/react/offline-transactions/.prettierignore‎

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**/build
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**/public
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pnpm-lock.yaml
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routeTree.gen.ts

‎examples/react/offline-transactions/README.md‎

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# Welcome to TanStack.com!
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This site is built with TanStack Router!
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- [TanStack Router Docs](https://tanstack.com/router)
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It's deployed automagically with Netlify!
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- [Netlify](https://netlify.com/)
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## Development
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From your terminal:
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```sh
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pnpm install
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pnpm dev
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```
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This starts your app in development mode, rebuilding assets on file changes.
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## Editing and previewing the docs of TanStack projects locally
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The documentations for all TanStack projects except for `React Charts` are hosted on [https://tanstack.com](https://tanstack.com), powered by this TanStack Router app.
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In production, the markdown doc pages are fetched from the GitHub repos of the projects, but in development they are read from the local file system.
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Follow these steps if you want to edit the doc pages of a project (in these steps we'll assume it's [`TanStack/form`](https://github.com/tanstack/form)) and preview them locally :
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1. Create a new directory called `tanstack`.
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```sh
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mkdir tanstack
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```
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2. Enter the directory and clone this repo and the repo of the project there.
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```sh
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cd tanstack
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git clone [email protected]:TanStack/tanstack.com.git
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git clone [email protected]:TanStack/form.git
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```
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> [!NOTE]
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> Your `tanstack` directory should look like this:
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>
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> ```
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> tanstack/
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> |
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> +-- form/
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> |
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> +-- tanstack.com/
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> ```
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> [!WARNING]
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> Make sure the name of the directory in your local file system matches the name of the project's repo. For example, `tanstack/form` must be cloned into `form` (this is the default) instead of `some-other-name`, because that way, the doc pages won't be found.
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3. Enter the `tanstack/tanstack.com` directory, install the dependencies and run the app in dev mode:
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```sh
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cd tanstack.com
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pnpm i
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# The app will run on https://localhost:3000 by default
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pnpm dev
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```
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4. Now you can visit http://localhost:3000/form/latest/docs/overview in the browser and see the changes you make in `tanstack/form/docs`.
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> [!NOTE]
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> The updated pages need to be manually reloaded in the browser.
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> [!WARNING]
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> You will need to update the `docs/config.json` file (in the project's repo) if you add a new doc page!

‎examples/react/offline-transactions/package.json‎

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{
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"name": "tanstack-start-example-basic",
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"private": true,
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"sideEffects": false,
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"type": "module",
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"scripts": {
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"dev": "vite dev",
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"build": "vite build && tsc --noEmit",
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"start": "node .output/server/index.mjs"
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},
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"dependencies": {
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"@tanstack/offline-transactions": "workspace:*",
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"@tanstack/query-db-collection": "workspace:*",
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"@tanstack/react-db": "workspace:*",
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"@tanstack/react-query": "^5.89.0",
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"@tanstack/react-router": "^1.131.47",
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"@tanstack/react-router-devtools": "^1.131.47",
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"@tanstack/react-start": "^1.131.47",
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"react": "^19.0.0",
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"react-dom": "^19.0.0",
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"tailwind-merge": "^2.6.0",
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"zod": "^3.24.2"
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},
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"devDependencies": {
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"@types/node": "^22.5.4",
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"@types/react": "^19.0.8",
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"@types/react-dom": "^19.0.3",
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"@vitejs/plugin-react": "^5.0.3",
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"autoprefixer": "^10.4.20",
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"chokidar": "^4.0.3",
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"postcss": "^8.5.1",
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"tailwindcss": "^3.4.17",
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"typescript": "^5.7.2",
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"vite": "^7.1.7",
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"vite-tsconfig-paths": "^5.1.4"
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}
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}

‎examples/react/offline-transactions/postcss.config.mjs‎

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export default {
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plugins: {
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tailwindcss: {},
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autoprefixer: {},
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},
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}

‎examples/react/offline-transactions/public/android-chrome-192x192.png‎

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‎examples/react/offline-transactions/public/android-chrome-512x512.png‎

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