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2018-10-15-C++函数重载.html
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<p>C++中的函数声明比C有更多的功能。为了更清楚描述清楚影响的不同，我们先来看看C和C++中函数最主要的差异是什么。 很多C库包含至少一组的命名非常接近的函数。每个函数除了参数或返回值不同，功能在本质上是相同的。 标准C库也包含若干这样的组。例如，有一组“abs”函数专门用来计算一个数值的绝对值。组里包含：<br><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">abs</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> i)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">labs</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> li)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="title">fabsf</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">float</span> f)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="title">fabs</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">double</span> d)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="title">fabsl</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> ld)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line">``` </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">函数fabsf和fabsl不属于早期C标准，却存在于修订后的C9X标准中。 标准C库还有一个“put”函数组：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<pre><code>int fputc(int c, FILE *f);
int fputs(char const *s, FILE *f);
int putchar(int c);
int puts(char const *s);
</code></pre><figure class="highlight vim"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">这些函数都用来往文件里写入，尽管，写的内容的类型不同，文件的指定方式也有差异。 函数fputc和putchar每次写一个字节（传入的其实是<span class="keyword">int</span>），而puts和fputs每次写从null结尾字符串中得到的所有字节。函数fputc和fputs写入的文件是由参数传入的，而putchar和puts总是往标准输出中写。 尽管组中的函数名字不同，但程序员还是把它们当做只有一个名字的函数。例如，从来没听过程序员说fputd一个字符或fputs一个字符串，而是说<span class="keyword">put</span>一个字符或<span class="keyword">put</span>一个字符串。<span class="comment">" 我们通常把函数fputc和fputs当做一个put函数。我们也通常把函数abs。当我们已经明了组里的每一个函数实际上都是不同的函数，那么没有理由再啰嗦下去了。</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">### 重载声明</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">让函数名字跟描述程序行为的名字保持一致是一个良好的编程习惯。每种负责输出的函数最好是都叫做<span class="keyword">put</span>。不幸的是，C不允许程序中有同名的函数。 C中独一无二函数名的限定对函数库的使用者和作者都是一种负担。作者需要想象出相近但差异又不能太大的函数名，而使用者需要学会这些不同。一个认真的作者会浪费数小时来设计一组函数名前缀或后缀，以便减少使用者的负担。 C++通过重载函数名来避免这类麻烦。你可以在同一个程序里使用同名的两个或多个函数。函数名重载可以让函数使用起来更“自然”。使用了重载的程序也更容易读和写。（当然，过犹不及，过多的重载也并非好事） C++中声明重载的函数跟声明其它函数没什么不同。只不过它跟其它的某个函数重名。重载函数必须使用不同的变量，否则编译器没法区分它们。 例如，可以定义如下的重载函数<span class="keyword">put</span>：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<pre><code>int put(int c); // putchar
int put(int c, FILE *f); // fputc
int put(char const *s); // puts
int put(char const *s, FILE *f); // fputs
</code></pre><figure class="highlight clean"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">### 函数的重载的规则</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">* 函数名称必须相同。</span><br><span class="line">* 参数列表必须不同（个数不同、类型不同、参数排列顺序不同等）。</span><br><span class="line">* 函数的返回类型可以相同也可以不相同。</span><br><span class="line">* 仅仅返回类型不同不足以成为函数的重载。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">### 重载决策</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">当编译器遇到对函数put的调用，它会选择函数参数完全匹配的函数声明进行调用。这个过程叫做重载决策。例如: ` put(<span class="string">'a'</span>, stdout);` 调用如下的函数声明： ` int put(int c, FILE *f);` 而： `put(<span class="string">"Hello\n"</span>);` 调用: `int put(char const *s);` 如果编译器没法找到参数匹配的函数，会报错。例如，调用： ` put(<span class="string">"Error #"</span>, n, stderr);` 会报错，因为没有函数声明了三个变量。 尽管调用的函数的参数个数必须跟匹配的声明函数一致，但参数类型却不必完全一致。C++允许进行一些参数的隐式类型转换。 例如，函数声明如下：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<pre><code>int put(int c);
int put(int c, FILE *f);
</code></pre><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">往一个文件中写入单个字符。在两个函数中，参数c的类型是<span class="keyword">int</span>而不是<span class="keyword">char</span>，标准C库使用整型的EOF来表示文件结尾和I/O错误。一个<span class="keyword">char</span>没办法表示EOF。一个<span class="keyword">int</span>可以表示所有的<span class="keyword">char</span>值和EOF。 尽管函数声明了<span class="keyword">int</span>型参数，但你可以使用<span class="keyword">char</span>参数来调用。例如：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<pre><code>char c; ... put(c);
</code></pre><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">重载决策选择了：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<pre><code>int put(int c);
</code></pre><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">作为匹配函数。这里，编译器把<span class="keyword">char</span>隐式转换为<span class="keyword">int</span>。 最佳匹配和歧义Best matches <span class="keyword">and</span> ambiguities 有可能会有多个重载函数能够匹配一个函数调用。例如，下面的四个函数：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<pre><code>void f(int i);
void f(long int li);
void f(char *p);
void f(double d, int i);
</code></pre><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">开头的三个函数可以匹配函数调用f(<span class="number">0</span>)。<span class="number">0</span>可以被看做<span class="keyword">int</span>，<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">int</span>或`<span class="keyword">char</span>*`类的空指针。第四个函数没法匹配，因为它需要两个参数。 当面对多个可选函数时，重载决策根据函数参数类型的隐式转换来排序，找出最匹配的那个。例如，在调用f(<span class="number">0</span>)时，参数<span class="number">0</span>位<span class="keyword">int</span>类型，当调用：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<pre><code>void f(char *p);
</code></pre><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">需要把<span class="keyword">int</span>转换为`<span class="keyword">char</span>*`。当调用：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<pre><code>void f(long int li);
</code></pre><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">需要把<span class="keyword">int</span>转换为<span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">int</span>。而：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<pre><code>void f(int i);
</code></pre><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">是非常准确的匹配。准确的匹配永远是最佳选择。 那么，假设：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<pre><code>void f(int i);
</code></pre><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">没有被声明。这种情况下，重载决策必须在下面二者中选一个：</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<pre><code>void f(long int li);
void f(char *p);
</code></pre><p><code>`</code> </p>
<p>但它们两个不分仲伯，都需要进行类型转换。当重载决策没有办法选出一个最优匹配，那么调用就是不明确的，这会产生一个编译错误。函数重载仅仅是语法层面的，本质上它们还是不同的函数，占用不同的内存，入口地址也不一样。 这就是函数名重载的基本知识。</p>
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