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<blockquote>
<p>经过以往的学习，现在对Linux的学习进行一次总结。记录一下自己在Linux使用的感悟。</p>
<p>by Marvin.Zhao</p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="我的Linux哲学"><a href="#我的Linux哲学" class="headerlink" title="我的Linux哲学"></a>我的Linux哲学</h1><p>Linux有自己的一套的哲学理论，我在学习Linux的过程中也被Linux的设计哲学所惊艳到。</p>
<p>我的Linux学习哲学是：</p>
<h2 id="我是谁？"><a href="#我是谁？" class="headerlink" title="我是谁？"></a>我是谁？</h2><p>第一个对应的是英文中的WHO。在Linux系统中，我们首先要做的就是确认自己的角色。确认角色的主要目的就是为了明确自己的权限。<strong>我</strong>是普通用户还是管理员，这是非常重要的。<strong>我</strong>所在的组是什么，我能进行哪些操作，都是跟角色有关的。</p>
<p>角色就涉及到权限，权限约束这用户能够对哪些文件进行操作，能够使用哪些命令。</p>
<p>主要分辨出两点：</p>
<ul>
<li>普通用户</li>
<li>管理员用户</li>
</ul>
<p>这是需要十分明确的。使用如下命令：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">whoami</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>是的，你没有看错。就是这样一条命令，系统就能告诉你，你是谁。当然除了这条命令之外还可以使用其他命令查看有哪些用户（在什么时间）登陆了该系统。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#下面的命令是查看有哪些用户登陆了该系统</span></span><br><span class="line">users</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#示例输出：</span></span><br><span class="line">[hexo@dhu021 ~]$ users</span><br><span class="line">hexo root</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#下面的命令列出登陆该系统所有用户的登陆时间等</span></span><br><span class="line">who</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#示例输出：</span></span><br><span class="line">[hexo@dhu021 ~]$ who</span><br><span class="line">root pts/0 2018-07-30 14:31 (202.121.144.19)</span><br><span class="line">hexo pts/1 2018-07-30 14:33 (202.121.144.19)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#下面的命令查看自己的用户ID，组ID，以及所处的组</span></span><br><span class="line">id</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#示例输出：</span></span><br><span class="line">[hexo@dhu021 ~]$ id</span><br><span class="line">uid=1000(hexo) gid=1000(hexo) groups=1000(hexo)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>经过上面的操作，你就明白自己是什么角色了。其中<code>id</code>，这个命令的结果如果大于1000，那么就是普通用户。如果小于1000，可能是系统用户或者管理员或者普通用户。</p>
<h3 id="小补充"><a href="#小补充" class="headerlink" title="小补充"></a>小补充</h3><p>这里补充一下系统用户的知识。<strong>什么是系统用户？</strong></p>
<p>在Linux系统的<code>/etc/passwd</code>文件中按照行存储了一些用户以及其他的信息。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[hexo@dhu021 ~]$ cat /etc/passwd</span><br><span class="line">root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash</span><br><span class="line">bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin</span><br><span class="line">daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin</span><br><span class="line">adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin</span><br><span class="line">····（部分省略）</span><br><span class="line">hexo:x:1000:1000::/home/hexo:/bin/bash</span><br><span class="line">nginx:x:997:995:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>可以看到每一行都是按照冒号分隔了7个字段。这些字段代表了不同的意思。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>字段</th>
<th>含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>用户名</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>用户的密码原来直接存储在第二字段，但是为了安全，最后专门有了/etc/shadow文件，现在默认用x替代</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>用户的uid,一般情况下root为0，1-499默认为系统账号，有的更大些到1000，500-65535为用户的可登录账号，有的系统从1000开始。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>用户的gid,linux的用户都会有两个ID,一个是用户uid，一个是用户组id，在我们登录的时候，输入用户名和密码，其实会先到/etc/passwd查看是否有你输入的账号或者用户名，有的话将该账号与对应的UID和GID(在/etc/group中)读出来。然后读出主文件夹与shell的设置，然后再去检验密码是否正确，正确的话正常登录。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>用户的账号说明解释</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td>用户的家目录文件夹</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td>用户使用的shell，如果换成/sbin/nologin/就是默认没有登录环境的。</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>情况就是这样。这里3、4字段的含义就指出了哪些是系统用户了，哪些是普通用户。</p>
<h2 id="我在哪儿？"><a href="#我在哪儿？" class="headerlink" title="我在哪儿？"></a>我在哪儿？</h2><p>第二需要明确的是WHERE。就是要知道自己所处的位置。Linux系统那么多目录，一条命令：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">pwd</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#示例输出</span></span><br><span class="line">[hexo@dhu021 ~]$ <span class="built_in">pwd</span></span><br><span class="line">/home/hexo</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>找到自己所处的位置，不会迷路。自己也能做到心中有数。</p>
<h2 id="我要干什么？"><a href="#我要干什么？" class="headerlink" title="我要干什么？"></a>我要干什么？</h2><p>第三步，就是抛开一切的想法。脑子里只要高速自己，我在XXX目录下，我要干嘛。我的<strong>任务（TASK）</strong>是要复制一个文件还是重命名一个文件还是编辑一个文件等等。这一步讲的就是不要在Linux中迷失自我，要做到目标明确，不要做无头苍蝇。</p>
<h2 id="我要怎么干？"><a href="#我要怎么干？" class="headerlink" title="我要怎么干？"></a>我要怎么干？</h2><p>最后一步也是通常人们常要做的。就是，我该怎么做才能达到在第三步提出的问题。我要怎么干？这就是涉及到Linux的哲学问题了。化大为小，化繁为简，分而治之。将一个大问题化简成多个小问题，把一个繁杂的问题分解成许多个简单问题。这样就可以理清楚自己需要怎么做了。</p>
<h1 id="命令集合"><a href="#命令集合" class="headerlink" title="命令集合"></a>命令集合</h1><p>这里我都不想写了。很多常用的我就步介绍了。这里会更新一些不常用的，而且很有用的命令。</p>
<ul>
<li>scp</li>
<li>mount</li>
<li>ln</li>
<li></li>
</ul>
<h1 id="后记"><a href="#后记" class="headerlink" title="后记"></a>后记</h1><p>在学习Linux的过程中，我们每次打开命令行只要要反问自己前三个问题，尤其是强两个问题，必须要明确。</p>
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<div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#我的Linux哲学"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">我的Linux哲学</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#我是谁？"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">我是谁？</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#小补充"><span class="nav-number">1.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">小补充</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#我在哪儿？"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">我在哪儿？</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#我要干什么？"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">我要干什么？</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#我要怎么干？"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">我要怎么干？</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#命令集合"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">命令集合</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#后记"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">后记</span></a></li></ol></div>
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