Lazily write the FST padding byte (#12981)

* lazily write the FST padding byte

* Also write the pad byte when there is emptyOutput

* add comment

* Add more comments

Author: dungba88

lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/util/fst/FSTCompiler.java

@@ -106,6 +106,9 @@ public class FSTCompiler<T> {
 
   private final IntsRefBuilder lastInput = new IntsRefBuilder();
 
+  // indicates whether we are not yet to write the padding byte
+  private boolean paddingBytePending;
+
   // NOTE: cutting this over to ArrayList instead loses ~6%
   // in build performance on 9.8M Wikipedia terms; so we
   // left this as an array:
@@ -160,15 +163,14 @@ private FSTCompiler(
       boolean allowFixedLengthArcs,
       DataOutput dataOutput,
       float directAddressingMaxOversizingFactor,
-      int version)
-      throws IOException {
+      int version) {
     this.allowFixedLengthArcs = allowFixedLengthArcs;
     this.directAddressingMaxOversizingFactor = directAddressingMaxOversizingFactor;
     this.version = version;
     // pad: ensure no node gets address 0 which is reserved to mean
-    // the stop state w/ no arcs
-    dataOutput.writeByte((byte) 0);
+    // the stop state w/ no arcs. the actual byte will be written lazily
     numBytesWritten++;
+    paddingBytePending = true;
     this.dataOutput = dataOutput;
     fst =
         new FST<>(
@@ -340,7 +342,7 @@ public Builder<T> setVersion(int version) {
     }
 
     /** Creates a new {@link FSTCompiler}. */
-    public FSTCompiler<T> build() throws IOException {
+    public FSTCompiler<T> build() {
       // create a default DataOutput if not specified
       if (dataOutput == null) {
         dataOutput = getOnHeapReaderWriter(15);
@@ -548,13 +550,27 @@ long addNode(FSTCompiler.UnCompiledNode<T> nodeIn) throws IOException {
     }
 
     reverseScratchBytes();
+    // write the padding byte if needed
+    if (paddingBytePending) {
+      writePaddingByte();
+    }
     scratchBytes.writeTo(dataOutput);
     numBytesWritten += scratchBytes.getPosition();
 
     nodeCount++;
     return numBytesWritten - 1;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Write the padding byte, ensure no node gets address 0 which is reserved to mean the stop state
+   * w/ no arcs
+   */
+  private void writePaddingByte() throws IOException {
+    assert paddingBytePending;
+    dataOutput.writeByte((byte) 0);
+    paddingBytePending = false;
+  }
+
   private void writeLabel(DataOutput out, int v) throws IOException {
     assert v >= 0 : "v=" + v;
     if (fst.metadata.inputType == INPUT_TYPE.BYTE1) {
@@ -963,7 +979,11 @@ public FST<T> compile() throws IOException {
     freezeTail(0);
     if (root.numArcs == 0) {
       if (fst.metadata.emptyOutput == null) {
+        // return null for completely empty FST which accepts nothing
         return null;
+      } else {
+        // we haven't written the padding byte so far, but the FST is still valid
+        writePaddingByte();
       }
     }