Add control statement, function and class concepts

Author: Omkar-t06

Day-1/control-statements.md

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+# Control Statements in Python
+
+Control statements in Python are used to control the flow of execution of the program. Here are a few examples:
+
+## If Statement
+
+The `if` statement is used to test a condition. If the condition is true, the block of code inside the `if` statement is executed.
+
+```python
+x = 10
+if x > 5:
+    print("x is greater than 5")
+```
+
+## If-Else Statement
+
+The `if-else` statement is used to test a condition and execute one block of code if the condition is true and another block of code if the condition is false.
+
+```python
+x = 10
+if x > 5:
+    print("x is greater than 5")
+else:
+    print("x is not greater than 5")
+```
+
+## Elif Statement
+
+The `elif` statement is used to test multiple conditions. If the first condition is false, it checks the next condition, and so on.
+
+```python
+x = 10
+if x > 15:
+    print("x is greater than 15")
+elif x > 5:
+    print("x is greater than 5 but less than or equal to 15")
+else:
+    print("x is 5 or less")
+```
+
+### Problems On Conditionals
+- [Python If-Else HackerRank](https://www.hackerrank.com/challenges/py-if-else/problem?isFullScreen=true)
+- [Check The Status GFG](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/problems/check-the-status/1?page=1&category=python&difficulty=Easy&sortBy=submissions)
+
+## While Loop
+
+The `while` loop is used to repeat a block of code as long as a condition is true.
+
+```python
+x = 0
+while x < 5:
+    print(x)
+    x += 1
+```
+
+## For Loop
+
+The `for` loop is used to iterate over a sequence (such as a list, tuple, or string) and execute a block of code for each item in the sequence.
+
+```python
+fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
+for fruit in fruits:
+    print(fruit)
+```
+
+## Break Statement
+
+The `break` statement is used to exit a loop prematurely.
+
+```python
+for i in range(10):
+    if i == 5:
+        break
+    print(i)
+```
+
+## Continue Statement
+
+The `continue` statement is used to skip the rest of the code inside a loop for the current iteration and continue with the next iteration.
+
+```python
+for i in range(10):
+    if i % 2 == 0:
+        continue
+    print(i)
+```
+
+## Pass Statement
+
+The `pass` statement is a null operation; it is used when a statement is required syntactically but no code needs to be executed.
+
+```python
+for i in range(10):
+    if i % 2 == 0:
+        pass
+    else:
+        print(i)
+```
+
+### Problems On Conditionals
+- [Loops HackerRank](https://www.hackerrank.com/challenges/python-loops/problem?isFullScreen=true)
+- [For Loop GFG](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/problems/for-loop-python/1?page=1&category=python&sortBy=submissions)
+- [While Loop GFG](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/problems/while-loop-in-python/1?page=1&category=python&sortBy=submissions)
+
+
+These are some of the basic control statements in Python that help in controlling the flow of the program.

Day-1/functions_and_class.md

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+# Notes on Functions and Classes in Python
+
+## Functions
+
+### Definition
+A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related action. Functions provide better modularity for your application and a high degree of code reusability.
+
+### Syntax
+```python
+def function_name(parameters):
+    """docstring"""
+    statement(s)
+```
+
+### Example
+```python
+def greet(name):
+    """This function greets the person passed in as a parameter"""
+    print(f"Hello, {name}!")
+
+greet('Alice')
+```
+
+### Key Points
+- Functions help break our program into smaller and modular chunks.
+- Function definitions begin with the `def` keyword.
+- The parameters (arguments) are optional.
+- The `return` statement is used to exit a function and go back to the place from where it was called.
+
+## Classes
+
+### Definition
+A class is a blueprint for creating objects. Classes encapsulate data for the object and methods to manipulate that data.
+
+### Syntax
+```python
+class ClassName:
+    """docstring"""
+    class_variable = 'value'
+
+    def __init__(self, parameters):
+        self.instance_variable = parameters
+
+    def method(self):
+        statement(s)
+```
+
+### Example
+```python
+class Dog:
+    """A simple class to model a dog"""
+    
+    def __init__(self, name, age):
+        self.name = name
+        self.age = age
+
+    def bark(self):
+        print(f"{self.name} says woof!")
+
+my_dog = Dog('Buddy', 3)
+my_dog.bark()
+```
+
+### Key Points
+- Classes provide a means of bundling data and functionality together.
+- Creating a new class creates a new type of object, allowing new instances of that type to be made.
+- The `__init__` method initializes the object's attributes.
+- Methods are functions that belong to the class.