diff --git a/encoders/closedai/go.mod b/encoders/closedai/go.mod
index 30d1a13..3a674c5 100644
--- a/encoders/closedai/go.mod
+++ b/encoders/closedai/go.mod
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go/encoders/closedai
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require github.com/sashabaranov/go-openai v1.29.1
diff --git a/encoders/closedai/openai.go b/encoders/closedai/openai.go
index 26d32e5..e29ead1 100644
--- a/encoders/closedai/openai.go
+++ b/encoders/closedai/openai.go
@@ -7,14 +7,26 @@ import (
 	openai "github.com/sashabaranov/go-openai"
 )
 
+// Client is a minimal interface for the OpenAI client.
+type Client interface {
+	CreateEmbeddings(ctx context.Context, req openai.EmbeddingRequest) (openai.EmbeddingResponse, error)
+}
+
 // Encoder encodes a query string into an OpenAI embedding.
 type Encoder struct {
 	// Client is the OpenAI client.
-	Client *openai.Client
+	Client Client
 	// Model is the OpenAI embedding model to use.
 	Model openai.EmbeddingModel
 }
 
+func NewEncoder(client Client, model openai.EmbeddingModel) Encoder {
+	return Encoder{
+		Client: client,
+		Model:  model,
+	}
+}
+
 // Encode encodes the given utterance using the OpenAI API.
 func (o Encoder) Encode(
 	ctx context.Context,
diff --git a/encoders/closedai/openai_test.go b/encoders/closedai/openai_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..590e45c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/encoders/closedai/openai_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package closedai
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	openai "github.com/sashabaranov/go-openai"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestEncoder_Encode(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	client := &mockClient{}
+	encoder := NewEncoder(client, "text-embedding-ada-002")
+	utterance := "Hello, world!"
+	got, err := encoder.Encode(t.Context(), utterance)
+	expected := []float64{
+		0.0,
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, got)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+type mockClient struct{}
+
+func (m *mockClient) CreateEmbeddings(
+	_ context.Context,
+	req openai.EmbeddingRequest,
+) (openai.EmbeddingResponse, error) {
+	return openai.EmbeddingResponse{
+		Data: []openai.Embedding{
+			{
+				Embedding: []float32{
+					0.0,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
diff --git a/encoders/google/doc.go b/encoders/google/doc.go
index 813a535..72b60f9 100644
--- a/encoders/google/doc.go
+++ b/encoders/google/doc.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Package encoders provides encoders for Google language models.
+// Package google provides encoders for Google language models.
 //
 // Google language models are language models that is trained on a large corpus of text data.
-package encoders
+package google
diff --git a/encoders/google/go.mod b/encoders/google/go.mod
index 0427456..2ea11da 100644
--- a/encoders/google/go.mod
+++ b/encoders/google/go.mod
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 module github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go/encoders/google
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
-require github.com/google/generative-ai-go v0.17.0
+require (
+	github.com/google/generative-ai-go v0.17.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
+)
 
 require (
 	cloud.google.com/go v0.115.0 // indirect
@@ -11,6 +14,7 @@ require (
 	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.5.7 // indirect
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
@@ -20,6 +24,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.12.5 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.51.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.51.0 // indirect
@@ -38,4 +43,5 @@ require (
 	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240617180043-68d350f18fd4 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.64.1 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )
diff --git a/encoders/google/go.sum b/encoders/google/go.sum
index 6594204..5ac2c3a 100644
--- a/encoders/google/go.sum
+++ b/encoders/google/go.sum
@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.1-0.20200526195155-81db48ad09cc/go.mod h1:EGpAD
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlbajtzgsN7c=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 h1:6xV6lTsCfpGD21XK49h7MhtcApnLqkfYgPcdHftf6hg=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2/go.mod h1:qYOHts0dSfpeUzUFpOMr/WGzszTmLH+DiWniOlNbLDw=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405 h1:yhCVgyC4o1eVCa2tZl7eS0r+SDo693bJlVdllGtEeKM=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
diff --git a/encoders/google/google.go b/encoders/google/google.go
index bb20808..3a72193 100644
--- a/encoders/google/google.go
+++ b/encoders/google/google.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package encoders
+package google
 
 import (
 	"context"
@@ -6,23 +6,33 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/generative-ai-go/genai"
 )
 
-// GoogleEncoder encodes a query string into a Google search URL.
-type GoogleEncoder struct {
-	client genai.Client
+// Client is a minimal client for the Google Generative AI API.
+type Client interface {
+	EmbeddingModel(name string) Model
+}
+
+// Model is a minimal model for the Google Generative AI API.
+type Model interface {
+	EmbedContent(ctx context.Context, content genai.Text) (genai.EmbedContentResponse, error)
+}
+
+// Encoder encodes a query string into a Google search URL.
+type Encoder struct {
+	client Client
 	name   string
 }
 
-// NewGoogleEncoder creates a new GoogleEncoder.
-func NewGoogleEncoder(
-	client genai.Client,
-) *GoogleEncoder {
-	return &GoogleEncoder{
+// NewEncoder creates a new GoogleEncoder.
+func NewEncoder(
+	client Client,
+) *Encoder {
+	return &Encoder{
 		client: client,
 	}
 }
 
 // Encode encodes a query string into a Google search URL.
-func (e *GoogleEncoder) Encode(
+func (e *Encoder) Encode(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	query string,
 ) ([]float64, error) {
@@ -30,8 +40,9 @@ func (e *GoogleEncoder) Encode(
 	case <-ctx.Done():
 		return nil, ctx.Err()
 	default:
-		model := e.client.EmbeddingModel(e.name)
-		embedding, err := model.EmbedContent(ctx, genai.Text(query))
+		embedding, err := e.client.EmbeddingModel(
+			e.name,
+		).EmbedContent(ctx, genai.Text(query))
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
diff --git a/encoders/google/google_test.go b/encoders/google/google_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a34e928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/encoders/google/google_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package google
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/generative-ai-go/genai"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestEncoder_Encode(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	mockClient := mockClient{}
+	encoder := NewEncoder(mockClient)
+	result, err := encoder.Encode(ctx, "query")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []float64{0.0}, result)
+}
+
+type mockClient struct{}
+
+func (m mockClient) EmbeddingModel(_ string) Model {
+	return mockModel{}
+}
+
+type mockModel struct{}
+
+func (m mockModel) EmbedContent(_ context.Context, _ genai.Text) (genai.EmbedContentResponse, error) {
+	return genai.EmbedContentResponse{
+		Embedding: &genai.ContentEmbedding{
+			Values: []float32{0.0},
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
diff --git a/encoders/ollama/go.mod b/encoders/ollama/go.mod
index 970cf16..d18a848 100644
--- a/encoders/ollama/go.mod
+++ b/encoders/ollama/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go/encoders/ollama
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/ollama/ollama v0.3.10
diff --git a/encoders/voyageai/go.mod b/encoders/voyageai/go.mod
index 689df13..3d49510 100644
--- a/encoders/voyageai/go.mod
+++ b/encoders/voyageai/go.mod
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go/encoders/voyageai
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require github.com/conneroisu/go-voyageai v0.0.0-20240712192129-77bcd696824e
diff --git a/examples/chit-chat/go.mod b/examples/chit-chat/go.mod
index 43d76a4..527d1b5 100644
--- a/examples/chit-chat/go.mod
+++ b/examples/chit-chat/go.mod
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go/examples/chit-chat
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require github.com/sashabaranov/go-openai v1.29.1
diff --git a/examples/veterinarian/go.mod b/examples/veterinarian/go.mod
index a458581..9ca037e 100644
--- a/examples/veterinarian/go.mod
+++ b/examples/veterinarian/go.mod
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go/examples/veterinarian
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require github.com/ollama/ollama v0.3.10
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 14ed44f..b9acb82 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go/encoders/ollama v0.0.0-20240909025305-0a3db7c99137
diff --git a/go.work b/go.work
index 8cf7052..f9ebbe9 100644
--- a/go.work
+++ b/go.work
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
-toolchain go1.23.0
+toolchain go1.24.1
 
 use (
 	.
diff --git a/stores/memory/go.mod b/stores/memory/go.mod
index 202b4eb..15c5b15 100644
--- a/stores/memory/go.mod
+++ b/stores/memory/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go/stores/memory
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
 
diff --git a/stores/mongo/go.mod b/stores/mongo/go.mod
index ba957be..a4e0f73 100644
--- a/stores/mongo/go.mod
+++ b/stores/mongo/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go/stores/mongo
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
diff --git a/stores/mongo/mongo.go b/stores/mongo/mongo.go
index 1bbc6c0..acbec58 100644
--- a/stores/mongo/mongo.go
+++ b/stores/mongo/mongo.go
@@ -3,35 +3,52 @@ package mongo
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"io"
 
 	"github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go"
 	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/bson"
 	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo/options"
 )
 
+// Cursor is a MongoDB cursor.
+//
+// It implements an minimal subset of the mongo.Cursor interface.
+type Cursor interface {
+	All(ctx context.Context, result any) error
+	io.Closer
+}
+
+// Collection is a MongoDB collection.
+//
+// It implements an minimal subset of the mongo.Collection interface.
+type Collection interface {
+	Find(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...*options.FindOptions) (cur *mongo.Cursor, err error)
+	InsertOne(ctx context.Context, doc any, opts ...*options.InsertOneOptions) (*mongo.InsertOneResult, error)
+}
+
 // Store is a MongoDB store.
 //
 // It implements the Store interface.
 type Store struct {
-	coll *mongo.Collection
+	coll Collection
 }
 
 // New creates a new MongoDB store.
-func New(collection *mongo.Collection) *Store {
-	return &Store{
-		coll: collection,
-	}
+func New(collection Collection) *Store {
+	return &Store{coll: collection}
 }
 
 // Get gets a value from the store.
 func (s *Store) Get(ctx context.Context, utterance string) ([]float64, error) {
-	var floats []float64
-	filter := bson.M{"utterance": utterance}
-	cur, err := s.coll.Find(ctx, filter)
+	var (
+		floats  []float64
+		results []semanticrouter.Utterance
+	)
+	cur, err := s.coll.Find(ctx, bson.M{"utterance": utterance})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var results []semanticrouter.Utterance
 	if err = cur.All(ctx, &results); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
diff --git a/stores/mongo/mongo_test.go b/stores/mongo/mongo_test.go
index 95cb670..8e7df95 100644
--- a/stores/mongo/mongo_test.go
+++ b/stores/mongo/mongo_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package mongo
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"log"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -17,22 +16,23 @@ var (
 )
 
 func TestStore(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("skipping non-short test")
+	}
 	a := assert.New(t)
-	ctx := context.Background()
-
-	mongodbContainer, err := mongodb.Run(ctx, "mongo:6")
+	mongodbContainer, err := mongodb.Run(t.Context(), "mongo:6")
 	a.NoError(err)
 	defer func() {
-		if err := mongodbContainer.Terminate(ctx); err != nil {
+		if Terr := mongodbContainer.Terminate(t.Context()); Terr != nil {
 			log.Fatalf("failed to terminate container: %s", err)
 		}
 	}()
-	uri, err := mongodbContainer.ConnectionString(ctx)
+	uri, err := mongodbContainer.ConnectionString(t.Context())
 	a.NoError(err)
-	client, err := mongo.Connect(ctx, options.Client().ApplyURI(uri))
+	client, err := mongo.Connect(t.Context(), options.Client().ApplyURI(uri))
 	a.NoError(err)
 	defer func() {
-		err = client.Disconnect(ctx)
+		err = client.Disconnect(t.Context())
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Fatalf("failed to disconnect from mongodb: %s", err)
 		}
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ func TestStore(t *testing.T) {
 	store := New(collection)
 	a.NoError(err)
 	err = store.Set(
-		ctx,
+		t.Context(),
 		semanticrouter.Utterance{
 			Utterance: "key",
 			Embed:     []float64{1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0},
 		})
 	a.NoError(err)
 
-	floats, err := store.Get(ctx, "key")
+	floats, err := store.Get(t.Context(), "key")
 	a.NoError(err)
 	a.Len(floats, 5)
 }
diff --git a/stores/valkey/go.mod b/stores/valkey/go.mod
index c70997c..e59f8d5 100644
--- a/stores/valkey/go.mod
+++ b/stores/valkey/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go/stores/valkey
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.6.1
diff --git a/stores/valkey/valkey.go b/stores/valkey/valkey.go
index ed121dc..254cdb1 100644
--- a/stores/valkey/valkey.go
+++ b/stores/valkey/valkey.go
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/conneroisu/semanticrouter-go"
 	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
@@ -12,11 +14,20 @@ import (
 
 // Store is a valkey/redis store for embeddings.
 type Store struct {
-	rds *redis.Client
+	rds Client
+}
+
+// Client is a redis client for valkey.
+//
+// This is a minimal interface to allow for different redis clients.
+type Client interface {
+	Get(ctx context.Context, key string) *redis.StringCmd
+	Set(ctx context.Context, key string, value any, expiration time.Duration) *redis.StatusCmd
+	io.Closer
 }
 
 // NewStore creates a new Store from a redis client.
-func NewStore(rds *redis.Client) *Store {
+func NewStore(rds Client) *Store {
 	return &Store{rds: rds}
 }
 
@@ -30,17 +41,19 @@ func (s *Store) Get(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	utterance string,
 ) (embedding []float64, err error) {
-	cmd := s.rds.Get(ctx, utterance)
-	val, err := cmd.Result()
+	var (
+		res  *redis.StringCmd
+		val  string
+		utPr semanticrouter.Utterance
+	)
+	res = s.rds.Get(ctx, utterance)
+	val, err = res.Result()
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
-			fmt.Println("key2 does not exist")
-			fmt.Println(err)
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("key does not exist: %w", err)
 		}
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var utPr semanticrouter.Utterance
 	err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(val), &utPr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error unmarshaling embedding: %w", err)
@@ -52,18 +65,22 @@ func (s *Store) Get(
 func (s *Store) Set(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	utterance semanticrouter.Utterance,
-) error {
-	val, err := json.Marshal(utterance)
+) (err error) {
+	var (
+		val []byte
+		res *redis.StatusCmd
+	)
+	val, err = json.Marshal(utterance)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error marshaling embedding: %w", err)
 	}
-	cmd := s.rds.Set(
+	res = s.rds.Set(
 		ctx,
 		utterance.Utterance,
 		string(val),
 		0,
 	)
-	err = cmd.Err()
+	err = res.Err()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error setting embedding: %w", err)
 	}
diff --git a/stores/valkey/valkey_test.go b/stores/valkey/valkey_test.go
index 7b4d6f8..fd821d9 100644
--- a/stores/valkey/valkey_test.go
+++ b/stores/valkey/valkey_test.go
@@ -37,12 +37,13 @@ func TestStore(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	endpoint, err := redisContainer.Endpoint(ctx, "")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	store := valkey.NewStore(redis.NewClient(
+	cli := redis.NewClient(
 		&redis.Options{
 			Addr:    endpoint,
 			Network: "tcp",
 		},
-	))
+	)
+	store := valkey.NewStore(cli)
 
 	err = store.Set(
 		ctx,