Link MSVC runtime library statically

This change makes all CMake targets to use `-MT`/`-MTd` compilation
flags for Windows MSVC builds. This way the MSVC runtime library is
linked statically and the workaround for VS2019 added in
duckdb/duckdb#17991 is no longer necessary.

`extension-ci-tools` PR: duckdb/extension-ci-tools#276

Ref: duckdblabs/duckdb-internal#2036

Author: staticlibs

.github/workflows/Java.yml

@@ -389,6 +389,7 @@ jobs:
         shell: cmd
         run: |
           call "c:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
+          dumpbin.exe /imports build\release\Release\libduckdb_java.so_windows_amd64
           dumpbin.exe /exports build\release\Release\libduckdb_java.so_windows_amd64
 
       - name: Java Tests

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD "11" CACHE STRING "C++ standard to enforce")
 set(CMAKE_VERBOSE_MAKEFILE OFF)
 set(CMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
+set(CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:Debug>")
 
 if(NOT JNI_FOUND OR NOT Java_FOUND)
   message(FATAL_ERROR "No compatible Java/JNI found")
@@ -625,10 +626,7 @@ target_compile_definitions(duckdb_java PRIVATE
   -DDUCKDB_EXTENSION_AUTOLOAD_DEFAULT
   -DDUCKDB_EXTENSION_AUTOINSTALL_DEFAULT)
 
-if(MSVC)
-  target_compile_definitions(duckdb_java PRIVATE
-    -D_DISABLE_CONSTEXPR_MUTEX_CONSTRUCTOR)
-else()
+if(NOT MSVC)
   target_compile_definitions(duckdb_java PRIVATE
     -DDUCKDB_EXTENSION_JEMALLOC_LINKED)
 endif()

CMakeLists.txt.in

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD "11" CACHE STRING "C++ standard to enforce")
 set(CMAKE_VERBOSE_MAKEFILE OFF)
 set(CMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
+set(CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:Debug>")
 
 if(NOT JNI_FOUND OR NOT Java_FOUND)
   message(FATAL_ERROR "No compatible Java/JNI found")
@@ -151,10 +152,7 @@ target_compile_definitions(duckdb_java PRIVATE
   -DDUCKDB_EXTENSION_AUTOLOAD_DEFAULT
   -DDUCKDB_EXTENSION_AUTOINSTALL_DEFAULT)
 
-if(MSVC)
-  target_compile_definitions(duckdb_java PRIVATE
-    -D_DISABLE_CONSTEXPR_MUTEX_CONSTRUCTOR)
-else()
+if(NOT MSVC)
   target_compile_definitions(duckdb_java PRIVATE
     -DDUCKDB_EXTENSION_JEMALLOC_LINKED)
 endif()