diff --git a/app/api/v1/ai/usage/route.ts b/app/api/v1/ai/usage/route.ts
index 8c709fcbe..f38dead76 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/ai/usage/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/ai/usage/route.ts
@@ -38,10 +38,8 @@ export async function GET(request: Request) {
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
       {
-        error: {
-          message:
-            err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to get AI usage',
-        },
+        error:
+          err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to get AI usage',
       },
       { status: 500 },
     );
diff --git a/app/api/v1/analytics/trends/route.ts b/app/api/v1/analytics/trends/route.ts
index dd63541f4..1cb26406c 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/analytics/trends/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/analytics/trends/route.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ export async function GET(request: Request) {
 
   if (!from || !to) {
     return Response.json(
-      { error: { message: 'from and to query parameters are required' } },
+      { error: 'from and to query parameters are required' },
       { status: 400 },
     );
   }
@@ -55,11 +55,7 @@ export async function GET(request: Request) {
     return jsonWithContext(auth.context, { data: snapshots });
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
-      {
-        error: {
-          message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to get trends',
-        },
-      },
+      { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to get trends' },
       { status: 500 },
     );
   }
diff --git a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/analytics/route.ts b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/analytics/route.ts
index 6225fd368..91b17756e 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/analytics/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/analytics/route.ts
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ export async function GET(
       return jsonWithContext(
         auth.context,
         {
-          error: {
-            message: 'Form analytics requires a Growth or Enterprise entitlement',
-          },
+          error: 'Form analytics requires a Growth or Enterprise entitlement',
         },
         { status: 403 },
       );
@@ -46,10 +44,8 @@ export async function GET(
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
       {
-        error: {
-          message:
-            err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to get analytics',
-        },
+        error:
+          err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to get analytics',
       },
       { status: 500 },
     );
diff --git a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/duplicate/route.ts b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/duplicate/route.ts
index 84f5412a2..3b2fb7e66 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/duplicate/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/duplicate/route.ts
@@ -31,10 +31,8 @@ export async function POST(
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
       {
-        error: {
-          message:
-            err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to duplicate form',
-        },
+        error:
+          err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to duplicate form',
       },
       { status: 500 },
     );
diff --git a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/publish/route.ts b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/publish/route.ts
index cc12764ab..d2f2a4b4c 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/publish/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/publish/route.ts
@@ -26,10 +26,8 @@ export async function POST(
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
       {
-        error: {
-          message:
-            err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to publish form',
-        },
+        error:
+          err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to publish form',
       },
       { status: 500 },
     );
diff --git a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/route.ts b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/route.ts
index 7a9cd4c45..ebe76b487 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/route.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export async function GET(
     return jsonWithContext(auth.context, { data: form });
   } catch {
     return Response.json(
-      { error: { message: 'Form not found' } },
+      { error: 'Form not found' },
       { status: 404 },
     );
   }
@@ -65,11 +65,7 @@ export async function PATCH(
     return jsonWithContext(auth.context, { data: form });
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
-      {
-        error: {
-          message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to update form',
-        },
-      },
+      { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to update form' },
       { status: 500 },
     );
   }
@@ -93,7 +89,7 @@ export async function DELETE(
     return jsonWithContext(auth.context, { data: form });
   } catch {
     return Response.json(
-      { error: { message: 'Form not found' } },
+      { error: 'Form not found' },
       { status: 404 },
     );
   }
diff --git a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/[submissionId]/route.ts b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/[submissionId]/route.ts
index f35afaf36..326ce5f33 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/[submissionId]/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/[submissionId]/route.ts
@@ -27,11 +27,7 @@ export async function GET(
     return jsonWithContext(auth.context, { data: submission });
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
-      {
-        error: {
-          message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Submission not found',
-        },
-      },
+      { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Submission not found' },
       { status: 404 },
     );
   }
@@ -53,7 +49,7 @@ export async function PATCH(
 
   if (!body.status || !['approved', 'rejected'].includes(body.status)) {
     return Response.json(
-      { error: { message: 'status must be "approved" or "rejected"' } },
+      { error: 'status must be "approved" or "rejected"' },
       { status: 400 },
     );
   }
@@ -70,11 +66,7 @@ export async function PATCH(
     return jsonWithContext(auth.context, { data: submission });
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
-      {
-        error: {
-          message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Review failed',
-        },
-      },
+      { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Review failed' },
       { status: 500 },
     );
   }
diff --git a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/export/route.ts b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/export/route.ts
index fe58b4ef8..c0946aca8 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/export/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/export/route.ts
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ export async function GET(
   if (!isUuid(formId)) {
     return jsonWithContext(
       auth.context,
-      { error: { message: 'Invalid formId' } },
+      { error: 'Invalid formId' },
       { status: 400 },
     );
   }
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ export async function GET(
   if (formError) {
     return jsonWithContext(
       auth.context,
-      { error: { message: 'Failed to load form for export' } },
+      { error: 'Failed to load form for export' },
       { status: 500 },
     );
   }
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ export async function GET(
   if (!form) {
     return jsonWithContext(
       auth.context,
-      { error: { message: 'Form not found' } },
+      { error: 'Form not found' },
       { status: 404 },
     );
   }
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ export async function GET(
   if (submissionsError) {
     return jsonWithContext(
       auth.context,
-      { error: { message: 'Failed to load form submissions for export' } },
+      { error: 'Failed to load form submissions for export' },
       { status: 500 },
     );
   }
diff --git a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/route.ts b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/route.ts
index ca745af0d..d23de4b47 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/forms/[formId]/submissions/route.ts
@@ -48,10 +48,8 @@ export async function GET(
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
       {
-        error: {
-          message:
-            err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to list submissions',
-        },
+        error:
+          err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to list submissions',
       },
       { status: 500 },
     );
@@ -90,20 +88,14 @@ export async function POST(
     if (err instanceof FormValidationError) {
       return Response.json(
         {
-          error: {
-            message: 'Validation failed',
-            details: err.validationErrors,
-          },
+          error: 'Validation failed',
+          details: err.validationErrors,
         },
         { status: 422 },
       );
     }
     return Response.json(
-      {
-        error: {
-          message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Submission failed',
-        },
-      },
+      { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Submission failed' },
       { status: 500 },
     );
   }
diff --git a/app/api/v1/forms/route.ts b/app/api/v1/forms/route.ts
index 6b2d70324..bdeb42e03 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/forms/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/forms/route.ts
@@ -33,11 +33,7 @@ export async function GET(request: Request) {
     );
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
-      {
-        error: {
-          message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to list forms',
-        },
-      },
+      { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to list forms' },
       { status: 500 },
     );
   }
@@ -60,7 +56,7 @@ export async function POST(request: Request) {
 
     if (!title || typeof title !== 'string') {
       return Response.json(
-        { error: { message: 'title is required' } },
+        { error: 'title is required' },
         { status: 400 },
       );
     }
@@ -90,11 +86,7 @@ export async function POST(request: Request) {
     return Response.json({ data: form }, { status: 201 });
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
-      {
-        error: {
-          message: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to create form',
-        },
-      },
+      { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to create form' },
       { status: 500 },
     );
   }
diff --git a/app/api/v1/reports/custom/_entitlement.ts b/app/api/v1/reports/custom/_entitlement.ts
index 7a578151b..7111f94a1 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/reports/custom/_entitlement.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/reports/custom/_entitlement.ts
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ export async function requireCustomReportsEntitlement(
     return jsonWithContext(
       context,
       {
-        error: {
-          message: 'Custom reports require a Growth or Enterprise entitlement',
-        },
+        error: 'Custom reports require a Growth or Enterprise entitlement',
       },
       { status: 403 },
     );
diff --git a/app/api/v1/reports/custom/route.ts b/app/api/v1/reports/custom/route.ts
index be6adbc1c..60df31d17 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/reports/custom/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/v1/reports/custom/route.ts
@@ -35,10 +35,8 @@ export async function GET(request: Request) {
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
       {
-        error: {
-          message:
-            err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to list reports',
-        },
+        error:
+          err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to list reports',
       },
       { status: 500 },
     );
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ export async function POST(request: Request) {
 
     if (!name || typeof name !== 'string') {
       return Response.json(
-        { error: { message: 'name is required' } },
+        { error: 'name is required' },
         { status: 400 },
       );
     }
@@ -83,10 +81,8 @@ export async function POST(request: Request) {
   } catch (err) {
     return Response.json(
       {
-        error: {
-          message:
-            err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to create report',
-        },
+        error:
+          err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to create report',
       },
       { status: 500 },
     );