diff --git a/FormalConjectures/ErdosProblems/918.lean b/FormalConjectures/ErdosProblems/918.lean new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0644485b --- /dev/null +++ b/FormalConjectures/ErdosProblems/918.lean @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +/- +Copyright 2025 The Formal Conjectures Authors. + +Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +You may obtain a copy of the License at + + https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + +Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +limitations under the License. +-/ + +import FormalConjectures.Util.ProblemImports + +/-! +# Erdős Problem 918 + +*References:* +- [erdosproblems.com/918](https://www.erdosproblems.com/918) +- [ErHa68b] Erdős, P. and Hajnal, A., On chromatic number of infinite graphs. (1968), 83--98. +- [Er69b] Erdős, P., Problems and results in chromatic graph theory. Proof Techniques in Graph Theory (Proc. Second Ann Arbor Graph Theory Conf., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1968) (1969), 27-35. +-/ + +universe u + +open scoped Cardinal + +namespace Erdos918 + +/-- Is there a graph with $\aleph_2$ vertices and chromatic number $\aleph_2$ such that every +subgraph on $\aleph_1$ vertices has chromatic number $\leq\aleph_0$? -/ +-- Formalisation note: source material [ErHa68b] uses only induced subgraphs +@[category research open, AMS 5] +theorem erdos_918.parts.i : + (∃ (V : Type u) (G : SimpleGraph V), #V = ℵ_ 2 ∧ G.chromaticCardinal = ℵ_ 2 ∧ + ∀ (W : Set V) (_ : #W = ℵ₁), (G.induce W).chromaticCardinal ≤ ℵ₀) ↔ + answer(sorry) := by + sorry + +/-- Is there a graph with $\aleph_{\omega+1}$ vertices and chromatic number $\aleph_1$ such that +every subgraph on $\aleph_\omega$ vertices has chromatic number $\leq\aleph_0$? -/ +@[category research open, AMS 5] +theorem erdos_918.parts.ii (ω : Ordinal) : + (∃ (V : Type u) (G : SimpleGraph V), #V = ℵ_ (ω + 1) ∧ G.chromaticCardinal = ℵ₁ ∧ + ∀ (W : Set V) (_ : #W = ℵ_ ω), (G.induce W).chromaticCardinal ≤ ℵ₀) ↔ + answer(sorry) := by + sorry + +/-- Is there a graph with $\aleph_2$ vertices and chromatic number $\aleph_2$ such that every +subgraph on $\aleph_1$ vertices has chromatic number $\leq\aleph_0$? -/ +-- Formalisation note: It is not clear whether this question for general subgraphs is open or not +@[category research open, AMS 5] +theorem erdos_918.variants.all_subgraphs.parts.i : + (∃ (V : Type u) (G : SimpleGraph V), #V = ℵ_ 2 ∧ G.chromaticCardinal = ℵ_ 2 ∧ + ∀ (H : G.Subgraph) (_ : #H.verts = ℵ₁), H.coe.chromaticCardinal ≤ ℵ₀) ↔ + answer(sorry) := by + sorry + +/-- Is there a graph with $\aleph_{\omega+1}$ vertices and chromatic number $\aleph_1$ such that +every subgraph on $\aleph_\omega$ vertices has chromatic number $\leq\aleph_0$? -/ +@[category research open, AMS 5] +theorem erdos_918.variants.all_subgraphs.parts.ii (ω : Ordinal) : + (∃ (V : Type u) (G : SimpleGraph V), #V = ℵ_ (ω + 1) ∧ G.chromaticCardinal = ℵ₁ ∧ + ∀ (H : G.Subgraph) (_ : #H.verts = ℵ_ ω), H.coe.chromaticCardinal ≤ ℵ₀) ↔ + answer(sorry) := by + sorry + +/-- A question of Erd\H{o}s and Hajnal [ErHa68b], who proved that for every finite $k$ +there is a graph with chromatic number $\aleph_1$ where each subgraph on less than $\aleph_k$ +vertices has chromatic number $\leq \aleph_0$. -/ +-- Formalisation note: the source is missing the assumption that the graph have ℵₖ vertices +-- which can be found in [ErHa68b] +@[category research solved, AMS 5] +theorem erdos_918.variants.erdos_hajnal (k : ℕ) : ∃ (V : Type u) (G : SimpleGraph V), + #V = ℵ_ k ∧ G.chromaticCardinal = ℵ₁ ∧ + ∀ (W : Set V) (_ : #W < ℵ_ k), (G.induce W).chromaticCardinal ≤ ℵ₀ := + sorry + +/-- In [ErHa69] the questions are stated with $= \aleph_0$ rather than $\leq\aleph_0$. This is +a likely typo since it can be shown that no such graph exists in this case. + +This is the first question with induced subgraphs. -/ +@[category undergraduate, AMS 5] +theorem erdos_918.variants.eq_aleph_0.parts.i : + ¬∃ (V : Type u) (G : SimpleGraph V), #V = ℵ_ 2 ∧ G.chromaticCardinal = ℵ_ 2 ∧ + ∀ (W : Set V) (_ : #W = ℵ₁), (G.induce W).chromaticCardinal = ℵ₀ := by + sorry + +/-- In [ErHa69] the questions are stated with $= \aleph_0$ rather than $\leq\aleph_0$. This is +a likely typo since it can be shown that no such graph exists in this case. + +This is the first question with all subgraphs. -/ +@[category high_school, AMS 5] +theorem erdos_918.variants.eq_aleph_0_all_subgraphs.parts.i : + ¬∃ (V : Type u) (G : SimpleGraph V), #V = ℵ_ 2 ∧ G.chromaticCardinal = ℵ_ 2 ∧ + ∀ (H : G.Subgraph) (_ : #H.verts = ℵ₁), H.coe.chromaticCardinal = ℵ₀ := by + sorry + +/-- In [ErHa69] the questions are stated with $= \aleph_0$ rather than $\leq\aleph_0$. This is +a likely typo since it can be shown that no such graph exists in this case. + +This is the second question with induced subgraphs. -/ +@[category undergraduate, AMS 5] +theorem erdos_918.variants.eq_aleph_0.parts.ii (ω : Ordinal) : + ¬∃ (V : Type u) (G : SimpleGraph V), #V = ℵ_ (ω + 1) ∧ G.chromaticCardinal = ℵ₁ ∧ + ∀ (W : Set V) (_ : #W = ℵ_ ω), (G.induce W).chromaticCardinal = ℵ₀ := by + sorry + +/-- In [ErHa69] the questions are stated with $= \aleph_0$ rather than $\leq\aleph_0$. This is +a likely typo since it can be shown that no such graph exists in this case. + +This is the second question with all subgraphs. -/ +@[category high_school, AMS 5] +theorem erdos_918.variants.eq_aleph_0_all_subgraphs.parts.ii (ω : Ordinal) : + ¬∃ (V : Type u) (G : SimpleGraph V), #V = ℵ_ (ω + 1) ∧ G.chromaticCardinal = ℵ₁ ∧ + ∀ (H : G.Subgraph) (_ : #H.verts = ℵ_ ω), H.coe.chromaticCardinal = ℵ₀ := by + sorry + +end Erdos918 diff --git a/FormalConjectures/ForMathlib/Combinatorics/SimpleGraph/Coloring.lean b/FormalConjectures/ForMathlib/Combinatorics/SimpleGraph/Coloring.lean index f8003410c..f83ad6802 100644 --- a/FormalConjectures/ForMathlib/Combinatorics/SimpleGraph/Coloring.lean +++ b/FormalConjectures/ForMathlib/Combinatorics/SimpleGraph/Coloring.lean @@ -83,3 +83,9 @@ This is `⊤` (infinity) iff `G` isn't colorable with finitely many colors. If `G` is colorable, then `ENat.toNat G.chromaticNumber` is the `ℕ`-valued chromatic number. -/ noncomputable def cochromaticNumber (G : SimpleGraph V) : ℕ∞ := ⨅ n ∈ setOf G.Cocolorable, (n : ℕ∞) + +/-- The chromatic cardinal is the minimal number of colors need to color it. In contrast to +`chromaticNumber`, which assigns `⊤ : ℕ∞` to all non-finitely colorable graphs, this definition +returns a `Cardinal` and can therefore distinguish between different infinite chromatic numbers. -/ +noncomputable def chromaticCardinal (G : SimpleGraph V) : Cardinal := + sInf {κ : Cardinal | ∃ (C : Type u) (_ : Cardinal.mk C = κ), Nonempty (G.Coloring C)}