persian-jones.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="http://www.stoa.org/epidoc/schema/latest/tei-epidoc.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
   <teiHeader>
      <fileDesc>
         <titleStmt>
            <title>Grammar of the Persian Language</title>
            <author>William Jones, FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, OXFORD, AND OF THE ROYAL
               SOCIETIES OF LONDON AND COPENHAGEN.</author>
            <respStmt>
               <orgName instant="false" full="yes">Open Philology Project</orgName>
               <resp>OCR and hand-correction.</resp>
            </respStmt>
         </titleStmt>
         <publicationStmt>
            <authority>University of Leipzig</authority>
            <idno type="filename">persian-jones.xml</idno>
            <availability default="false" status="unknown">
               <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</licence>
            </availability>
            <date instant="false">2017</date>
            <publisher>University of Leipzig</publisher>
            <pubPlace>Germany</pubPlace>
         </publicationStmt>
         <sourceDesc default="false">
            <listBibl default="false">
               <biblStruct default="false" status="draft">
                  <monogr>
                     <title>A Grammar of the Persian Language: sixth edition with additions and improvements</title>
                     <ref target="https://archive.org/details/grammarofpersian00joneiala">Scanned by the Internet Archive
                        in 2007 with funding from
                        Microsoft Corporation. See also the ninth edition, revised by Samuel Lee, 1828: https://books.google.de/books?id=9flPAAAAcAAJ</ref>
                     <author>William Jones</author>
                     <editor>Elijah Cooke</editor>
                     <editor>Franzi ...</editor>
                     <editor>Gregory Crane</editor>
                     <editor>Maryam Foradi</editor>
                     <imprint>
                        <pubPlace>London</pubPlace>
                        <publisher>PRINTED BY W. BULMER AND CO. CLEVELAND-ROW,
                           
                           FROM THE TYPES OF W. MARTIN, ORIENTAL TYPE FOUNDER AND PRINTER
                           TO THE HONOURABLE THE EAST INDIA COMPANY,
                           
                           FOR LACKINGTON, ALLEN, AND CO.; CUTHELL AND MARTIN; S. BAGSTER;
                           
                           J. Walker; J. Asperne; and Black and Parry.</publisher>
                        <date instant="false">1804</date>
                     </imprint>
                  </monogr>
               </biblStruct>
            </listBibl>
         </sourceDesc>
      </fileDesc>
      <encodingDesc>
         <p>The following text is encoded in accordance with EpiDoc standards and with the
            CTS/CITE Architecture. 
         </p>
         <refsDecl n="CTS">
            <cRefPattern n="section" matchPattern="(\w+).(\w+).(\w+)" replacementPattern="#xpath(/tei:TEI/tei:text/tei:body/tei:div/tei:div[@n='$1']/tei:div[@n='$2']//tei:seg[@n='$3'])"/>
            <cRefPattern n="chapter" matchPattern="(\w+).(\w+)" replacementPattern="#xpath(/tei:TEI/tei:text/tei:body/tei:div/tei:div[@n='$1']/tei:div[@n='$2'])"/>
            <cRefPattern n="book" matchPattern="(\w+)" replacementPattern="#xpath(/tei:TEI/tei:text/tei:body/tei:div/tei:div[@n='$1'])"/>
         </refsDecl>
      </encodingDesc>
      <profileDesc>
         <langUsage default="false">
            <language ident="lat">Latin</language>
            <language ident="grc">Greek</language>
            <language ident="per">Persian</language>
            <language ident="per-lat">Persian transliteration</language>
            <language ident="ara">Arabic</language>
            <language ident="ara-lat">Arabic transliteration</language>
         </langUsage>
      </profileDesc>
   </teiHeader>
   <text>
      <body>
<div type="textpart"   subtype="modernintro"><head>Notes to the digital edition</head>
   <p>For now, the working notes on this edition are in a <ref n="https://docs.google.com/document/d/12uFVdjWW7Z4gFAFyDo7OBS8fHMwlPKz-JltOJOftzHA/edit">Google Doc</ref>.</p>
</div>      
   <div type="edition" subtype="chapter" n="praef">
            <pb n="i"/>
            <head>THE PREFACE.</head>
         <p> 




The Persian language is rich, melodious, and elegant;
it has been spoken for many ages by the greatest princes
in the politest courts of Asia; and a number of admirable
works have been written in it by historians, philosophers,
and poets, who found it capable of expressing with equal
advantage the most beautiful and the most elevated
sentiments.

</p><p>It must seem strange, therefore, that the study of this
language should be so little cultivated at a time when a
taste for general and diffusive learning seems universally
to prevail; and that the fine productions of a celebrated
nation should remain in manuscript upon the shelves of
our public libraries, without a single admirer who might
open their treasures to his countrymen, and display their
beauties to the light; but if we consider the subject with a

<pb n="ii"/>

proper attention, we shall discover a variety of causes
which have concurred to obstruct the progress of Eastern
literature.

</p><p>Some men never heard of the Asiatic writings, and others
will not be convinced that there is any thing valuable in
them ; some pretend to be busy, and others are really idle;
some detest the Persians, because they believe in Mahomed,
and others despise their language, because they do not
understand it: we all love to excuse, or to conceal, our
ignorance, and are seldom willing to allow any excellence
beyond the limits of our own attainments: like the savages,
who thought that the sun rose and set for them alone, and
could not imagine that the waves, which surrounded their
island, left coral and pearls upon any other shore.

   <pb n="ii"/>Another obvious reason for the neglect of the Persian
language is the great scarcity of books, which are necessary
to be read before it can be perfectly learned, the greater
part of them are preserved in the different museums and
libraries of Europe, where they are shewn more as objects
of curiosity than as sources of information; and are ad-
mired, like the characters on a Chinese screen, more for
their gay colours than for their meaning.
<pb n="iii"/>

</p><p>Thus, while the excellent writings of Greece and Rome
are studied by every man of a liberal education, and diffuse
a general refinement through our part of the world, the
works of the Persians, a nation equally distinguished in
ancient history, are either wholly unknown to us, or con-
sidered as entirely destitute of taste and invention.

</p><p>But if this branch of literature has met with so many
obstructions from the ignorant, it has, certainly, been
checked in its progress by the learned themselves; most of
whom have confined their study to the minute researches of
verbal criticism; like men who discover a precious mine,
but instead of searching for the rich ore, or for gems, amuse
themselves with collecting smooth pebbles and pieces of
crystal. Others mistook reading for learning, which ought
to be carefully distinguished by every man of sense, and
were satisfied with running over a great number of manu-
scripts in a superficial manner, without condescending to be
stopped by their difficulty, or to dwell upon their beauty
and elegance. The rest have left nothing more behind
them than grammars and dictionaries; and though they
deserve the praises due to unwearied pains and industry,
yet they would, perhaps, have gained a more shining
<pb n="iv"/>



reputation, if they had contributed to beautify and enlighten
the vast temple of learning, instead of spending their lives
in adorning only its porticos and avenues.

</p><p>There is nothing which has tended more to bring polite
letters into discredit, than the total insensibility of commen-
tators and critics to the beauties of the authors whom they
profess to illustrate: few of them seem to have received
the smallest pleasure from the most elegant compositions,
unless they found some mistake of a transcriber to be cor-
rected, or some established reading to be changed, some
obscure expression to be explained, or some clear passage
to be made obscure by their notes.

</p><p>It is a circumstance equally unfortunate that men of the
most refined taste and the brightest parts are apt to look
upon a close application to the study of languages as inconsistent with their spirit and genius: so that the state of
letters seems to be divided into two classes, men of learning who have no taste, and men of taste who have no
learning.

</p><p>M. de Voltaire, who excels all writers of his age and
country in the elegance of his style, and the wonderful
variety of his talents, acknowledges the beauty of the Persian
<pb n="v"/>

images and sentiments, and has versified a fine passage
from Sadi, whom he compares to Petrarch: if that extra-
ordinary man had added a knowledge of the Asiatic
languages to his other acquisitions, we should by this time
have seen the poems and histories of Persia in an European
dress, and any other recommendation of them would have
been unnecessary.

</p><p>But there is yet another cause which has operated more
strongly than any before mentioned towards preventing the
rise of Oriental literature ; I mean the small encouragement
which the princes and nobles of Europe have given to men
of letters. It is an indisputable truth, that learning will
always flourish most where the amplest rewards are pro-
posed to the industry of the learned; and that the most
shining periods in the annals of literature are the reigns of
wise and liberal princes, who know that fine writers are the
oracles of the world, from whose testimony every king;
statesman, and hero must expect the censure or approbation
of posterity. In the old states of Greece the highest
honours were given to poets, philosophers, and orators;
and a single city (as an eminent writer <note>Aschara.</note> observes) in the

 
<pb n="vi"/>



memory of one man, produced more numerous and splendid
monuments of human genius than most other nations have
afforded in a course of ages.

</p><p>The liberality of the Ptolemies in Egypt drew a number
of learned men and poets to their court, whose works remain to the present age the models of taste and elegance;
and the writers, whom Augustus protected, brought their
compositions to a degree of perfection, which the language
of mortals cannot surpass. Whilst all the nations of Europe
were covered with the deepest shade of ignorance, the
Califs in Asia encouraged the Mahomedans to improve
their talents, and cultivate the fine arts; and even the
Turkish Sultan, who drove the Greeks from Constantinople,
was a patron of literary merit, and was himself an elegant
poet. The illustrious family of Medici invited to Florence
the learned men whom the Turks had driven from their
country; and a general light succeeded to the gloom which
ignorance and superstition had spread through the western
world. But that light has not continued to shine with equal
splendour; and though some slight efforts have been made
to restore it, yet it seems to have been gradually decaying
for the last century: it grows very faint in Italy ; it seems
<pb n="vii"/>

wholly extinguished in France, and whatever sparks of it
remain in other countries are confined to the closets of
humble and modest men, and are not general enough to
have their proper influence.

</p><p>The nobles of our days consider learning as a subor-
dinate acquisition, which would not be consistent with the
dignity of their fortunes, and should be left to those who
toil in a lower sphere of life : but they do not reflect on
the many advantages which the study of polite letters
would give peculiarly to persons of eminent rank and high
employments; who, instead of relieving their fatigues by
a series of unmanly pleasures, or useless diversions, might
spend their leisure in improving their knowledge, and in
conversing with the great statesmen, orators, and philoso-
phers of antiquity.

</p><p>If learning in general has met with so little encourage-
ment, still less can be expected for that branch of it, which
lies so far removed from the common path, and which the
greater part of mankind have hitherto considered as inca-
pable of yielding either entertainment or instruction: if
pains and want be the lot of a scholar, the life of an Orien-
talist must certainly be attended with peculiar hardships.
<pb n="viii"/>
   
   Gentius, who published a beautiful Persian work called
the Bed of Roses, with an useful but inelegant translation,
lived obscurely in Holland, and died in misery. Hyde,
who might have contributed greatly towards the progress
of Eastern learning, formed a number of expensive projects
with that view, but had not the support and assistance
which they deserved and required. The labours of Meninski
immortalized and ruined him : his Dictionary of the Asiatic
languages is, perhaps, the most laborious compilation that
was ever undertaken by any single man ; but he complains
in his preface that his patrimony was exhausted by the
great expense of employing and supporting a number of
writers and printers, and of raising a new press for the
Oriental characters. M. d’Herbelot, indeed, received the
most splendid reward of his industry: he was invited to
Italy by Ferdinand II. Duke of Tuscany, who entertained
him with that striking munificence which always distin-
guished the race of the Medici: after the death of Ferdi-
nand, the illustrious Colbert recalled him to Paris, where
he enjoyed the fruits of his labour, and spent the remainder
of his days in an honourable and easy retirement. But this
is a rare example: the other princes of Europe have not
<pb n="ix"/>

imitated the duke of Tuscany; and Christian VII. was
reserved to be the protector of the Eastern Muses in the
present age.

</p><p>Since the literature of Asia was so much neglected, and
the causes of that neglect were so various, we could not
have expected that any slight power would rouze the nations
of Europe from their inattention to it; and they would,
perhaps, have persisted in despising it, if they had not been
animated by the most powerful incentive that can influence
the mind of man: interest was the magic wand which
brought them all within one circle ; interest was the charm
which gave the languages of the East a real and solid im-
portance. By one of those revolutions, which no human
prudence could have foreseen, the Persian language found
its way into India; that rich and celebrated empire, which,
by the flourishing state of our commerce, has been the
source of incredible wealth to the merchants of Europe. A
variety of causes, which need not be mentioned here,,gave
the English nation a most extensive power in that kingdom:
our India Company began to take under their protection
the princes of the country, by whose protection they gained
their first settlement; a number of important affairs were

<pb n="x"/>

to be transacted in peace and war between nations equally
jealous of one another, who had not the common instru-
ment of conveying their sentiments; the servants of the
company received letters which they could not/read, and
were ambitious of gaining titles of which they could not
comprehend the meaning; it w'as found highly dangerous
to employ the natives as interpreters, upon whose fidelity
they could not depend ; and it was at last discovered, that
they must apply themselves to the study of the Persian
language, in which all the letters from the Indian princes
were written. A few men of parts and taste, who resided
in Bengal, have since amused themselves with the literature
of the East, and have spent their leisure in reading the
poems and histories of Persia; but they found a reason in
every page to regret their ignorance of the Arabic language,
without which their knowledge must be very circumscribed
and imperfect. The languages of Asia will now, perhaps,
be studied with uncommon ardour; they are known to be
useful, and will soon be found instructive and entertaining;
the valuable manuscripts that enrich our public libraries
will be in a lew years elegantly printed; the manners and
sentiments of the Eastern nations will be perfectly known;
<pb n="xi"/>

and the limits of our knowledge will be no less extended
than the bounds of our empire.

</p><p>It was with a view to facilitate the progress of this
branch of literature, that I reduced to order the following
instructions for the Persian language which I had collected
several years ago; but I would not present my grammar
to the public till I had considerably enlarged and improved
it: I have, therefore; endeavoured to lay down the clearest
and most accurate rules, which I have illustrated by select
examples from the most elegant writers; I have carefully
compared my work with every composition of the same
nature that has fallen into my hands; and though on so
general a subject 1 must have made several observations
which are common to all, yet I Hatter myself that my own
remarks, the disposition of the whole book, and the passages
quoted in it, will sufficiently distinguish it as an original
production. Though I am not conscious that there are
any essential mistakes or omissions in it, yet I am sensible
that it falls very short of perfection, which seeriis to with-
draw itself Jrom the pursuit of mortals, in proportion to
their endeavours of attaining it; like the talisman in the
Arabian tales, which a bird carried from tree to tree as


<pb n="xi"/>often as its pursuer approached it. But it has been my
chief care to avoid all the harsh and affected terms of art
which render most didactic works so tedious and un-
pleasant, and which only perplex the learner, without giving
him any real knowledge: I have even refrained from
making any inquiries into general grammar, or from enter-
ing into those subjects which have already been so elegantly
discussed by the most judicious philosopher,<note>See Hermes.</note> the most
   learned divine,<note>A short Introduction to English Grammar.</note> and the most laborious scholar of the
   present age.<note>The grammar prefixed to the Dictionary of the English Language.
   </note>

</p><p>It was my first design to prefix to the grammar a history
of the Persian language from the time of Xenophon to our
days, and to have added a copious praxis of tales and
poems extracted from the classical writers of Persia ; but
as those additions would have delayed the publication of
the grammar, which was principally wanted, I thought it
advisable to reserve them for a separate volume, which the
public may expect in the course of the ensuing winter. I
have made a large collection of materials for a general
history of Asia, and for an account of the geography, phi-

<pb n="xiii"/>

losophy, and literature of the Eastern nations, all which I
propose to arrange in order, if my more solid and more im-
portant studies will allow me any intervals of leisure.<note>See the History of the Persian Language a Description of Asia, and a
   Short History of Persia, published with my Life of Nader Shah in the year 1773.
   
</note>
</p><p>I cannot forbear acknowledging in this place the signal
marks of kindness and attention, which I have received
from many learned and noble persons; but General Carnac
has obliged me the most sensibly of them, by supplying
me with a valuable collection of Persian manuscripts on
every branch of Eastern learning, from which many of the
best examples in the following grammar are extracted. A
very learned Professor<note>Dr. Hunt.</note> at Oxford has promoted my studies
with that candour and benevolence which so eminently
distinguish him; and many excellent men that are the
principal ornaments of that University have conferred the
highest favours on me, of which I shall ever retain a grateful
sense: but I take a singular pleasure in confessing that I
am indebted to a foreign nobleman<note>Baron Reviski.</note> for the little knowledge
which I have happened to acquire of the Persian language;
and that my zeal for the poetry and philology of the Asiatics
	
<pb n="xiv"/>
   
   was owing to his conversation, and to the agreeable cor-
respondence with which he still honours me.

</p><p>Before I conclude this preface, it will be proper to add a
few remarks upon the method of learning the Persian lan-
guage, and upon the advantages which the learner may
expect from it. When the student can read the characters
with fluency, and has learned the true pronunciation of
every letter from the mouth of a native, let him peruse the
grammar with attention, and commit to memory the regular
inflexions of the nouns and verbs: he need not burden his
mind with those that deviate from the common form, as
they will be insensibly learned in a short course of reading.
By this time he will find a dictionary necessary, and I
hope he will believe me, when I assert from a long expe-
rience, that, whoever possesses the admirable work of
Meninski,<note>This was written before Richardsons's Dictionary was published.
</note> will have no occasion for any other dictionary
of the Persian tongue. He may proceed by the help of this
work to analyse the passages quoted in the grammar, and
to examine in what manner they illustrate the rules; in
the mean time he must not neglect to converse with his
living instructor, and to learn from him the phrases of

   <pb n="xv"/>
   
   common discourse, and the names of visible objects, which
he will soon imprint on his memory, if he will take the
trouble to look for them in the dictionary: and here I must
caution him against condemning a work as defective,
because he cannot find in it every word which he hears;
for sounds in general are caught imperfectly: by the ear,
and many words are spelt and pronounced very differently.

</p><p>The first book that I would recommend to him is the
   <title xml:lang="per-lat">Gulistán</title>, or <title>Bed of Roses</title>, a work which is highly esteemed
in the East, and of which there are several translations in
the languages of Europe: the manuscripts, of this book are
very common; and by comparing them with the printed
edition of Gentius, he will soon learn the beautiful flowing
hand used in Persia, which consists of bold strokes and
flourishes, and cannot be imitated by our types. It will
then be a proper time for him to read some short and easy
chapter in this work, and to translate it into his native
language with the utmost exactness; let him then lay aside
the original, and after a proper interval let him turn the
same chapter back into Persian by the assistance of the
grammar and dictionary: let him afterwards compare his
second translation with the original, and correct its faults
<pb n="xvi"/>



according to that model. This is the exercise so often re-
commended by the old rhetoricians, by which a student
will gradually acquire the style and manner of any author,
whom he desires to imitate, and by which almost any
language may be learned in six months with ease and
pleasure. When he can express his sentiments in Persian
with tolerable facility, I would advise him to read some
elegant history or poem with an intelligent native, who
will explain to him in common words the refined expressions
that occur in reading, and will point out the beauties of
learned allusions and local images. The most excellent
book in the language is, in my opinion, the collection of
tales and fables called <title>Anver Soheili</title> by <persName>Hussein Vaés</persName>, sur-
   named <persName>Cashefi</persName>, who took the celebrated work of <persName>Bidpai</persName> or
   <persName>Pilpay</persName> for his text, and has comprised all the wisdom of the
Eastern nations, in fourteen beautiful chapters. At some
leisure hour he may desire his <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Munshi</foreign> or <gloss>writer<note n="grc">using the <foreign/> and <gloss/> tags will trigger formatting that is not in the print original, where neither word is printed in italics or otherwise marked.</note></gloss> to trans-
cribe a section from the <title>Gulistán</title>, or a fable of <persName>Cashefi</persName>, in
the common broken hand used in India, which he will learn
perfectly in a few days by comparing all its turns and con-
tractions with the more regular hands of the Arabs and
Persians: he must not be discouraged by the difficulty of
<pb n="xvii"/>
   

reading the Indian letters, for the characters are in reality
the same with those in which our books are printed, and
are only rendered difficult by the frequent omission of the
diacritical points, and the want of regularity in the position
of the words: but we all know that we are often at a loss to
read letters which we receive in our native tongue ; and
it has been proved that a man who has a perfect knowledge
of any language, may with a proper attention decypher a
letter in that idiom, though it be written in characters
which he has never seen before, and of which he has no
alphabet.

</p><p>In short, I am persuaded that whoever will study the
Persian language according to my plan, will in less than a
year be able to translate and to answer any letter from an
Indian prince, and to converse with the natives of India,
not only with fluency, but with elegance. But if he desires
to distinguish himself as an eminent translator, and to un-
derstand not only the general purport of a composition, but
even the graces and ornaments of it, he must necessarily
learn the Arabic tongue, which is blended with the Persian
in so singular a manner, that one period often contains


<pb n="xviii"/> 

both languages wholly distinct from each other in ex-
pression and idiom, but perfectly united in sense and con-
struction. This must appear strange to an European
reader; but he may form some idea of this uncommon
mixture, when he is told that the two Asiatic languages are
not always mixed like the words of Roman and Saxon origin
in this period, “ The true law is right reason, conformable
“ to the nature of things, which calls us to duty by com-
“ manding, deters us from sin by forbidding;"<note>See Middleton’s Life of Cicero, vol. III. p. 351.
</note> but as we
may suppose the Latin and English to be connected in the
following sentence <quote>The true lex is <foreign xml:lang="lat">recta ratio</foreign>, conjor-
   mable <foreign xml:lang="lat">naturae</foreign>, which by commanding <foreign xml:lang="lat">vocet ad officium</foreign>, by
   forbidding a <foreign xml:lang="lat">fraude deterreat</foreign>.</quote>

</p><p>A knowledge of these two languages will be attended
with a variety of advantages to those who acquire it: the
Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, and Ethiopian tongues, are
dialects of the Arabic, and bear as near a resemblance to
it as the Ionic to the Attic Greek; the jargon of Indostan,
very improperly called the language of the Moors, contains
so great a number of Persian words, that I was able, with

<pb n="xix"/>

very little difficulty, to read the fables of Pilpai which are
translated into that idiom; the Turkish contains ten Arabic
or Persian words for one originally Scythian, by which it
has been so refined that the modern kings of Persia were
fond of speaking it in their courts: in short, there is scarce
a country in Asia or Africa, from the source of the Nile to
the wall of China, in which a man who understands Arabic,
Persian, and Turkish, may not travel with satisfaction, or
transact the most important affairs with advantage and
security.

</p><p>As to the literature of Asia, it will not, perhaps, be
essentially useful to the greater part of mankind, who have
neither leisure nor inclination to cultivate so extensive a
branch of learning; but the civil and natural history of
such mighty empires as India, Persia, Arabia, and Tartary,
cannot fail of delighting those who love to view the great
picture of the universe, or to learn by what degrees the
most obscure states have risen to glory, and the most flou-
rishing kingdoms have sunk to decay; the philosopher
will consider those works as highly valuable, by which he
may trace the human mind in all its various appearances,
from the rudest to the most cultivated state: and the man

<pb n="xx"/>

of taste will undoubtedly be pleased to unlock the stores
of native genius, and to gather the flowers of unrestrained

and luxuriant fancy.<note><p>Note to the Third Edition.

</p><p>My professional studies having wholly engaged my attention and induced me
not only to abandon Oriental literature, but even to efface, as far as possible, the
very traces of it from my memory, I committed the conduct and revisal of this
edition of my grammar, and the composition of the index to Mr. Richardson, in
whose skill I have a perfect confidence, and from whose application to the Eastern
languages, 1 have hopes that the learned world will reap no small advantage.</p></note>
<pb n="[xxi]"/>

</p></div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="advertisement" n="advertisement">
            <head>ADVERTISEMENT.</head>

<p>In presenting this the sixth edition of Sir William Jones's
inestimable Persian Grammar to the Public, the Editor
thinks proper to apprize his readers of such improvements
and alterations as he has found it expedient to make
therein.

</p><p>The work has been carefully revised, and many errors,
which had been accumulating with every former edition,
have been attentively corrected.

</p><p>Great improvement has been made in the printing and
paper; and it comes forth with an elegant new type, cut
after the best examples of writing in the Niskhi character,
and of which no specimen has before been published.

</p><p>The Persian Title, with which the work was originally
published, has been given in an imitation of the Tadik,
instead of the old type.
<pb n="xxii"/>


Some examples in Prose, designed for the exercise of
the student, have been added, printed in types of two sizes,
both entirely new.

</p><p>The Editors of Richardson's Persian and Arabic
Dictionary, (as will more fully appear from the notice
subjoined to this work), having caused great alterations,
with numerous additions and improvements, to be made in
the new and more convenient form it is about to assume ;
and being of opinion that this Grammar, as a necessary
companion, should be made to correspond with it, the same
mode of spelling the Persian words in Roman characters
has herein been adopted, as is pursuing in the revision of
that Dictionary; and which being upon a plan at once
both regular and simple, cannot, we think, but be of great
use to beginners in particular, as an invariable guide to
the pronunciation. The plan is developed in the body of
this work in its proper place, the part which treats on
the power of the letters. At the time the learned author
of this truly elegant and useful Grammar composed it, he
does not seem to have formed that system of orthography
of Asiatic words in Roman letters which he afterwards
    <pb n="xxiii"/>



so ably explains in the opening of the first Volume of the
Asiatic Researches, else but little occasion would have
been found for the alterations it has been judged expedient
to make.

</p><p>THE EDITOR.
</p></div>
<pb/>
<pb n="1"/>

<div type="textpart" subtype="chapter" n="1">
   <head style="caps">of letters.</head>

<p>The learner is supposed to be acquainted with the
common terms of grammar, and to know that the Persians write their characters from the right hand to the
left.

</p><p>There are thirty-two Persian letters.


<pb n="2"/>

<list>
 
   <item>alif<foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">a</foreign> </item>	
   <item>bê<foreign xml:lang="per">ب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">b</foreign></item>		
   <item>pê<foreign xml:lang="per">پ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">p</foreign></item>
   <item>tê<foreign xml:lang="per">ت</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">t</foreign></item>	
   <item>sê<foreign xml:lang="per">ث</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">t</foreign></item>	
   <item>jîm<foreign xml:lang="per">ج</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">j</foreign></item>	
   <item>chê or chîm<foreign xml:lang="per">چ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ch</foreign></item>		
   <item>hê<foreign xml:lang="per">ح</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">h</foreign></item>
   <item>khê<foreign xml:lang="per">خ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kh</foreign></item>	
   <item>dâl<foreign xml:lang="per">د</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">d</foreign></item>	
   <item>zâl<foreign xml:lang="per">ذ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">z</foreign></item>	
   <item>rê<foreign xml:lang="per">ر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">r</foreign></item>		
   <item>zê<foreign xml:lang="per">ز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">z</foreign></item>
   <item>zhê<foreign xml:lang="per">ژ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">j</foreign></item>	
   <item>sîn<foreign xml:lang="per">س</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">s</foreign></item>	
   <item>shîn<foreign xml:lang="per">ش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sh</foreign></item>	
   <item>swâd<foreign xml:lang="per">ص</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">s</foreign></item>	
   <item>zwâd<foreign xml:lang="per">ض</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">z</foreign></item>	
   <item>tô<foreign xml:lang="per">ط</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">t</foreign></item>	
   
<pb n="3"/>
   <item>zô<foreign xml:lang="per">ظ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">z</foreign></item>	
   <item>ain<foreign xml:lang="per">ع</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ε</foreign></item>		
   <item>ghain<foreign xml:lang="per">غ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gh</foreign></item>
   <item>fê<foreign xml:lang="per">ف</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">f</foreign></item>	
   <item>câf<foreign xml:lang="per">ک</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">k</foreign></item>	
   <item>gâf<foreign xml:lang="per">گ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">k</foreign></item>	
   <item>lâm<foreign xml:lang="per">ل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">l</foreign></item>	
   <item>mîm<foreign xml:lang="per">م</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">m</foreign></item>	
   <item>nun<foreign xml:lang="per">ن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">n</foreign></item>	
   <item>wâw<foreign xml:lang="per">و</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">u, v, w</foreign></item>	
   <item>hê<foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">h</foreign></item>	
   <item>yâ<foreign xml:lang="per">ي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">y, î</foreign></item>	
   <item>lâm-alif<foreign xml:lang="per">لا</foreign> 
      <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">lâ</foreign></item>	
</list>
</p><p>The second-and fourth columns of these letters from
the right hand<note n="grc">Probably best just to include a part of the page image here.</note> are used only when they are connected with
a preceding letter; as <foreign xml:lang="per">محمٌد</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per-lat"> Muhammad</foreign>.
   Every	letter

should be connected with that which follows it, except these
seven; <foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">alif</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">د</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dâl</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ذ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">zâl</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">rê</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">zê</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ژ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jê</foreign>, and 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">و</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">wâw</foreign>,
<pb n="4"/>



which are never joined to the following letter, as will
appear from the words 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">برگ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">barg</foreign>, <gloss>a leaf</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">داءري</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dâvarî</foreign>,	<gloss>a

dominion</gloss>.

</p><p>Though the perfect pronunciation of these letters can be
learned only from the mouth of a Persian or an Indian, yet
it will be proper to add a few observations upon the most
remarkable of them.</p></div>

<div type="textpart" subtype="section">
   <head style="caps">of consonants.</head>

<p>It will be needless to say much of the three first conso-
   nants <foreign xml:lang="per">ب</foreign> 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پ</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ت</foreign>
   since their sound is exactly the same as our
   <foreign xml:lang="per">b</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">p</foreign>, 
   and <foreign xml:lang="per">t</foreign>, in the words	
   <emph>bar</emph>, <emph>peer</emph>, and 
   <emph>too</emph>, which would

be written in Persian <foreign xml:lang="eng-per">با</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="eng-per">پير</foreign>
   and
   <foreign xml:lang="eng-per">تو</foreign>.</p>

</div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head style="caps"><foreign xml:lang="per">ث</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ṣ<note n="grc">http://graphemica.com/%E1%B9%A3</note></foreign>
         </head>
<p>This letter, which the Arabs pronounce somewhat like
   a <emph>th</emph>, has in Persian the same sound with a <foreign xml:lang="per">س</foreign> or <gloss>s</gloss>, as
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ابو ليث</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Abû Lays</foreign>, a proper name. It might, therefore,
have been rejected from the Persian alphabet without any
inconvenience; but it is useful in showing the origin of
words, as it is seldom, or never, used in any that are not
Arabic. The same may be observed of the following
   <pb n="5"/>
   
   letters,  
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ح</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ص</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ض</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ط</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ظ</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ع</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">غ</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ق</foreign>
   which rarely occur in
words originally Persian.</p>

</div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head style="caps"><foreign xml:lang="per">ج</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">j</foreign> and 
      <foreign xml:lang="per">چ</foreign> 
      <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ch</foreign></head>

   <p>The first of these letters answers to our soft <gloss>g</gloss> in <emph>gem</emph>,
      which a Persian would write 
      <foreign xml:lang="eng-per">جم</foreign> or to our <gloss>j</gloss> in 
      <emph>jar</emph> <foreign xml:lang="eng-per">جار</foreign>:
      the second of them sounds exactly like our <gloss>ch</gloss> in the
      words <emph>cherry</emph>, <emph>cheek</emph>; as	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">چرکس</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Chirkas</foreign>,	<gloss>Circassia</gloss>.

   </p><p><foreign xml:lang="per">ح</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ḥ<note n="grc">http://graphemica.com/%E1%B8%A5</note></foreign>


      </p><p><foreign xml:lang="per">ح</foreign> is a very strong aspirate, and may be expressed in our

characters by ḥ (with a dot under it to distinguish it
from <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign>), as 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حال</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hâl</foreign>, <gloss>a condition</gloss>.

      </p>

</div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head style="caps"><foreign xml:lang="per">خ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kh</foreign>


         </head><p><foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> is formed in the throat (and produces that kind of
inarticulate vibration which is made in preparing to ex-
pectorate). The Germans have the sound, and express it
by <foreign xml:lang="ger">ch</foreign>. The sound does not exist in English; and having
         no simple character for it, we use <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kh</foreign> as its substitute; as
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khân</foreign>, 
         <gloss>a lord</gloss>. This is the word so variously and so
erroneously written by the Europeans. The sovereign lord
         <pb n="6"/>



of Tartary is neither the <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">cham</foreign>, as our travellers call him,
         nor the <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">han</foreign>, as Voltaire will have it, but the 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khân</foreign>,
with a guttural aspirate on the first letter.

      </p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">d</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">d</foreign></head>
         
         
      <p><foreign xml:lang="per">د</foreign> answers exactly to our 
         <foreign xml:lang="per-eng">d</foreign> in <emph>deer</emph> <foreign xml:lang="eng-per">دير</foreign>.
         
      </p>
            
         </div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">ذ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ż<note n="">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BB</note></foreign></head>
         
         
      <p>This letter, which the Arabs pronounce somewhat like
         <emph>dh</emph>, has in Persian the sound of <foreign xml:lang="per">ز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ż</foreign>, 
         and is often confounded
         with it; thus they write <foreign xml:lang="per">کذشتن</foreign> and
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گزشتن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">guzishtan</foreign>,

<gloss>to pass</gloss>: It is seldom used but in Arabick words; though
it sometimes occurs in words purely Persian, as
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اذربيجان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Ażarbîjân</foreign>, 
         <gloss>the province of Media</gloss>, so called from 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اذر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ażar</foreign>,
         an old word for <gloss>fire</gloss>, because the adorers of fire, if we
believe the Asiatick historians, first built their temples
in that province.

         </p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">ر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">r</foreign></head>
            
            
            <p><foreign xml:lang="per">ر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">r</foreign> and the three liquids
               <foreign xml:lang="per">ل</foreign>
               <foreign xml:lang="per">م</foreign>
               <foreign xml:lang="per">ن</foreign>
               are pronounced exactly

like our <emph>r</emph>, <emph>l</emph>, <emph>m</emph>, <emph>n</emph>; as
               <foreign xml:lang="per">آرام</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ârâm</foreign>, <gloss>rest</gloss>, 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">لاله</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">lâlah</foreign>, <gloss>a tulip</gloss>,

               <foreign xml:lang="per">مار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mâr</foreign>, <gloss>a serpent</gloss>,
               <foreign xml:lang="per">نان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nân</foreign>, <gloss>bread</gloss>. 
               But <foreign xml:lang="per">ن</foreign> before a 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">ب</foreign>
               <pb n="7"/>
               
               has the sound of <emph>m</emph>, as	
               <foreign xml:lang="per">گمبد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gumbad</foreign>, <gloss>a tower</gloss>,

               <foreign xml:lang="per">عنبر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εambar</foreign>, <gloss>ambergris</gloss>.

            </p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">ز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">z̈<note n="grc">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%CC%88</note></foreign></head>
            
            
            <p><foreign xml:lang="per">ز</foreign> has the sound of our <emph>z</emph>, as	
               <foreign xml:lang="per">لاله زار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">lâlahzâr</foreign>, <gloss>a bed of

tulips</gloss>.</p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">ژ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">j̈<note n="grc">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%CC%88</note></foreign></head>
            
            
            <p>This letter has the sound of our <emph>s</emph> in the word <emph>pleasure</emph>,
               <emph>treasure</emph>; and corresponds precisely with the soft <emph>g</emph> of the
               French in <foreign xml:lang="fr">gens</foreign>, or their <emph>y</emph> in <foreign xml:lang="fr">jour</foreign>, It may be expressed
               in our characters by <emph>j̈</emph> with two dots, as 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">ژاله</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">j̈âlah</foreign>, <gloss>dew</gloss>.

            </p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">س</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">s</foreign>
         and
<foreign xml:lang="per">ش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sh</foreign>
         </head>
            
            
            <p><foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> and <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> are our <emph>s</emph> and <emph>sh</emph>, 
               as	
               <foreign xml:lang="per">سليم شاه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">salîm	shâh</foreign>,

               <gloss>king Selim</gloss>.</p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">ص</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">s<note n="grc">this appears as s with three dots underneath in Jones.</note></foreign>
            <foreign xml:lang="per">ض</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">z<note n="grc">This appears as z with three dots above in Jones.</note></foreign>
            <foreign xml:lang="per">ط</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">t<note n="grc">This appears as t with two dots below in Jones.</note></foreign>
            <foreign xml:lang="per">ظ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">z<note n="grc">This appears as z with four dots above in Jones.</note></foreign>
         </head>
            
            
            <p>
These four letters are pronounced by the Arabs in a
manner peculiar to themselves; but in Persian they are
confounded with other letters. 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">ص</foreign> differs little from
               <foreign xml:lang="per">س</foreign>
as 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">صددر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">saddar</foreign>, <gloss>the name of a Persian book</gloss> ; and 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">ط</foreign>  has
nearly the same sound with 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">عطر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εatr</foreign>, <gloss>essence</gloss>; a word
often used in English, since our connexion with India, to
<pb n="9"/>
               

denote the precious perfume called <gloss>otter of roses</gloss>. The word
   is Arabic, as the letters <foreign xml:lang="per">ع</foreign> and 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">ة</foreign> sufficiently prove.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">ض</foreign> and 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">ظ</foreign> differ very little from <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>; 
      as	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">نظامي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Nazâmî</foreign>, <gloss>the

name of a poet</gloss>;
      <foreign xml:lang="per">خضر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Khazar</foreign>, <gloss>the name of a prophet in
      the Eastern romances</gloss>.

            </p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">ع</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ε</foreign>
            and
            <foreign xml:lang="per">غ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gh</foreign>
         </head>
            
            
            <p>

These two letters are extremely harsh in the pronun-
ciation of the Arabs. The sound of <foreign xml:lang="per">ع</foreign>, says 
               <persName>Meninski</persName>, <cit><bibl></bibl><quote xml:lang="lat">est
   vox vituli matrem vocantis</quote></cit> (It is considered as a conso-
nant, and occasions any vowel, with which it is connected,
to be pronounced as if from the chest; but as no letters
can convey an idea of its force, in imitation of <persName><sic>Mininski</sic></persName>,
we have used the Arabic form in combination with the
Roman and Italic characters), as in the word 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">عرب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εarab</foreign>,
<gloss>the Arabians</gloss>; 
               
               <foreign xml:lang="per">عين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εayn</foreign>, <gloss>a fountain</gloss>. As to ^it is pro-
               nounced something like our hard <emph>gh</emph> in the word <emph>ghost</emph>, as
               <foreign xml:lang="per">غلام</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ghulâm</foreign>, <gloss>a boy</gloss>, <gloss>a servant</gloss> 
               (The true sound of <foreign xml:lang="per">ε</foreign> is
that which is produced in gargling).

            </p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">f</foreign>
            
         </head>
            
            
            <p>

               <foreign xml:lang="per">ف</foreign> has the sound of <emph>f</emph> in <gloss>fall</gloss>, as 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">فال</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">fâl</foreign>, <gloss>an omen</gloss>.
               <pb n="9"/>
               
            </p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">ق</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">k</foreign>
            and
        <foreign xml:lang="per">ك</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">k</foreign>
         </head>
            
            
          

            <p><foreign xml:lang="per">ق</foreign> is another harsh Arabic letter, but in Persian it is
               often confounded with <foreign xml:lang="per">ك</foreign>, which has the sound of our <emph>k</emph>
               as	<foreign xml:lang="per">کرمان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Karmân</foreign>, <gloss>the province of Carmania</gloss>; 
                  

                  <foreign xml:lang="per">قاف</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Kâf</foreign>, <gloss>a fabulous mountain in the Oriental tales</gloss>.

            </p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">گ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">g</foreign>
            and
            <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">k</foreign>
         </head>
            
            
            
            
            <p>

When <foreign xml:lang="per">ک</foreign> has a small stroke over its upper member, or
three points above it, the Persians give it the sound of <emph>g</emph>
               in the word <emph>gay</emph>, as	
               <foreign xml:lang="per">گلستان</foreign> <gloss>gulistân</gloss>, <gloss>a bed of roses</gloss>; but

these marks are very seldom written in the Persian manu-
scripts ; so that the distinction between	
               <foreign xml:lang="per">ک</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">k</foreign> and
               <foreign xml:lang="per">گ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">g</foreign>

can be learned only by use: thus they often write
               <foreign xml:lang="per">کلاب</foreign> <gloss>rose water</gloss>, and pronounce it <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gulâb</foreign> (The letter <emph>g</emph>,
without any mark, is its natural representative).

            </p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">ل</foreign> 
            
            <foreign xml:lang="per">م</foreign> 
            <foreign xml:lang="per">ن</foreign> 
         </head>
            
            
            
            
            <p>

See the remark on <foreign xml:lang="per">ر</foreign>. These letters are the liquids

               <emph>l</emph>, <emph>m</emph>, <emph>n</emph>, <emph>r</emph>.

            </p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head><foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> 
            <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">h</foreign> 
           
         </head>
            
            
            
            
            <p>

               <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> is a slight aspiration, as in 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">بهار</foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bahâr</foreign>, <gloss>the spring</gloss>,
               <foreign xml:lang="per">هرات</foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Harât</foreign>, <gloss>a city in the province of Corasan</gloss>, which the


               <pb n="10"/>


Greeks call Aria. At the end of a Persian word it gene-
rally serves only to shew that it terminates in a vowel, as
               <foreign xml:lang="per">که</foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">keh</foreign>, which has the same pronunciation as the Italian
               <foreign xml:lang="ita">che</foreign>, what. (It may in European characters be represented
               by h with two dots to distinguish it from 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">ح</foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">h</foreign>. Observe
               that when this character has two dots over it thus <foreign xml:lang="per">ة</foreign> it is
               pronounced as <foreign xml:lang="per">ت</foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">t</foreign>).

            </p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head style="caps">of vowels.
            
         </head>

            <p>The vowels are <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">a</foreign>, 
               <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">u</foreign>, 
               <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">i</foreign>, as in the words
               <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khân</foreign>, <gloss>a lord</gloss>, 
                  <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ôrâ</foreign>, <gloss>to him</gloss>, 
                  <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nîz</foreign>, <gloss>also</gloss>, 
                  
                  where they
are all long; but the short vowels are expressed by small
marks, two of which are placed above the letter, and one
below it, as 
               <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ba</foreign>, 
               <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">be</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bi</foreign>,
               <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bo</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bu</foreign>; thus,


               <cit><bibl></bibl><quote xml:lang="per-lat"><l>Agar ân turki Shîrâzî badast ârad dili mârøa</l>

<l>Bakhâli hindûyash bakhsham Samarkand wa Bokhârârâ.</l></quote></cit>
<pb n="11"/>
            </p><p>(Note. <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> alif, at the beginning of a word, not being
               distinguished by the mark <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mad</foreign> over it, thus 
               <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>, is not only
always short, but, occasionally pronounced as the short
vowels a, i, u. In the middle or at the end of a word it is
generally long by position, though it have no mark over it.)

</p><p>The mark <foreign xml:lang="per">ْ </foreign> placed above a consonant shows that the
syllable ends with it, as	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سَمًرْقًنْدِي</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Sa-mar-kan-dî</foreign>, <gloss>a na-

tive of Samarcand</gloss>; the first of which syllables is short,
the second and third long by position, and the last long
by nature : but this belongs to the prosody. These short
vowels are very seldom written in the Persian books; and
the other orthographical marks are likewise usually sup-
pressed, except Medda <foreign xml:lang="per">ٓ </foreign>, 
   Hamza <foreign xml:lang="per">ء</foreign>, and Teshdid 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ّ </foreign>.

</p><p>Medda above an <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> gives it a broad and long sound (like
   two alifs), as <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ân</foreign>, <gloss>that</gloss>; Hamza (with the mark of
short i expressed or understood, and placed at the foot of
the letter) supplies the place of <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> in words that end in <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>;
it therefore sometimes represents the article, as
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nâmahi</foreign>, <gloss>a book</gloss>, or denotes the former of two 
   substantives,
as	
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nâfahi mushk</foreign>,	<gloss>a	bag of musk</gloss>; or, lastly,

it occasionally marks the second person singular in the

   <pb n="12"/>



compound preterite of a verb, as	
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dâdahi</foreign>,	which

would regularly be <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>thou hast given</gloss>. Tashdid

shews a consonant to be doubled, as <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">turrah</foreign>, <gloss>a lock of
hair</gloss>.

</p><p>The omission of the short vowels will at first perplex
the student; since many words, that are compounded of
the same letters, have different senses, according to the
difference of the vowels omitted: but until he has learned
the exact pronunciation of every word from a native, he
may give every short vowel a kind of obscure sound very
common in English, as in the words sun, bird, mother,
which a Mahometan would write without any vowel, <foreign xml:lang="eng-per">sn</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="eng-per">brd</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="eng-per">mthr</foreign>; thus the Persian word 
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bd</foreign> may be pro-
   nounced like our <emph>bud</emph> (This short obscure sound in the
   words <emph>sun</emph>, <emph>bird</emph>, etc. is the exact power which those who
speak the Persian language in India give to the short
vowel called <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Fatah</foreign>, and which it is convenient to repre-
   sent by <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">a</foreign>. In this edition the short vowels are represented
   by a for <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">i</foreign> and sometimes <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">e</foreign> for <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>, 
   and <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">u</foreign> and occasionally
   <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">o</foreign> for <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> ; and the long vowels are distinguished from the
short by the prosodial mark of a long syllable, thus â, î, ê,
ô, û.)
   <pb n="13"/>
   
</p><p><foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Waw</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> 
   and <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Yâ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> are often used as consonants, like our
   w and y; thus, <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Wân</foreign>, <gloss>a town in Armenia </gloss>; 
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jawân</foreign>,
juvenis, giovane, young; Yaman, that province of
Arabia which we call the happy;	
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Khudâyâr</foreign>,	
   <gloss>a

proper name</gloss>, signifying <gloss>the friend of God</gloss>. 
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> before
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> often loses its sound, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kh'ân</foreign>, <gloss>a table</gloss>, 
   (<foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>, when
considered as a consonant, has a sound somewhat between
   <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">w</foreign> and <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">v</foreign>.) ,

</p><p>I would not advise the learner to study the parts of
speech until he can read the Persian characters with tole-
rable fluency; which he will soon be able to do, if he
will spend a few hours in writing a page or two of Persian
in English letters (following the system of orthography,,
used in the following example), and restoring them after a
short interval to their proper characters by the help of
the alphabet. I shall close this section with a piece of
Persian poetry written both in the Asiatick and European
characters: it is an ode by the poet Hafiz, the first
couplet of which has been already quoted; and a trans-
lation of it shall be inserted in its proper place.</p>
<pb n="14"/>
            
<p>
   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>  
<l>Badeh sâkî may-î bâkî keḥ dar jannat nakh'âḥî yâft,</l>
<l>Kasâr-i âb-i ruknâbâd wa gulgasht-i musallara.</l>
 
<l>Faghân kîn lûlîyân-i shôkh-i shîrîngâr-i shahrâshûb</l>
      <l>Chunân burdand sabr az dil keh turkan kh’ân-i yaghmârâ.</l>
      
      <l>Za εishk-i nâtamâm-i mâ jamâl-i yâr-i mustaghnîst</l>
      <l>ba âb wa rang, wa khâl wa khatt cheh hâjat rôyî zêbârâ.</l>
      
      <l>Hadîs az mutrib wa may gô wa râz-i dahar kamtar jô</l>
      <l>Keh kas nak’shûd wa nak’shâyad ba hikmat în muεammârâ.</l>

<pb n="15"/>

      
      
      <l>Man az ân husn-i rôzafzûn keh Yûsuf dâsht dânistam</l>
      <l>Keh εishk az pardah-i εismat berûn ârad zulîkhârâ.</l>
      
      <l>Nasîhat gôshi kun jânâ keh az jân dôstitar dârand</l>
      <l>Jawânân-i sâεadatmand-i pand-i pîr-i dânârâ.</l>
      
      <l>Badam guftî wa khursandam εafâk allah nekô guftî</l>
      <l>Jawâb-i talkh-i mîzêbad lab-i laεli shakarkh’ârâ.</l>
      
      <l>Ghazal guftî wa durr suftî biyâ wa khûsh bakh’ân hâfiz</l>
      <l>Keh bar nazm-i tô afshânad falak εikdi suriyârâ.
</l></quote></cit>

</p><p>In this specimen of Persian writing the learner will
observe a few combinations of letters, which he must by
no means forget; as <foreign xml:lang="per">لا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">lamalif</foreign>, compounded of
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">l</foreign> and
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">a</foreign>, in the word 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مصلٌا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">musallâ</foreign>:	
   but	the	most	difficult
   <pb n="16"/>



combinations are formed with <foreign xml:lang="per">ح</foreign> 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">چ</foreign>  
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ج</foreign> 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خ</foreign> which have the

singular property of causing all the preceding letters to
rise above the line, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بخارا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bokhârâ</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">نخچير</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nakhchîr</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">تصحيسح</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tashîh</foreign>. 
   The letters that precede <foreign xml:lang="per">م</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">m</foreign> are also
sometimes raised (Note. It would greatly facilitate the
art of printing with Arabic types if we were to introduce a
method of joining all the letters on the same line; and
which might be done without occasioning the least incon-
venience to the reader. According to this idea we might
print the three words, here given as an example, in this
manner <foreign xml:lang="per">تصحيح تخچير بخارا</foreign>. It appears to have been the
ancient practice of the Arabs themselves).

</p><p>The Arabic characters, like those of the Europeans,
are written in a variety of different hands; but the most
common of them are the <foreign xml:lang="per">نشکي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Niskhi</foreign>, 
   the <foreign xml:lang="per">تعليق</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">taεlîk</foreign>,
   or <gloss>hanging</gloss>, and the 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">Sksth</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Shakastah</foreign>, or 
   <gloss>broken</gloss>. Our

books are printed in the Niskhi hand, and all Arabic
manuscripts, as well as many Persian and Turkish histo-
ries, are written in it; but the Persians write their poetical
works in the Tajik, which answers to the most elegant
of our Italic hands. As to the Shakastah, it is very
irregular and inelegant, and is chiefly used as the cursive
<pb n="16"/>
   
   hand for business and correspondence; but this hand,
however difficult and barbarous, must be learned by all
men of business in India, as the letters from the princes
of the country are seldom written in any other manner.
A specimen of these different forms of writing is engraved,
and inserted at the end of this Grammar.
</p></div>

<div type="textpart" subtype="section">
   <head style="caps">of nouns, and first of genders.</head>
   
   <p>

The reader will soon perceive with pleasure a great
resemblance between the Persian and English languages, in
the facility and simplicity of their form and construction :
the former, as well as the latter, has no difference of
termination to mark the gender, either in substantives or
adjectives: all inanimate things are neuter, and animals
of different sexes either have different names, as
      <foreign xml:lang="per">پسر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pisar</foreign>,
      <gloss>a son</gloss>, <gloss>a boy</gloss>,
      <foreign xml:lang="per">کنيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kanîz</foreign>, <gloss>a girl</gloss>, or are distinguished by
the words
      <foreign xml:lang="per">نر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nar</foreign>, <gloss>male</gloss>, and 
      <foreign xml:lang="per">ماده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mâdah</foreign>, <gloss>female</gloss>: as
      <foreign xml:lang="per">شيري نر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shîri nar</foreign>, <gloss>a lion</gloss>,	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">شيري ماده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shîri mâdah</foreign>, <gloss>a lioness</gloss>.

   <pb n="18"/>



</p><p>Sometimes, indeed, a word is made feminine, after the
   manner of the Arabians, by having <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> added to it, as
   <foreign xml:lang="per">معشوق</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">maεshûk</foreign>, <gloss>a friend</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">amicus</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">معشوقه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">maεshûkah</foreign>, <gloss>a
      mistress</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">amica</gloss>, as in this verse:

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Flowers are in my bosom, wine in my hand; and my
mistress yields to my desire.</quote></cit>

But in general, when the Persians adopt an Arabic noun
of the feminine gender, they make it neuter, and change
the final <foreign xml:lang="ara">ه</foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="per">ت</foreign>; thus 
   <foreign xml:lang="ara">نعمة</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="ara-lat">naεmat</foreign>, <gloss>a benefit</gloss>, is written

   <foreign xml:lang="per">نعمت</foreign>: and almost all the Persian nouns ending in 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ت</foreign>,
which are very numerous, are borrowed from the Arabs.

</p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section">
<head style="caps">of cases.</head>
            

<p>The Persian substantives, like ours, have but one varia-
   tion of case, which is formed by adding the syllable <foreign xml:lang="per">را</foreign> to
the nominative in both numbers; and answers often to
the dative, but generally to the accusative case in other
languages; as,
<list><item>
Nominative, <foreign xml:lang="per">پسر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pisar</foreign>, <gloss>a child</gloss>.
</item><item>
Dative and Acc. <foreign xml:lang="per">پسررا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pisarrâ</foreign>, <gloss>to a child or the child</gloss>.
</item></list>
   <pb n="19"/>
   



When the accusative is used indefinitely, the syllable <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> is
omitted, as	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گل چيذن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gul chîdan</foreign>,	
   <gloss>to gather a flower</gloss>,

that is, <gloss>any flower</gloss>; but when the noun is definite or
limited, that syllable is added to it, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گلرا چيد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">gulrâ
   chîd</foreign>, <gloss>he gathered the flower</gloss>, that is, 
   <gloss>the particular flower</gloss>.
There is no genitive case in Persian, but when two sub-
stantives of different meanings come together, a kasra or
short <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">i</foreign> (<foreign xml:lang="per">ِ </foreign>) is added in reading to the former of them, and
the latter remains unaltered, as	
the musk	of Tartary, which must be read <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mushki Khotan</foreign>. The same
rule must be observed before a pronoun possessive; as
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پسر من</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pisari man</foreign>, <gloss>my child</gloss>: 
   and before an adjective;
as	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">شمشيرِ تابناک</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shamshîri tâbnâg</foreign>,
   <gloss>a bright scymitar</gloss>. If

the first words ends in <foreign xml:lang="per">آ</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">و</foreign>
   the letter <foreign xml:lang="per">ي</foreign> is affixed to it;
as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پاشا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pâshâ</foreign>, <gloss>a basha</gloss>,
      <foreign xml:lang="per">پاشاي موصل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pâshâ-i	Mûsal</foreign>,	<gloss>the

basha of Mousel</gloss>,	
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ميوها</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mîwahâ</foreign>,	<gloss>fruits</gloss>,

   <foreign xml:lang="per">ميوهاي شيرين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mîwahâ-i shîrin</foreign>, <gloss>sweet fruits</gloss>: if nouns ending in 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> come
   before other nouns or adjectives, the mark Hamza <foreign xml:lang="per">ء</foreign> is
added to them, as	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">چشمهء حيوان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chashmahi haywân</foreign>, 
<gloss>the

fountain of life</gloss>.



</p><p>The other cases are expressed for the most part, as in

   <pb n="20"/>



our language, by particles placed before the nominative,

as,
<list>
   <item>
Vocative,	<foreign xml:lang="per">اي پسر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ay pisar</foreign>, <gloss>O child</gloss>.
</item><item>
Ablative,	<foreign xml:lang="per">از پسر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">az pisar</foreign> <gloss>from a child</gloss>.
   </item>
</list>
The poets, indeed, often form a vocative case by adding
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign> to the nominative, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ساقيا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">sâkiyâ</foreign>, <gloss>O cup-bearer</gloss>, 
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">شاها</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">shâhâ</foreign>, 
   <gloss>O king</gloss>; thus Sadi uses 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بلبلا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">bulbulâ</foreign> as the vocative
of 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بلبل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">bulbul</foreign>, <gloss>a nightingale</gloss>.

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Bring, O nightingale, the tidings of spring; leave all
unpleasant news to the owl.</quote></cit>

</p><p>In some old compositions the particle
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">mar</foreign> is prefixed
to the accusative case; as
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مر اورا ديدم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">mar ôrâ dîdam</foreign>, 
   <gloss>I saw him</gloss>; but this is either obsolete or inelegant, and is
seldom used by the moderns.

</p><p>The reader, who has been used to the inflexions of
European languages, will, perhaps, be pleased to see an
   <pb n="21"/>



example of Persian nouns, as they answer to the cases in
Latin:

<list><head>

   <foreign xml:lang="per">گل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gul</foreign>. <gloss>a rose</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">rosa</gloss>.</head>

<item>
Nom. Sing. <foreign xml:lang="per">گل</foreign> <gloss>a rose</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">rosa</gloss>.	
</item><item>
Gen. Sing.	<foreign xml:lang="per">گل</foreign> <gloss>of a rose</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">rosae</gloss>.	
  
</item><item>
Dat. Sing. <foreign xml:lang="per">گلرا</foreign> <gloss>to a rose</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">rosae</gloss>.	
</item><item>

Acc. Sing. <foreign xml:lang="per">گلرا</foreign> <gloss>the rose</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">rosam</gloss>.
</item><item>
   Voc. Sing. <foreign xml:lang="per">اي گل</foreign> <gloss>O rose</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">ô rosa</gloss>.	
</item><item>
   Voc. Sing. Poet. <foreign xml:lang="per">گلا</foreign> <gloss>O rose</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">ô rosa</gloss>.	
</item><item>
Abl. Sing. <foreign xml:lang="per">از گل</foreign> <gloss>from the rose</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">rosâ</gloss>.
</item><item>
Nom. Pl. <foreign xml:lang="per">گلها</foreign> <gloss>roses</gloss>,	<gloss xml:lang="lat">rosae</gloss>.
</item><item>
Gen. Pl.  <foreign xml:lang="per">گلهارا</foreign> <gloss>of roses</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">rosarum</gloss>.
</item><item>
Dat. Pl. <foreign xml:lang="per">گلهارا</foreign> <gloss>to roses</gloss>,	<gloss xml:lang="lat">rosis</gloss>. 
</item><item>
Acc. Pl. <foreign xml:lang="per">گلهارا</foreign>  <gloss>the roses</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">rosas</gloss>.
</item><item>
   Voc. Pl. <foreign xml:lang="per">اي گلها</foreign> <gloss>O roses</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">ô rosae</gloss>.	
</item><item>
   Abl. Pl. <foreign xml:lang="per">از گلها</foreign> <gloss>from the rose</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">rosis</gloss>.
</item>

</list>




   <list><head><foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bulbul</foreign>, <gloss>a nightingale</gloss>.</head>
   <item>


Nom. and	Gen. Sing. <foreign xml:lang="per">بلبل</foreign> <gloss>a nightingale</gloss>.
   </item><item>
Dat. and Acc.  Sing.	<foreign xml:lang="per">بلبلرا</foreign> <gloss>to a nightingale</gloss>.
   </item><item>
Voc.  Sing. <foreign xml:lang="per">اي بلبل</foreign> <gloss>o nightingale</gloss>.
   </item><item>
      Voc.  Sing. Poet. <foreign xml:lang="per">بلبلا</foreign> <gloss>o nightingale</gloss>.
   </item><item>
Abl.  Sing. <foreign xml:lang="per">از بلبل</foreign> <gloss>from a nightingale</gloss>.

   </item><item>

Nom. and	Gen. Pl. <foreign xml:lang="per">بلبلان</foreign> <gloss>nightingales</gloss>.
   </item><item>
Dat. and Acc. Pl. <foreign xml:lang="per">بلبلانرا</foreign> <gloss>to nightingales</gloss>.
   </item><item>
Voc. Pl. <foreign xml:lang="per">اي بلبلان</foreign> <gloss>o nightingales</gloss>.
   </item><item>
Abl. Pl. <foreign xml:lang="per">از بلبلان</foreign> <gloss>from nightingales</gloss>.
   </item>
   </list>
   <pb n="22"/>





   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Boy, bring the wine,, for the season of the rose ap-
proaches;. let us again break our vows of repentance
in the midst of the roses. O Hafiz, thou desirest, like
the nightingales, the presence of the rose : let thy very
soul be a ransom for the earth where the keeper of the
rose-garden walks!</quote></cit></p>

<p>I shall in this manner quote a few Persian couplets, as
examples of the principal rules in this grammar; such
quotations will give some variety to a subject naturally
barren and unpleasant; will serve as a specimen of the
Oriental style; and will be more easily retained in the
memory than rules delivered in mere prose.
</p></div>
   <pb n="23"/>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section">
            <head style="caps">of the article.</head>
            
            <p>Our article a is supplied in Persian by adding the letter
to a noun, which restrains it to the singular number;
as  or <foreign xml:lang="per">گلي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gulî</foreign>, a single rose ;

               <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>One morning I went into the garden to gather a rose, when
on a sudden the voice of a nightingale struck my ear.</quote></cit>
Without this termination 
               <foreign xml:lang="per">گل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gul</foreign>
               would signify <gloss>roses</gloss> or
               <gloss>flowers</gloss> collectively, as 
               
<cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Call for wine, and scatter flowers around.</quote></cit>

When a noun ends in <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> the idea of unity is 
expressed by
the mark Hamza, as
               <foreign xml:lang="per">چشمهء</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chashmahi</foreign>, <gloss>a single fountain</gloss>.

</p></div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section">
            <head style="caps">of numbers.</head>

<p>

From the two examples in a preceding section it appears
that the Persian plural is formed by adding <foreign xml:lang="per">ات</foreign> 
   or <foreign xml:lang="per">ها</foreign> to
the singular: but these terminations are not, as in many
languages, wholly arbitrary; on the contrary, they  are
   <pb n="24"/>



regulated with the utmost precision. The names of animals
form their plural in <foreign xml:lang="per">ان</foreign> as
<list>
   <item>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گرگ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gurg</foreign>, <gloss>a wolf</gloss>.	
</item><item>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">گرگان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gurgân</foreign>, <gloss>wolves</gloss>.
</item><item>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پلنگ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">palang</foreign>, <gloss>a tiger</gloss>.
</item><item>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پلنگان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">palangân</foreign>, <gloss>tigers</gloss>.
   </item>
</list>
but words which signify things without life make their
plurals by the addition of the syllable as

   <list>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بال</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bâl</foreign>, <gloss>a wing</gloss>.	
      </item><item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بالها</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bâlhâ</foreign>, <gloss>wings</gloss>.
      </item><item>
         
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ساحل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sâhil</foreign>, <gloss>a shore</gloss>.	
      </item><item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ساحلها</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sâhilhâ</foreign>, <gloss>shores</gloss>.
      </item>
   </list>
Both these plurals occur in the following elegant distich:

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>The night is dark; the fear of the waves oppress us, and
the whirlpool is dreadful! How should those, who bear
light burdens on the shores, know the misery of our
situation ?</quote></cit>

</p><p>There are, however, a few exceptions to these rules:
   the names of animals sometimes make their plurals in <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>
   as well as in <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>, as
   
   <list>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شتر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shutur</foreign>, <gloss>a camel</gloss>,	
</item><item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شترها</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shuturhâ</foreign>, <gloss>camels</gloss>;
</item><item>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">شتران</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shuturân</foreign>, <gloss>camels</gloss>;
         
      </item>
   </list>
and on the other side the

names of things sometimes have plurals in 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ان</foreign>, as 

   <list>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">لب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">lab</foreign>, <gloss>a lip</gloss>,	
      </item><item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">لبان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">labân</foreign>, <gloss>lips</gloss>.
      </item></list>
   <pb n="25"/>
   

Names of persons ending in <foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign> or 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">و</foreign> form their plurals in
   <foreign xml:lang="per">يان</foreign>, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">دانا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dânâ</foreign>, <gloss>a learned man</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">دانايان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dânâyân</foreign>, <gloss>learned
      men</gloss>; and those that end in <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> are made plural by changing
   the last letter into <foreign xml:lang="per">گان</foreign>
as 
<foreign xml:lang="per">بچه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bachah</foreign>, <gloss>an infant</gloss>,
      <foreign xml:lang="per">بچگان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bachagân</foreign>, <gloss>infants</gloss>; and sometimes by adding as a se'
         parate syllable; thus,	
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فرشته</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">farishtah</foreign>,	<gloss>an	angel</gloss>,

   <foreign xml:lang="per">فرشته گان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">farishtah gân</foreign>, <gloss>angels</gloss>.

</p><p>If the name of a thing ends in <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign>, the final letter is ab-
   sorbed in the plural before the syllable <foreign xml:lang="per">ها</foreign>, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خانه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khânah</foreign>,
   <gloss>a house</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خانها</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khânahâ</foreign>, <gloss>houses</gloss>.

</p><p>In some modern Persian books, as the <title>Life of <persName>Nader
Shah</persName></title> and others, the plural often ends in 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ات</foreign> or in 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">جات</foreign>
   if the singular has a final <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>.

Sing.	Plur.
   <list>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">نوازش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nuwâzish</foreign>, <gloss>a favour</gloss>.	
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نوازشات</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nuwâzishât</foreign>, <gloss>favours</gloss>.
      </item>
      <item>        <foreign xml:lang="per">قلعه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kalεat</foreign>, <gloss>a castle</gloss>. 
      </item>
      <item>          <foreign xml:lang="per">قلعجات</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kalεajât</foreign>, <gloss>castles</gloss>.

      </item>
</list>

 But these must be considered as barbarous, and are a proof
that the late dreadful commotions which have ruined the
empire'of the Persians, have begun to destroy even the
beautiful'simplicity of their language.

</p><p>It must not be omitted, that the Arabic substantives
frequently have two sorts of plurals, one formed according


   <pb n="26"/>



to the analogy of the Persian nouns, and another after the
irregular manner of the Arabians; as 

   <foreign xml:lang="per">عيب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εayb</foreign>, <gloss>a vice</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">عيبها</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εaybhâ</foreign>
   and 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">عوايب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εawayb</foreign>,
   <gloss>vices</gloss>;	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">قلعه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kalεah</foreign>,
   <gloss>a castle</gloss>,

   <foreign xml:lang="per">قلعها</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kalεahâ</foreign>
   and 
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">قلاع</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kilaε</foreign>,
      <gloss>castles</gloss>; 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">نايب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nâyib</foreign>, 
   <gloss>a viceroy</gloss>,
   plur. <foreign xml:lang="per">نوٌاب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nûwâb</foreign>, 
   which our countrymen have mistaken
   for the singular number, and say very improperly <quote>a nabob!</quote>.
This is one argument out of a great number to prove the
impossibility of learning the Persian language accurately
without a moderate knowledge of the Arabic; and if the
learner will follow my advice, he will peruse with atten-
tion the Arabic grammar of Erpeniust before he attempts
to translate a Persian manuscript.

</p></div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section">
            <head style="caps">of adjectives.</head>
            
            <p>The Persian adjectives admit of no variation, but in
the degrees of comparison. The positive is made com-

               <note>It is no mistake. The plural is used in India as a respectful distinction.</note>

<note>There are two fine editions of this grammar, the first published by the very
   learned <persName>Golius</persName>, and the second by the late 
   <persName>Albert Schultens</persName>; both these Orientalists
have added a number of Arabic odes and elegies, which they have explained in excel-
lent notes; but these editions are scarce; and <persName>Meninski</persName> has inserted in his grammar
   the substance of <persName>Erpenius</persName>, with many new remarks.</note>
<pb n="27"/>
   
   parative by adding to it <foreign xml:lang="per">تر</foreign> and superlative by 
   adding
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ترين</foreign> as
   
   <list>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">خوب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khub</foreign>, <gloss>fair</gloss>.</item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">خوبتر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khubtar</foreign>, <gloss>fairer</gloss>.</item>
      
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">خوبترين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khubtarin</foreign>, <gloss>fairest</gloss>.</item>   
   </list>

 

</p><p>Our <gloss>than</gloss> after a comparative is expressed by the prepo-
sition 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">از</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">az</foreign>, 
as



   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>The brightness of thy face is more splendid than the cheek
of day; the blackness of thy locks is darker than the
hue of night.</quote></cit>

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>The moon is bright, but thy face is brighter than it; the
cypress is graceful, but thy shape is more graceful than
the cypress.</quote></cit>

An adjective is sometimes used substantively, and forms
its plural like a noun,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">حکيمان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hakîmân</foreign>, 
   <gloss>the wise</gloss>; if it be

a compounded adjective, the syllables <foreign xml:lang="per">ان</foreign> and
   <foreign xml:lang="per">را</foreign>, denoting
the plural number and the oblique case, are placed at the

   <pb n="28"/>



end of it, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پري رو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">parîrô</foreign>, 
   <gloss>angel face</gloss>; oblique
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پري رورا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">parîrôrâ</foreign>; plural	parhoyan;	oblique
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پري رويانرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">parîrôyânrâ</foreign>; as

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>The damsels with faces like angels are dejected at the
sight of that cheek ; the nymphs with the fragrance
of jessamine are filled with envy when they view those
curls.</quote></cit>

</p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section">
            <head style="caps">of pronouns.</head>
            

<p>The personal pronouns are. these which follow ;
   <list><head><foreign xml:lang="per">من</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">man</foreign>, <gloss>I</gloss>.</head>

      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">من</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">man</foreign>, <gloss>I</gloss>.</item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mara</foreign>, <gloss>me</gloss> (oblique).</item>


      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">ما</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mâ</foreign>, <gloss>we</gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مايان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mâyân</foreign>, <gloss>we</gloss> </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">marâ</foreign>, <gloss>me</gloss>  (oblique)</item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مارا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mârâ</foreign>, <gloss>us</gloss> (obique)</item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مايانرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mâyânrâ</foreign>, <gloss>us</gloss> (oblique)</item>




</list>
   
 <list>  <head><foreign xml:lang="per">تو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tô</foreign>, <gloss>thou</gloss>.</head>



    <item><foreign xml:lang="per">تو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tô</foreign>, <gloss>thou</gloss>.</item>
    <item><foreign xml:lang="per">تورا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tôrâ</foreign>, <gloss>thee</gloss> (oblique).</item>
       <item><foreign xml:lang="per">شما</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shumâ</foreign>, <gloss>you</gloss> or <gloss>ye</gloss>.<note>shumâ is used, as <gloss>you</gloss> in English, in the singular number, for 
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>.</note></item>	
    <item><foreign xml:lang="per">شمارا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shumârâ</foreign>, <gloss>you</gloss> (oblique).</item>
    <item><foreign xml:lang="per">شمايانرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shumâyânra</foreign>, <gloss>you</gloss> (oblique).</item>




 </list>
   
   <pb n="29"/>
</p><p><foreign xml:lang="per">او</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ô</foreign>, <gloss>he</gloss>.

<list>
   
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">او</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ô</foreign>, 
      <gloss>he, she, or it</gloss>. </item>
   <item>Oblique. <foreign xml:lang="per">اورا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ôra</foreign>, <gloss>him, her, or it</gloss>.</item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">ايشان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">êshân</foreign>, 
      <gloss>they</gloss>.</item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">ايشانرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">êshânrâ</foreign>, 
      <gloss>them</gloss>.</item>
</list>
   The poets often use <foreign xml:lang="per">شان</foreign> for 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ايشان</foreign> as

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>I went, and bruised their helmets; I disfigured their
      beautiful faces.</quote></cit>

After a preposition <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> is often changed into 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">او</foreign> or 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">و</foreign> or
   <foreign xml:lang="per">اوي</foreign>,
as



<cit><quote>When the king of the world showed his face, the general
   kissed the ground, and advanced before him. <bibl><persName>Ferdusi</persName>.</bibl></quote></cit>

Sometimes after the preposition <foreign xml:lang="per">ب</foreign> <gloss>in</gloss>, the letter
   <foreign xml:lang="per">د</foreign> is
inserted to prevent the hiatus, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بدو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">badô</foreign> for 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">باو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ba-ô</foreign>, 
   <gloss>to
   him</gloss>; the same may be observed of
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بدان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">badân</foreign> for

   <foreign xml:lang="per">بآن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ba-ân</foreign>, <gloss>to that</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بدين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">badîn</foreign> for 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">باين</foreign>  <gloss>to this</gloss>.

<note>In the same manner, and from the same motives, the old Romans added a d to
   many words followed by a vowel; thus <persName>Horace</persName>, if we adopt the reading of 
   <persName>Muretus</persName>,
   uses <foreign xml:lang="lat">tibid</foreign> for <foreign xml:lang="lat">tibi</foreign>.

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote xml:lang="lat">Omne crede diem tibid illuxisse supremum.</quote></cit>
</note> 
   
   <pb n="30"/>



</p><p>The possessives are the same with the personals, and arc
distinguished by being added to their substantives ; as

<list>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">دل من</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dili man</foreign>,	<gloss>my heart. </gloss></item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">دل تو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dili to</foreign>,	<gloss>thy heart.</gloss></item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">دل او</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dili ô</foreign>,	<gloss>his or her heart.</gloss></item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">دل وي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dili way</foreign>,	<gloss>his or her heart.</gloss></item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">دلهاي ما</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dilhâi mâ</foreign>,	<gloss>our hearts.</gloss></item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">دلهاي شما</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dilhâi shumâ</foreign>,	<gloss>your hearts.</gloss></item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">دلهاي تان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dilhâi tân</foreign>,	<gloss>your hearts (poetic).</gloss></item>
	
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">دلهاي ايسان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dilhâi êshân</foreign>,	<gloss>their hearts.</gloss></item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">دلهاي شان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dilhâi shân</foreign>,	<gloss>their hearts (poetic).</gloss></item>
</list>

They are often expressed in the singular number by these
final letters (with the short a pronounced before them),
   <foreign xml:lang="per">م</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">am</foreign>, 
      <foreign xml:lang="per">ت</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">at</foreign>, and 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ash</foreign>, 
   and after an <foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> by 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ام</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">am</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ات</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">at</foreign>, 
   and 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">اش</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ash</foreign>: 
   but after nouns ending in 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">alif</foreign> or
   <foreign xml:lang="per">و</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">wâw</foreign> 
   the letter 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ya</foreign> is inserted before the finals 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">م</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ت</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ش</foreign>
   
as

<list>
   
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">دلم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dilam</foreign>, <gloss>my heart.</gloss></item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">دلت</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dilat</foreign>, <gloss>thy heart.</gloss></item>

   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">دلش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dilash</foreign>, <gloss>his or her heart.</gloss></item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">جامهء ام</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jamahi am</foreign>, <gloss>my robe.</gloss></item>

   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">جامهء ات</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jamahi at</foreign>, <gloss>thy robe.</gloss></item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">جامهء اش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jamahi ash</foreign>, <gloss>his or her robe.</gloss></item>












   <pb n="31"/>
   
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مويم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">moyam</foreign>, <gloss>my hair.</gloss></item>

   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مويت</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">moyat</foreign>, <gloss>thy hair.</gloss></item>

   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مويش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">moyash</foreign>, <gloss>his or her hair.</gloss></item>

</list>

In poetry, and sometimes in prose, the	oblique cases of the

personal pronouns are also expressed by 
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> as

<cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Joy be to Shiraz ancf its charming-borders! O/heaven,
   preserve it from decay!</quote></cit>

These oblique cases are joined to any word in the sentence
which the poet finds convenient; thus in the couplet just
quoted the pronoun <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>it</gloss>, is added to<foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> ; so in the
   following distich, O the dative <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>thou</gloss> is placed after
   the conjunction  <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> 
   <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gar</foreign>, <gloss>if</gloss>.



   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Tinge the sacred carpet with wine, if the master of the
feast orders thee; for he that travels is not ignorant of
the ways and manners of banquet-houses.</quote></cit>

Our reciprocal pronouns <gloss>own</gloss> and <gloss>self</gloss> are expressed in
   <pb n="32"/>



Persian by the following, words, which are applicable to all
persons and sexes; as

</p><p>Nom. <foreign xml:lang="per">خود</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">خودش</foreign>.
   Oblique, <foreign xml:lang="per">خودرا</foreign>.
   
</p><p>Nom. <foreign xml:lang="per">خويشتن</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">خويش</foreign>.
   Oblique, <foreign xml:lang="per">خويشتنرا</foreign>.
   
</p><p>Nom. <foreign xml:lang="per">خوي</foreign>.



thus we may use 

<list>
   
      

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">من خود</foreign> <gloss>myself.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">تو خود</foreign> <gloss>thyself.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">او خود</foreign> <gloss>his or herself.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">ما خود</foreign> <gloss>ourselves</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شما خود</foreign> <gloss>yourselves.</gloss></item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">ايشان خود</foreign> <gloss>theirselves.<note>I here use <gloss>his self</gloss> and <gloss>their selves</gloss> 
      instead of the corrupted words <gloss>himself</gloss> and
      <gloss>themselves</gloss>; in which usage I am justified by the authority of Sidney, and of other
      writers in the reign of Elizabeth: <gloss>self</gloss> seems to have been originally a noun, and was,
      perhaps, a synonymous word for <gloss>soul</gloss>, according to 
      Locke’s definition of it: <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Self is
         that conscious thinking thing, which is sensible or conscious of pleasure and pain,
         capable of happiness and misery.</quote></cit> If this observation be just, the Arabs 
      have
      exactly the same idiom, for their <foreign xml:lang="ara">نفس</foreign> <gloss>soul</gloss>,	answers precisely to our self, as
      
      <foreign xml:lang="ara">صبي رمى نفسه في نهر</foreign> <gloss>a boy threw <emph>himself</emph> into a river</gloss>. 
   </note></gloss></item>
</list>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خود</foreign> is also joined like the Latin ipse to every person of
a verb, as
   
   

   
   <list>
     
         
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خود آمدم</foreign> <gloss xml:lang="lat">ipse veni.</gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">خود آمدي</foreign> <gloss xml:lang="lat">ipse venisti.</gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">خود آمد</foreign> <gloss xml:lang="lat">ipse venit.</gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">خود آمديم</foreign> <gloss xml:lang="lat">ipsi venimus.</gloss></item>

      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">خود آمديد</foreign> <gloss xml:lang="lat">ipsi venistis.</gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">خود آمدند</foreign> <gloss xml:lang="lat">ipsi venerunt.</gloss></item>
      
   </list>

   
   
   <pb n="33"/>

The word <foreign xml:lang="per">خود</foreign> seems to be redundant in the following
   beautiful lines of <persName>Sadi</persName>,



<cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Dost thou know what the early nightingale said to me?
“ What sort of man art thou, that canst be ignorant of
 love?”</quote></cit>

</p><p>When <foreign xml:lang="per">خود</foreign> is used as a pronoun possessive, it answers
to the Greek <foreign xml:lang="grc">σφέτερος</foreign>, and signifies 
   <gloss>my</gloss>, <gloss>thy</gloss>, <gloss>our</gloss>, <gloss>your</gloss>, <gloss>his</gloss>,
   or <gloss>her</gloss>, and <gloss>their</gloss>, according to the person and number of
the principal verb in the sentence; as in this couplet of
   <persName>Hafiz</persName>, 
   
   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>I see no man, either among the nobles or the populace, to
whom I can trust the secret of my afflicted heart.</quote></cit>

The demonstrative pronouns are the following :
</p><p><foreign xml:lang="per">اين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">în</foreign>, <gloss>this</gloss>.

</p><p>Singular Nominative,	<foreign xml:lang="per">اين</foreign> <gloss>this</gloss>.	
   Oblique cases, <foreign xml:lang="per">اينرا</foreign>.

</p><p>Plural Nominvative,	<foreign xml:lang="per">اينان</foreign> or
   <foreign xml:lang="per">اينها</foreign> <gloss>these</gloss>.
   Oblique cases, <foreign xml:lang="per">اينانرا</foreign>  or
   <foreign xml:lang="per">اينهارا</foreign>.
   
   <pb n="34"/>

</p><p><foreign xml:lang="per">آن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ân</foreign>, <gloss>that</gloss>.
</p><p>Sing. <foreign xml:lang="per">آن</foreign>, <gloss>that</gloss>. Oblique cases,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">آنرا</foreign>.
</p><p>Plur. <foreign xml:lang="per">آنان</foreign> or 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">آنها</foreign>, <gloss>those</gloss>. Oblique cases,
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">آنانرا</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">آنهارا</foreign>.

</p><p>
When In is prefixed to a noun, so as to form one
word, it is frequently changed into 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">إم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">im</foreign>, as
   <foreign xml:lang="per">امشب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">imshab</foreign>, <gloss>to-night</gloss>;


<cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Heaven! how great is my happiness this night! for this
night is my beloved come unexpectedly !</quote></cit>
   
   and  <foreign xml:lang="per">امروز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">imrôz</foreign>, <gloss>to-day</gloss>;


   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>This day is a day of mirth, and joy, and the feast of
spring; this day my heart obtains its desires, and
fortune is favourable.</quote></cit>

The words <foreign xml:lang="per">آن</foreign> 
   and <foreign xml:lang="per">از آن</foreign> prefixed to pronouns <emph>personal</emph>,
   change them into <emph>possessives</emph>, and are read with a short
   vowel, <foreign xml:lang="per">آن تو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">âni tô</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">از آن تو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">âz âni tô</foreign>, 
   i. e. <gloss>thine</gloss>, as

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>O my moon of Canaan (O Joseph), the throne of Egypt is

   <emph>thine</emph>!</quote></cit>
<pb n="35"/>
   

</p><p>The relatives and interrogatives are supplied by the
invariable pronouns 

   <foreign xml:lang="per">که</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">keh</foreign> and 

   <foreign xml:lang="per">چه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">cheh</foreign>, of which the
former usually relates to persons, and the latter to things :
in the oblique cases- of these pronouns the final <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> is
   absorbed before the syllable <foreign xml:lang="per">را</foreign>, as

</p><p>Nom. <foreign xml:lang="per">که</foreign> <gloss>who</gloss>.	
  </p><p>Oblique,	<foreign xml:lang="per">کرا</foreign> <gloss>whom</gloss>.
  </p><p>Nom. <foreign xml:lang="per">چه</foreign> <gloss>which</gloss>.	
  </p><p>Oblique,	<foreign xml:lang="per">چرا</foreign> <gloss>which</gloss>.

  </p><p><foreign xml:lang="per">کي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kî</foreign> and 
     Oblique,	<foreign xml:lang="per">چي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chî</foreign> 
     are interrogatives, and are very
     often joined to the verb <foreign xml:lang="per">است</foreign>, as	
     <foreign xml:lang="per">کيست</foreign> <gloss>who is it?</gloss>

<foreign xml:lang="per">خيست</foreign> <gloss>what is it?</gloss>


<cit><bibl></bibl><quote>O heaven! whose precious pearl, and whose inestimable
jewel is that royal maid, with a cheek like the moon,
and a forehead like Venus ?</quote></cit>

  </p><p>
     <foreign xml:lang="per">کدام</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kadâm</foreign> (properly which?) is also an interrogative
pronoun, as



<cit><bibl></bibl><quote>We are fond of wine, wanton, dissolute, and with rolling
eyes: but who is there in this city that has not the

same vices ?</quote></cit>
   <pb n="36"/>



Our <gloss>soever</gloss> is expressed in Persian by 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">هر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">har</foreign> or

   <foreign xml:lang="per">هران</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">harân</foreign> prefixed to the relatives, as

   <list>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">هرکع</foreign> and <foreign xml:lang="per">هرانکع</foreign> <gloss>whosoever</gloss>.</item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">هرچع</foreign> and	<foreign xml:lang="per">هرانچع</foreign> <gloss>whatsoever</gloss>.</item>
   </list>
</p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head style="caps">of verbs.</head>

<p>

The Persians have active and neuter verbs like other
nations ; but many of their verbs have both an active and
neuter sense, which can be determined only by the con-
struction. These verbs have properly but one conjugation,
and but three changes of tense; the imperative, the aorist,
and the preterite; all the other tenses being formed by the
help of the particles <foreign xml:lang="per">مي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mî</foreign> and	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">همي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hamî</foreign>, or of the

auxiliary verbs <foreign xml:lang="per">هستن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hastan</foreign> or	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بودن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bûdan</foreign>, <gloss>to be</gloss>, and

   <foreign xml:lang="per">خواستن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kh’âstan</foreign>, <gloss>>to want, will or be willing</gloss>. 
   The passive
voice is formed by adding the tenses of the verb substan-
tive <foreign xml:lang="per">شدب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shudan</foreign> to the	participle
   preterite of the active;

   <foreign xml:lang="per">خوانده شد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kh’ândah shud</foreign>, <gloss>it was read</gloss>: The inflexions of
these auxiliaries must be here exhibited, and must be
learned by heart, as they will be very useful in forming
the compound tenses of the active verbs.</p>
   <pb n="37"/>
   
   
   <p><foreign xml:lang="per">بودن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bûdan</foreign>, <gloss>to be</gloss>.

The present tense of this verb is irregular, but very
easy, and must be carefully remembered, as it is the model
for the variations of person in all tenses.

<list><head>Present Indicative Active.</head>

   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">ام</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">am</foreign>, <gloss>I am</gloss>
   </item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">اي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">î</foreign>, <gloss>thou art</gloss>
         
   </item><item>         <foreign xml:lang="per">است</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ast</foreign>, <gloss>he is</gloss>
   </item><item>    <foreign xml:lang="per">ايم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">êm</foreign>, <gloss>I am</gloss>
   </item><item>    <foreign xml:lang="per">ايد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">êd</foreign>, <gloss>I am</gloss>
   </item><item>    <foreign xml:lang="per">اند</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">and</foreign>, <gloss>I am</gloss>
   
   </item>
</list>
   
This tense joined to nouns, pronouns, or adjectives, often
coalesces with them, and loses the initial short <foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign> alif; as
with pronouns,

   <list><head>Present Indicative Active.</head>
      
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">منم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">manam</foreign>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">ego sum</gloss>.
      </item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">تو يي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tô yî</foreign>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">tu es</gloss>.
      </item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">اواست</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ô ast,</foreign>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">ille est</gloss>.

      </item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">مايم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mâ îm</foreign>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">nos sumus</gloss>.
      </item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">شمايد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shamâ-îd</foreign>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">vos estis</gloss>.
      </item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">ايشاند</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">êshân and</foreign>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">illi sunt</gloss>.
      </item>
</list>
   
   <list><head>Present Indicative Active with adjectives.</head>
      

<item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">شادم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shad am</foreign>, <gloss>I am glad</gloss>.		

</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">شادي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shad î</foreign>, <gloss>thou art glad</gloss>.	

</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">شادست</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shad ast</foreign>, <gloss>he is glad</gloss>. 
</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">شاديم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shad êm</foreign>, <gloss>we are glad</gloss>.
</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">شاديذ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shad êd</foreign>, <gloss>you are	glad</gloss>.
</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">شادند</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shad and</foreign>, <gloss>they are glad</gloss>.

</item></list>
   <pb n="38"/>
   

</p><p>The negatives are formed by prefixing 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">نه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nah</foreign> or 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">na</foreign>,
   as <foreign xml:lang="per">نه ام</foreign> <gloss>I am not</gloss>, etc. but
   is commonly written <foreign xml:lang="per">نه است</foreign>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">نيست</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nêst</foreign>, 
   <gloss>there is not</gloss>, as

<cit><quote>The path of love is a path to which there is no end,
in which there is no remedy for lovers, but to give
up their souls.</quote>	<bibl>Hafiz.</bibl></cit>

Second Present from the defective
   <foreign xml:lang="per">هستم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hastan</foreign>,	<gloss>to be</gloss>.

<list><head>Present Indicative active <gloss>to be 2</gloss></head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">هستم</foreign> <gloss>I am.	</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">هستي</foreign> <gloss>thou art.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">هست</foreign> <gloss>he is.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">هستيم</foreign> <gloss>we are.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">هستيد</foreign> <gloss>you are.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">هستند</foreign> <gloss>they are.</gloss></item>
</list>

   <list><head>Preterite Indicative Active.</head>



<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بودم</foreign> <gloss>I was.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بودي</foreign> <gloss>thou wast.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بود</foreign> <gloss>he was.</gloss></item>


<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوديم</foreign> <gloss>we were.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوديد</foreign> <gloss>you were.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بودند</foreign> <gloss>they were.</gloss></item>
   </list>

   <list><head>Preterite Imperfect Active<note n="grc">Jones does not try to provide a translation to illustrate the English meaning.
   I add one for now so that we have an English mnemonic (problematic as they may turn out to be).</note>.</head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي بودم</foreign> <gloss>I was being</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي بودي</foreign> <gloss>thou wast being</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي بود</foreign> <gloss>he was being</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي بوديم</foreign> <gloss>we were being</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي بوديد</foreign> <gloss>you were being</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي بودند</foreign> <gloss>they were being.</gloss></item>

   </list>
<pb n="39"/>
   
   <list><head>Compound Preterite Active.</head>



<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده ام</foreign> <gloss>I have been.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده اي</foreign> <gloss>thou hast been.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده است</foreign> <gloss>he has been.</gloss></item>


<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده ايم</foreign> <gloss>we have been,</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده ايد</foreign> <gloss>you have been.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده اند</foreign> <gloss>they have been.</gloss></item>

   </list>
   <list><head>Preterpluperfect Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده شدم</foreign> <gloss>I had been.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده شدي</foreign> <gloss>thou had been,</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده شد</foreign> <gloss>he had been.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده شديم</foreign> <gloss>we had been,</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده شديد</foreign> <gloss>you had been,</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده شدند</foreign> <gloss>they had been.</gloss></item>
   </list>
   <list><head>Future Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهم بود</foreign> <gloss>I will be.	</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بواهي بود</foreign> <gloss>thou wilt be.	 </gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بواهد بود</foreign> <gloss>he will be.	</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بواهيم بود</foreign> <gloss>we will be.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بواهيد بود</foreign> <gloss>you will be.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوداهند بود</foreign> <gloss>they will be.</gloss></item>
   </list>
   <list><head>Imperative Active.</head>



      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">باش</foreign> <gloss>be thou 1.</gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">باشد</foreign> <gloss>let him be 1.</gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">باشيم</foreign> <gloss>let us be 1.</gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">باشيد</foreign> <gloss>be	ye 1.</gloss></item>
      
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">باشند</foreign> <gloss>let	them	be 1.</gloss></item><item><foreign xml:lang="per">باش</foreign> <gloss>be thou 1.</gloss></item>
 
      
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">بو</foreign> <gloss>be thou 2.</gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">باد</foreign> <gloss>let him be 2.</gloss></item>
   </list>
<pb n="40"/>
   

   <list><head>Subjunctive, or Aorist Active 1.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">باشم</foreign> <gloss>I be 1.</gloss></item>



<item><foreign xml:lang="per">باشي</foreign> <gloss>thou beest 1.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">باشد</foreign> <gloss>he be 1.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">باشيم</foreign> <gloss>we be 1.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">باشيد</foreign> <gloss>you be 1.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">باشند</foreign> <gloss>they be 1.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>I be 1.</gloss></item>

   </list>
   <list><head>Subjunctive, or Aorist Active 2.</head>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوم</foreign> <gloss>I be 1.</gloss></item>
      

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوي</foreign> <gloss>thou beest 2.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بود</foreign> <gloss>he be 2.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بويم</foreign> <gloss>we be 2.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بويد</foreign> <gloss>you be 2.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوند</foreign> <gloss>they be 2.</gloss></item>



   </list>
   
   <list><head>Potential Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بودي</foreign> <gloss>I would be.	</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بودي</foreign> <gloss>thou wouldst be.	</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بودي</foreign> <gloss>he would be.	</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوديمي</foreign> <gloss>we	would	be.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوديدي</foreign> <gloss>you would be.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوداندي</foreign> <gloss>they would be.</gloss></item>

   </list>

   <list><head>Future Subjunctive Active.</head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده باشم</foreign> <gloss>I shall have been.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده باشي</foreign> <gloss>thou shall have been.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بودح باحد</foreign> <gloss>he shall have been.  </gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده باشيم</foreign> <gloss>we	shall	have	been.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده باشيد</foreign> <gloss>you shall have	been.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده باشند</foreign> <gloss>they shall have been.</gloss></item>
   </list>
   
   <list><head>Present Infinitive Active.</head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بودن</foreign> <gloss>to be</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بود</foreign> <gloss>to be <note>by contraction </note></gloss></item>
   </list>
   <list><head>Preterite Infinitive Active.</head>
     
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده شدن</foreign> <gloss>to have been.</gloss></item>
   </list>

   <list><head>Present Participle Active.</head>


<item><foreign xml:lang="per">باشا</foreign> <gloss>being.</gloss></item>
   </list>
   <list><head>Preterite Participle Active.</head>
      
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بوده</foreign> <gloss>been.</gloss></item>
   </list>
</p>
   <p><foreign xml:lang="per">شدن</foreign>
      <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shudan</foreign>, <gloss>to be</gloss>,
used in forming the Passive voice.

   <pb n="41"/>
   
   <list><head>Present Indicative Passive.</head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شوم</foreign> <gloss>I am.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شوي</foreign> <gloss>thou art.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شود</foreign> <gloss>he is.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شويم</foreign> <gloss>we are.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شويد</foreign> <gloss>you are.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شوند</foreign> <gloss>they are.</gloss></item>

   </list>
   
   <list><head>Preterite Indicative Passive.</head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شدم</foreign> <gloss>I was.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شدي</foreign> <gloss>thou wast.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شد</foreign> <gloss>he was.</gloss></item>

      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">شديم</foreign> <gloss>we were,</gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">شديد</foreign> <gloss>you were,</gloss></item>
      
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شدند</foreign> <gloss>they were.</gloss></item>
   </list>

   <list><head>Preterite Imperfect Passive.</head>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شدم</foreign> <gloss></gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شدي</foreign> <gloss></gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شد</foreign> <gloss></gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شديم</foreign> <gloss></gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شديد</foreign> <gloss></gloss></item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي شدند</foreign> <gloss></gloss></item>
   </list>



   <list><head>Compound Preterite Passive.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده ام</foreign> <gloss>I have been.</gloss></item>



<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده اي</foreign> <gloss>thou hast been. </gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده است</foreign> <gloss>he has been</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده ايم</foreign> <gloss>we have been.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده ايد</foreign> <gloss>you have been.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شدو اند</foreign> <gloss>they have been.</gloss></item>
   </list>
   <list><head>Preterpluperfect Passive.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده بودم</foreign> <gloss>I had been.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده بودي</foreign> <gloss>thou hadst been.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده بود</foreign> <gloss>he had been.	</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده بوديم</foreign> <gloss>we had been,</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده بوديد</foreign> <gloss>you had been.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده بودند</foreign> <gloss>they had been.</gloss></item>


      </list>
   <pb n="42"/>



   <list><head>Future Indicative Passive.</head>


<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهم شد</foreign> <gloss>I will be.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهي شد</foreign> <gloss>thou wilt be</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهد شد</foreign> <gloss>he will be.</gloss></item>



<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهيم شد</foreign> <gloss>we will be.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهيد شد</foreign> <gloss>you will be.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهند شد</foreign> <gloss>they will be.</gloss></item>
</list>

   <list><head>Imperative Passive.</head>


<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شو</foreign> <gloss>be thou.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شود</foreign> <gloss>let him be.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شويم</foreign> <gloss>let us be.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شويد</foreign> <gloss>be ye.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شوند</foreign> <gloss>let them be.</gloss></item>
	
   </list>

   <list><head>Subjunctive, or Aorist, Passive.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شوم</foreign> <gloss>I be.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شوي</foreign> <gloss>thou beest.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شود</foreign> <gloss>he be.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شويم</foreign> <gloss>we be.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شويد</foreign> <gloss>you be.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شوند</foreign> <gloss>they be.</gloss></item>
   </list>

   <list><head>Present Infinitive Passive.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شدن</foreign> <gloss>to be.</gloss></item>
   </list>
   
   <list><head>Past Infinitive Passive.</head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده بودن</foreign> <gloss>to have been.</gloss></item>
   </list>
   <list><head>Present Participle Passive.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شوا</foreign> <gloss>being.</gloss></item>
   </list>
   <list><head>Past Participle Passive.</head>
      
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">شده</foreign> <gloss>having been.</gloss></item>
   </list>
   <pb n="43"/>
   
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خواستن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kh’âstan</foreign> or 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خواهيدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kh'âhîdan</foreign>, <gloss>to be willing</gloss>.

   <list><head>Aorist Active.<note>used in forming the Compound Future of verbs.</note></head>

      



<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهم</foreign> <gloss>I will,</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهي</foreign> <gloss>thou wilt,</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهد</foreign> <gloss>he will.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهيم</foreign> <gloss>we will</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهيد</foreign> <gloss>you will</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهند</foreign> <gloss>they will</gloss></item>
</list>
The other tenses are formed like those of the regular verbs.

</p></div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section">
            <head style="caps">of tenses.</head>
            

<p>It will here be useful to exhibit an analysis of all the
tenses of a Persian verb, and to show in what manner they
are deduced from the infinitive, which is properly consi-
dered by the Oriental grammarians as the spring and foun-
tain of all the moods and tenses, and which, therefore, is
called in Arabic <foreign xml:lang="ara">مصدر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="ara-lat">masdar</foreign> or, <gloss>the source</gloss>.

</p><p>All regular infinitives end in as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">رسيدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">rasîdan</foreign>,

   <gloss>to arrive</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ناليدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nâlîdan</foreign>, 
   <gloss>to grieve</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ترسيدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tarsîdan</foreign>, <gloss>to

fear</gloss>.

</p><p>The third person of the preterite is formed by rejecting
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ن</foreign> from the infinitive, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">رسيد</foreign> <gloss>he arrived</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ناليد</foreign> <gloss>he grieved</gloss>,

   <foreign xml:lang="per">ترسيد</foreign> <gloss>he feared</gloss>.


   <pb n="44"/>



   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>I said, is the zephyr breathing from the garden? or is a
caravan of musk coming; from Khoten?
   </quote></cit>
   
</p><p>The letter <foreign xml:lang="per">ب</foreign> prefixed to this tense is often redundant,
   as <foreign xml:lang="per">جامه را ببرد و برفت</foreign> <gloss>he took the mantle, and departed</gloss>.

</p><p>From the preterite is formed the imperfect tense by pre-
   fixing the particles <foreign xml:lang="per">مي</foreign> or 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">همي</foreign>, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ميرسيد</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">همي رسيد</foreign>,

    <gloss>he was arriving</gloss>.

</p><p>In the third persons the imperfect tense is sometimes
   expressed by adding <foreign xml:lang="per">ي</foreign> to the preterite, 
   as <foreign xml:lang="per">ناليدي</foreign> <gloss>he
      was grieving</gloss>,  
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ناليدندي</foreign> <gloss>they were grieving</gloss>; this form is
common in prose, as



   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>They were immersed in pleasure and delight, and were
constantly listening to the melody of the lute, and of
the cymbal.</quote></cit>

</p><p>The same letter <foreign xml:lang="per">ي</foreign> 
   added to the first and third persons
of the past tense, forms the potential mood, as <gloss>I
   <pb n="45"/>
   
   might, could, should, or would grieve</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ناليديمي</foreign> <gloss>we might,

etc. grieve</gloss>; so <persName>Ferdusi</persName> in a love song,

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>If I could sleep one night on thy bosom, I should seem to
touch the sky with my exalted head.</quote></cit>

And <persName>Hafiz</persName>,



   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Those locks, each curl of which is worth a hundred musk-
bags of China, would be sweet indeed if their scent
proceeded from sweetness of temper.</quote></cit>

</p><p>The participle preterite is formed from the infinitive by
   changing <foreign xml:lang="per">ن</foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign>, 
   as <foreign xml:lang="per">رسيده</foreign> <gloss>arrived</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پاشيده</foreign> <gloss>sprinkled</gloss>,
   from which participle and the auxiliary verbs 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بودن</foreign> and <foreign xml:lang="per">شدن</foreign>

are made several compound tenses, and the passive
voice; as	<foreign xml:lang="per">پاشيده ام</foreign> <gloss>I have sprinkled</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پاشيدهبودم</foreign> <gloss>I had

sprinkled</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پاشيده باشم</foreign> <gloss>I shall have sprinkled</gloss>,


   <pb n="46"/>



   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>We <emph>have</emph> given up all our souls to those two inchanting
narcissuses (eyes), we have placed all our hearts on
those two black hyacinths (locks of hair).</quote></cit>

</p><p>The Persians are very fond of the participle preterite;
and it is very often used by their elegant writers to con-
nect the members of a sentence, and to suspend the sense
till the close of a long period: in poetry it sometimes is
used like the third person preterite of a verb, as in this
fine couplet:

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>The brightness of the cup and the goblet obscures the
light of the moon ; the cheeks of the young cup-bearers
steal the splendour of the sun.</quote></cit>

In the ode from which this couplet is taken every distich
ends with the word 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">زده</foreign>
   for <foreign xml:lang="per">زد</foreign> <gloss>he struck</gloss>.

</p><p>In composition the infinitive is contracted by rejecting
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>I will be</gloss>; 
   so <persName>Hafiz</persName>,


   <pb n="47"/>
   
   
   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>The breath of the western gale will soon shed musk
   around; the old world will again be young.</quote></cit>

This short infinitive is likewise used after impersonal verbs,
as <foreign xml:lang="per">توان کرد</foreign> <gloss>it is possible to do</gloss>; 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بايد کرد</foreign> <gloss>it is necessary to

do</gloss> ; thus <persName>Hafiz, the Anacreon of Persia<note n="grc">what do we do with this description, which contains a name and a place?</note></persName>,

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>It is impossible to attain the jewel of thy wishes by thy
own endeavours; it is a vain imagination to think that
it will come to thee without assistance.</quote></cit>

And the poet quoted in the <title>history</title> of <persName>Cazvini<note n="grc">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najm_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Qazw%C4%ABn%C4%AB_al-K%C4%81tib%C4%AB ?</note></persName>,

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>The life of man is a journal, in which he must write only
good actions.</quote></cit>

</p><p>The imperative is regularly formed by throwing away
   the termination <foreign xml:lang="per">يدن</foreign> from the infinitive, as
   <foreign xml:lang="per">رس</foreign> <gloss>arrive

thou</gloss>, from
   <foreign xml:lang="per">رسيدن</foreign> <gloss>to arrive</gloss>: the letter
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ب</foreign> is often prefixed to the imperative, 
   as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بگو</foreign> <gloss>say thou</gloss>: 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بترس</foreign> <gloss>fear thou</gloss> ;
   so <persName>Ferdusi</persName> in his noble satire against a king who had
slighted him.
   <pb n="48"/>



   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>O <persName>king Mahmud</persName>, thou conqueror of regions, if thou
fearest not me, at least <emph>fear</emph> God! why hast thou inflamed my wrathful temper? dost thou not dread my
blood-dropping sword?</quote></cit>

</p><p>It must here be observed, that the negatives 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">نه</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nah</foreign> and
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">na</foreign> are 
   changed in the imperative into
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mah</foreign>
   and <foreign xml:lang="per">م</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ma</foreign>,
   as <foreign xml:lang="per">مپرس</foreign> <gloss>do not ask</gloss>;



   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>I have felt the pain of love; <emph>ask not</emph> of whom; 1 have
      tasted the poison of absence ; <emph>ask not</emph> from whom.</quote></cit>

Before verbs beginning with <foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign> 
   <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">alif</foreign>
   the letters 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ن</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">م</foreign> and <foreign xml:lang="per">ب</foreign>
   are changed into 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ني</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مي</foreign>
   and
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بي</foreign>، and as before 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">آر</foreign> are used
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بيار</foreign> <gloss>bring thou</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ميار</foreign> <gloss>do not bring</gloss>;

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote xml:lang="per"></quote></cit>

   <pb n="49"/>
   
   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Boy, bring a cup of wine; bring a few more cups of
      pure wine.</quote></cit>

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>Say, bring no tapers into our assembly, for this night the
moon of my beloved’s cheek is at its full in our banquet;
sprinkle no perfume in our apartment, for to our minds
the fragrance that constantly proceeds from thy locks is
sufficiently pleasing.</quote></cit>

</p><p>The contracted participle used in compound epithets is
exactly the same with the imperative, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">انگيز</foreign> <gloss>excite thou</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">عشرق انگيز</foreign> <gloss>mirth-exciting</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">افروز</foreign> <gloss>inflame thou</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گتي افوز</foreign> <gloss>world-inflaming</gloss>, 
   <persName>Geti-afroz</persName>, the name of a fairy in the
   <title>Persian tales</title> translated by <persName>Colonel Dow</persName>.

</p><p>The participles of the present tense are formed by add-
   ing  <foreign xml:lang="per">ان</foreign>,  <foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign>, or 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">نده</foreign> to the imperative, as  
   <foreign xml:lang="per">رسان</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">رسا</foreign>, and  <foreign xml:lang="per">رسده</foreign>

   <gloss>arriving</gloss>; which last participle is often used for a
   noun of action, as <foreign xml:lang="per">نازنده</foreign> <gloss>a player</gloss>.

   <pb n="50"/>



</p><p>From the imperative also is formed the conjunctive tense
or aorist by adding to it the usual personal termination, as
from <foreign xml:lang="per">آي</foreign> <gloss>come thou</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">آيم</foreign> <gloss>I may or will come</gloss>.

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote> When the sun of the wine shall rise from the east of the
cup, a thousand tulips will spring from the garden of
the cup-bearer’s cheek.</quote></cit>

</p><p>By this affected, yet lively allegory, the poet only means
that “ the cup-bearer will blush when he shall present the
 wine to the guests.”

   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote> For the most part this form of the Persian verb, which
the grammarians properly call the aorist, or indefinite
tense, answers to the potential mood of other languages,
and is governed by conjunctions as in Latin and English :
this will be seen more clearly in the following example
taken from the life of Nader Shah;



   <pb n="51"/>
   
   
  It is evident to the discerning and intelligent part of
mankind, that, whenever the affairs of the world are
thrown into confusion, and fortune favours the desires
of the unjust, the great Disposer of events, in the
effusion of his endless mercy, selects some fortunate
hero, whom he supports with his eternal favour; and
whom he commands to heal with the balm of benevo-
lence the wounds of the afflicted, and to sweeten the
bitter draught of their misfortunes with the honey of
justice.</quote></cit>

In which period the words <foreign xml:lang="per">گردد</foreign> 
   <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gardad</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">کند</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kunad</foreign>.

   <foreign xml:lang="per">پردادجد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pardazad</foreign>, and	 
      <foreign xml:lang="per">ساجد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sazad</foreign>, are the aorists of

         <foreign xml:lang="per">گرديدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gardîdan</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> kardan,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پرداختن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pardakhtan</foreign>,

and<foreign xml:lang="per">ساختن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sakhtan</foreign>, governed by the conjunction 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">که</foreign>
   
   <gloss>that</gloss>.



   <pb n="52"/>



</p><p>The present tense is formed by prefixing 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مي</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">همي</foreign>
   to the aorist, as <foreign xml:lang="per">ميدانم</foreign> <gloss>I know</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ميداني</foreign>
  <gloss>thou knowest</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ميداند</foreign>
<gloss>he knoweth</gloss>:



   <cit><bibl></bibl><quote>O gentle gale, pass by the place which <emph>thou knowest</emph>, and
      disclose the secrets of my heart which <emph>thou knowest</emph>.</quote></cit>

<cit><bibl></bibl><quote>With that sweet hue which <emph>thou bearest</emph> on the rose of
thy cheek, <emph>thou drawest</emph> a line over the face of the
garden-rose.</quote></cit>

The particles <foreign xml:lang="per">مي</foreign> and <foreign xml:lang="per">همي</foreign> are sometimes joined to the
verb, and sometimes separated from it, according to the
pleasure of the writer, as

<cit><bibl></bibl><quote>
Pursue thy pleasures eagerly, for while thou canst close
thine eye, the autumn is <emph>approaching</emph>, and the fresh
   season is <emph>passing</emph> away.</quote></cit>
   <pb n="53"/>
   



The letter <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> prefixed to the aorist restrains it to the
future tense, as <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>I will arrive</gloss>; 
   thus <persName>Nakshebi</persName> in

his work called <title xml:lang="per"></title> or <bibl><title>the Tales of a Parrot, </title>

Night 35,</bibl>

<cit><bibl></bibl><quote>
O Nakshebi, a man who desires to enjoy his beloved must
be active and diligent: whoever labours diligently in
his affairs, will at last attain the object of his wishes.
</quote></cit>
   
</p>


            <p>After having given this analysis of the Persian verb, it
will be necessary to add a table of the moods and tenses as
they answer to those of European languages.

</p><p>Verb Active

</p><p><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">parsîdan</foreign>, <gloss>to ask</gloss>.

   <list><head>Present Indicative Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسم</foreign> <gloss>I ask.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسي</foreign> <gloss>thou askest.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسد</foreign> <gloss>he asks.	</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسيم</foreign> <gloss>we ask.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسيد</foreign> <gloss>you ask.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسند</foreign> <gloss>they ask.</gloss></item>
</list>
<pb n="54"/>

<list><head>Simple Preterite Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيدم</foreign> <gloss>I asked,</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيدي</foreign> <gloss>thou askedst.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيد</foreign> <gloss>he asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيديم</foreign> <gloss>we asked.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيديد</foreign> <gloss>you asked,</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيدند</foreign> <gloss>they asked.</gloss></item>
</list>

<list><head>Compound Preterite Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده ام</foreign> <gloss>I have asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده اي</foreign> <gloss>thou hast asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده است</foreign> <gloss>he has asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده ايم</foreign> <gloss>we asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده ايد</foreign> <gloss>you have asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده اند</foreign> <gloss>they have asked.</gloss></item>

</list>

<list><head>Preterite Imperfect Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسيدم</foreign> <gloss>I was asking.	</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسيدي</foreign> <gloss>thou wast asking.	</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسيد</foreign> <gloss>he was asking.	</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسيديم</foreign> <gloss>we were asking.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسيديد</foreign> <gloss>you were asking</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي پرسيدند</foreign> <gloss>they were asking</gloss></item>
</list>

<list><head>Preterpluperfect Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده بودم</foreign> <gloss>I had asked.	</gloss></item>


<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده بودي</foreign> <gloss>thou hadst asked.	</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده بود</foreign> <gloss>he had asked.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده بوديم</foreign> <gloss>we had asked</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده بوديد</foreign> <gloss>you had asked</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده بودند</foreign> <gloss>they had asked</gloss></item>
</list>

<pb n="55"/>



<list><head>First Future Active.</head>



<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بپرسم</foreign> <gloss>I shall ask.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بپرسي</foreign> <gloss>thou shall ask.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بپرسد</foreign> <gloss>he shall ask.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بپرسيم</foreign> <gloss>we shall ask.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بپرسيد</foreign> <gloss>you shall ask.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بپرسند</foreign> <gloss>they shall ask </gloss></item>
</list>

<list><head>Second Future Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهم پرسيد</foreign> <gloss>I will ask.	</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهي پرسيد</foreign> <gloss>thou wilt ask. </gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهد پرسيد</foreign> <gloss>he will ask.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهيم پرسيد</foreign> <gloss>we	will	ask.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهيد پرسيد</foreign> <gloss>you	will	ask.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">خواهند پرسيد</foreign> <gloss>they	will	ask<note>This form is also commonly used for the imperative, as <foreign xml:lang="grc">بپرسم</foreign> <gloss>let me ask</gloss>, etc.</note>.</gloss></item>

</list>
<list><head>Imperative Active.</head>


	
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرس</foreign> <gloss>ask thou 1.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">بپرس</foreign> <gloss>ask thou 2.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسد</foreign> <gloss>let him ask.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيم</foreign> <gloss>let us ask	</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيد</foreign> <gloss>ask you.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسند</foreign> <gloss>let them ask.</gloss></item>

</list>

<list><head>Conjunctive or Aorist Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسم</foreign> <gloss>I may ask.	</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسي</foreign> <gloss>thou mayst ask.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسد</foreign> <gloss>he may ask.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيم</foreign> <gloss>we may ask</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيد</foreign> <gloss>you may ask</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسند</foreign> <gloss>they may ask</gloss></item>

</list>

<list><head>Potential.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيدمي</foreign> <gloss>I might ask.	</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيدمي</foreign> <gloss>thou mightst ask.		</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيدي</foreign> <gloss>he might ask. </gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيديمي</foreign> <gloss>we might ask.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيديذي</foreign> <gloss>you might ask.</gloss></item>


<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيدندي</foreign> <gloss>they might ask.</gloss></item>


</list>



<pb n="56"/>



<list><head>Compound Future Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده باشم</foreign> <gloss>I shall have asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده باشي</foreign> <gloss>thou shall have asked.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده باسد</foreign> <gloss>he shall have asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده باشيم</foreign> <gloss>we shall have asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده باشيد</foreign> <gloss>you shall have asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده باشند</foreign> <gloss>they shall have asked.</gloss></item>

</list>

<list><head>Present Infinitive Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيدن</foreign> <gloss>to ask, contracted</gloss></item>
</list>

<list>
<head>Preterite Infinitive Active.</head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده بودن</foreign> <gloss>to have asked.</gloss></item>
</list>

<list><head>Present Participle Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسان</foreign> <gloss>asking,	who asks 1.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسنده</foreign> <gloss>asking,	who asks 2.</gloss></item>
</list>

<list><head>Preterite Participle Active.</head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پعرسيده</foreign> <gloss>asked or having asked.</gloss></item>
</list>

</p><p>Passive Voice.

<list><head>Indicative Present Active.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شوم</foreign> <gloss>I am asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شوي</foreign> <gloss>thou art asked.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شود</foreign> <gloss>he is asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده سشويم</foreign> <gloss>we are asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شويد</foreign> <gloss>you are asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شوند</foreign> <gloss>they are asked.</gloss></item>
</list>
   <pb n="57"/>
   
   <list><head>Preterite.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شدم</foreign> <gloss>I was asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شدي</foreign> <gloss>thou wast asked.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شد</foreign> <gloss>he was asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شدئم</foreign> <gloss>we were asked.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شديد</foreign> <gloss>you were asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پعرسيده شدند</foreign> <gloss>they were asked.</gloss></item>
   </list>
   
   <list>
      <head>Preterpluperfect.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شده بودم</foreign> <gloss>I	had	been	asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شده بودي</foreign> <gloss>thou	hadst	been	asked</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شده بود</foreign> <gloss>he had been asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شده بوديم</foreign> <gloss>we had been asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شده بوديد</foreign> <gloss>you had been asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شده بودند</foreign> <gloss>they had been asked.</gloss></item>
   </list>
<list><head>Aorist.</head>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شوم</foreign> <gloss>I may be asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شوي</foreign> <gloss>thou mayst be asked.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شود</foreign> <gloss>he may be asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شويم</foreign> <gloss>we may be asked.</gloss></item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شويد</foreign> <gloss>you may be asked.</gloss></item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده شوند</foreign> <gloss>they may be asked.</gloss></item>

</list>
   <pb n="58"/>



   <list><head>Second Future.</head>

      <head>Sing.</head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده خواهم شد</foreign> <gloss>I shall be asked</gloss>.</item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده خواهي شد</foreign> <gloss>thou shalt be asked</gloss>.</item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده خواهد شد</foreign> <gloss>he shall be asked</gloss>.</item>
	
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده خواهيم شد</foreign> <gloss>we shall be asked</gloss>.</item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده خواهيد شد</foreign> <gloss>you shall be asked</gloss>.</item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">پرسيده خواهند شد</foreign> <gloss>they shall be asked</gloss>.</item>
   </list>



   <list><head>Present Infinitive.</head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>be	asked</gloss>.</item>
</list>
   <list>
<head>Preterite Infinitive.</head>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>to	have been asked</gloss>.</item>
</list>
</p><p>Negative verbs are formed by prefixing <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> to the
affirmative in all the tenses, as

<list>




<item><foreign xml:lang="per">نمي دانم</foreign> <gloss>I do not know</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">nescio</gloss>.</item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">نمي داني</foreign> <gloss>thou dost not know</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">nescis</gloss>.	</item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">نمي داند</foreign> <gloss>he does not know</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">nescit</gloss>.</item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">نمي دانيم</foreign> <gloss>we do not know</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">nescimus</gloss>.</item>
<item><foreign xml:lang="per">نمي دانيد</foreign> <gloss>you do not know</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">nescitis</gloss>.</item>

<item><foreign xml:lang="per">نمي دانند</foreign> <gloss>they do not know</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">nesciunt</gloss>.</item>

</list>








<cit><quote></quote><bibl></bibl></cit>


   <pb n="59"/>
   
   <cit><quote>I know not why the damsels, tall as cypresses, with black
eyes, bright as the moon, have not the colour of
Jove.</quote><bibl><persName>Hafiz</persName>.</bibl></cit>	

</p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="chapter">
            <head style="caps">of irregular verbs.</head>
            
            <p>In the ancient language of Persia there were very few
or no irregularities: the imperative, which is often irre-
gular in the modern Persian, was anciently formed from
the infinitive by rejecting the termination <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">îdan</foreign>;

for originally all infinitives ended in <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> 
               <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dan</foreign>, till the
Arabs introduced their harsh consonants before that syl-
lable, which obliged the Persians, who always affected a
sweetness of pronunciation, to change the old termination
of some verbs into <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tan</foreign>, and by degrees the original
infinitives grew quite obsolete; yet they still retain the
ancient imperatives and the aorists which are formed from
them. This little irregularity is the only anomalous part
of the Persian language, which, nevertheless, far surpasses
in simplicity all other languages, ancient or modern, of
which I have any knowledge. This remark on the for-
mation of the Persian imperatives from an obsolete verb,

   <pb n="60"/>



may be useful to those who are curious in ancient dialects;
as it will enable them to trace out a considerable part of
the old Persian language or Pehlevian <foreign xml:lang="per">پهلوي</foreign> which has

the same relation to the modern <foreign xml:lang="per">دري</foreign> or Persic, as the
Icelandic has to the Danish, or the Saxon to the Eng-
lish; and which was, perhaps, spoken in the age of
Xenophon. This is the language in which the works of
Zeratusht or Zoroaster are preserved, and into which the
fables of Bidpai or Pilpai were first translated from the
Indian: but as we rejected the Saxon alphabet to admit
the Roman; so the Persians, when they embraced the
religion of Mahomet, adopted the characters in which the
Alcoran was written, and incorporated into their language
a multitude of Arabic words and phrases.

</p><p>The Persian verbs that form their imperatives, and
consequently their aorists, from obsolete infinitives, may
be distributed into the following classes: the old infinitives
may be found by adding <foreign xml:lang="per">يدن</foreign> to the imperatives,

and the aorists by adding to them the personal termi-
nations.
<pb n="61"/>

</p><p>I. Irregulars that form their imperatives by rejecting
   <foreign xml:lang="per">دن</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">تن</foreign>
   

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آختن</foreign> <gloss>to draw a sabre</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آخ</foreign> <gloss>draw a sabre thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آخم</foreign> <gloss>I may draw a sabre</gloss>
   


</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">اژدن</foreign> <gloss>to sow together</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">اژ</foreign> <gloss>sow together thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">اژم</foreign> <gloss>I may sow together</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آزاردن</foreign> <gloss>to rebuke</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ازار</foreign> <gloss>rebuke thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آزارم</foreign> <gloss>I may rebuke</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">اغوشتن</foreign> <gloss>to embrace</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">اغوش</foreign> <gloss>embrace thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">اغوسشم</foreign> <gloss>I may embrace</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">اغيشتن</foreign> <gloss>to cut</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">اغيش</foreign> <gloss>cut thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">اغيشم</foreign> <gloss>I may cut</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">افشاردن</foreign> <gloss>to speak idly</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">افشان</foreign> <gloss>speak idly thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">افشانم</foreign> <gloss>I may speak idly</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">افشاندن</foreign> <gloss>to sprinkle</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">افشان</foreign> <gloss>sprinkle thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">افشانم</foreign> <gloss>I may sprinkle</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">افشردن</foreign> <gloss>to press</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">افشِِر</foreign> <gloss>press thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">افشرم</foreign> <gloss>I may press</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">افگندن</foreign> <gloss>to throw down 1</gloss>
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">اوگندن</foreign> <gloss>to throw down 2</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">افگن</foreign> <gloss>throw down thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">افگنم</foreign> <gloss>I may throw down</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">اگندن</foreign> <gloss>to fill</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">اگن</foreign> <gloss>fill thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">اگنم</foreign> <gloss>I may fill</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آرودن</foreign> <gloss>to bring</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آور</foreign> <gloss>bring thou 1</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آر</foreign> <gloss>bring thou 2</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آورم</foreign> <gloss>I may bring 1</gloss>
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آرم</foreign> <gloss>I may bring 2</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">بافتن</foreign> <gloss>to tinge or weave</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">باف</foreign> <gloss>tinge or weave thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">بافم</foreign> <gloss>I may tinge or weave</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">بردن</foreign> <gloss>to bear</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">بر</foreign> <gloss>bear thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">برم</foreign> <gloss>I may bear</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>to feed, cherish</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>feed, cherish thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>I may feed, cherish</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پژمردن</foreign> <gloss>to wither</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پژمر</foreign> <gloss>wither thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پژمرم</foreign> <gloss>I may wither</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">بودن</foreign> <gloss>to be</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">بو</foreign> <gloss>be thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">بوم</foreign> <gloss>I may be</gloss>
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">خواندن</foreign> <gloss>to read</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">خوان</foreign> <gloss>read thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">خوانم</foreign> <gloss>I may read</gloss>
   
   
<pb n="62"/>


</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">خوردن</foreign> <gloss>to eat</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">خور</foreign> <gloss>eat thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">خورم</foreign> <gloss>I may eat</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">رادن</foreign> <gloss>to drive</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ران</foreign> <gloss>drive thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">رانم</foreign> <gloss>I may drive</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">ريستن</foreign> <gloss>to buz</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ريس</foreign> <gloss>buz thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">ريسم</foreign> <gloss>I may buz</gloss>
   


</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">سپردن</foreign> <gloss>to resign, give in charge</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">سپر</foreign> <gloss>resign, give in charge thou 1</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">سپار</foreign> <gloss>resign, give in charge thou 2</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">سپرم</foreign> <gloss>I may resign, give in charge 1</gloss>
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پرارم</foreign> <gloss>I may resign, give in charge 2</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">ستردن</foreign> <gloss>to shave</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ستر</foreign> <gloss>shave thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">سترم</foreign> <gloss>I may shave</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">شاندن</foreign> <gloss>to comb</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">شان</foreign> <gloss>comb thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">شانم</foreign> <gloss>I may comb</gloss>
   


</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">شکافتن</foreign> <gloss>to cleave</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">شکاف</foreign> <gloss>cleave thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">شکافم</foreign> <gloss>I may cleave</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">شکردن</foreign> <gloss>to hunt</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">شکر</foreign> <gloss>hunt thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">شکرم</foreign> <gloss>I may hunt</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">شمردن</foreign> <gloss>to number</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">شمار</foreign> <gloss>number thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">شمارم</foreign> <gloss>I may number</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">شنودن</foreign> <gloss>to hear</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">شنو</foreign> <gloss>hear thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">شنوم</foreign> <gloss>I may hear</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">غنودن</foreign> <gloss>to slumber</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">غنو</foreign> <gloss>slumber thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">غنوم</foreign> <gloss>I may slumber</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">فسردن</foreign> <gloss>to freeze</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">فسر</foreign> <gloss>freeze thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">فسرم</foreign> <gloss>I may freeze</gloss>


</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>to press 1</gloss>
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>to press 2</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>press thou 1</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>press thou 2</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>I may press</gloss>
   



</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">فگندن</foreign> <gloss>to throw 1</gloss>
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">افگندن</foreign> <gloss>to throw 2</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">فگن</foreign> <gloss>throw thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">فگنم</foreign> <gloss>I may throw</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">گزاردن</foreign> <gloss>to perform</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گزار</foreign> <gloss>perform thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">گزارم</foreign> <gloss>I may perform</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">گستردن</foreign> <gloss>to strow, spread</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گستر</foreign> <gloss>strow, spread thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">گسترم</foreign> <gloss>I may strow, spread</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشتن</foreign> <gloss>to kill</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">كش</foreign> <gloss>kill thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشم</foreign> <gloss>I may kill</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشفتن</foreign> <gloss>to scatter</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشوف</foreign> <gloss>scatter thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشوفم</foreign> <gloss>I may scatter</gloss>
   

<pb n="63"/>

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">لاندن</foreign> <gloss>to move</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">لان</foreign> <gloss>move thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">لانم</foreign> <gloss>I may move</gloss>
   
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">ماندن</foreign> <gloss>to remain</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">مان</foreign> <gloss>remain thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">مانم</foreign> <gloss>I may remain</gloss>
   
   


</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">نشاندن</foreign> <gloss>to fix</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">نشان</foreign> <gloss>fix thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">نشانم</foreign> <gloss>I may fix</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">هيشتن</foreign> <gloss>to lay down 1</gloss>
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">هشتن</foreign> <gloss>to lay down 2</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">هيش</foreign> <gloss>lay thou down</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">هيشم</foreign> <gloss>I may lay down</gloss>
   
</item></list>  
   </p><p>II.	
      Irregulars that change <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>.		
to try		


<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آرمودن</foreign> <gloss>to try</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آرماي</foreign> <gloss>try thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آرمايم</foreign> <gloss>I may try</gloss>
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آشودن</foreign> <gloss>to rest</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آشاي</foreign> <gloss>rest thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آشايم</foreign> <gloss>I may rest</gloss>
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آفزودن</foreign> <gloss>to increase 1</gloss>
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">فزودن</foreign> <gloss>to increase 2</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آفزاي</foreign> <gloss>increase thou 1</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">فزاي</foreign> <gloss>increase thou 2</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آفزايم</foreign> <gloss>I may increase 1</gloss>
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">فزايم</foreign> <gloss>I may increase 2</gloss>
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آلودن</foreign> <gloss>to defile</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آلاي</foreign> <gloss>defile thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آلايم</foreign> <gloss>I may defile</gloss>
      
      <note>The participle of this verb, used in compound
      adjectives is <foreign xml:lang="per">آلوب</foreign>, as 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خواب آلود</foreign>,
      <gloss>sleepy</gloss>, <gloss>drowned		
      in sleep</gloss>.</note>		

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">اندودن</foreign> <gloss>to besmear</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">انداي</foreign> <gloss>besmear thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">اندايم</foreign> <gloss>I may besmear</gloss>
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پالودن</foreign> <gloss>to strain</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پالاي</foreign> <gloss>strain thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پالايم</foreign> <gloss>I may strain</gloss>
      


</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پتودن</foreign> <gloss>to measure</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پيماي</foreign> <gloss>measure thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پيمايم</foreign> <gloss>I may measure</gloss>
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">زدودن</foreign> <gloss>to polish</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">زداي</foreign> <gloss>polish thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">زدايم</foreign> <gloss>I may polish</gloss>
      
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">ستودن</foreign> <gloss>to praise</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ستاي</foreign> <gloss>praise thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">ستايم</foreign> <gloss>I may praise</gloss>
      
      <pb n="64"/>


</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">سودن</foreign> <gloss>to stroke</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ساي</foreign> <gloss>stroke thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">سايم</foreign> <gloss>I may stroke</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">فرمودن</foreign> <gloss>to command</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">فرماي</foreign> <gloss>command thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">فرمايم</foreign> <gloss>I may command</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">نمودن</foreign> <gloss>to show</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">نماي</foreign> <gloss>show thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">نمايم</foreign> <gloss>I may show</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشودن</foreign> <gloss>to open 1</gloss>
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشادن</foreign> <gloss>to open 2</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشاي</foreign> <gloss>open thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشايم</foreign> <gloss>I may open</gloss>
</item></list>  
   </p><p>III,		
      Irregulars that change <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>.		i



<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آشوپتن</foreign> <gloss>to disturb 1</gloss>
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آشفتن</foreign> <gloss>to disturb 2</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آشوب</foreign> <gloss>disturb thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آشوبم</foreign> <gloss>I may disturb</gloss>
      
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">نافتن</foreign> <gloss>to inflame</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ناب</foreign> <gloss>inflame thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">نابم</foreign> <gloss>I may inflame</gloss>
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">دريافتن</foreign> <gloss>to understand</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">درياب</foreign> <gloss>understand thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">دريابم</foreign> <gloss>I may understand</gloss>
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">سفتن</foreign> <gloss>to bore</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">سب</foreign> <gloss>bore thou <note>This imperative is very	anomalous.	</note></gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">سبم</foreign> <gloss>I may bore</gloss>
      
     

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">ستافتن</foreign> <gloss>to hasten</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ستاب</foreign> <gloss>hasten thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">ستابم</foreign> <gloss>I may hasten</gloss>
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">شگفتن</foreign> <gloss>to blossom</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">شگيب</foreign> <gloss>blossom thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">شگيبم</foreign> <gloss>I may blossom</gloss>
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">فريفتن</foreign> <gloss>to deceive</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">فريب</foreign> <gloss>deceive thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">فريبم</foreign> <gloss>I may deceive</gloss>
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">کوفتن</foreign> <gloss>to smite</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">کوب</foreign> <gloss>smite thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">کوبم</foreign> <gloss>I may smite</gloss>
      

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">نهفتن</foreign> <gloss>to lie hid</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">نهبن</foreign> <gloss>lie hid thou <note>I have never met with this strange imperative.</note></gloss>	
      
     		

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">يافتن</foreign> <gloss>to find</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ياب</foreign> <gloss>find thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">يابم</foreign> <gloss>I may find</gloss>
      
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">رفتن</foreign> <gloss>to go</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">رو</foreign> <gloss>go thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">روم</foreign> <gloss>I may go</gloss>
      

   <pb n="65"/>


</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">کافتن</foreign> <gloss>to dig</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">کاو</foreign> <gloss>dig thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">کاوم</foreign> <gloss>I may dig</gloss>
   
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">گفتن</foreign> <gloss>to say</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گو</foreign> <gloss>say thou 1</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گوي</foreign> <gloss>say thou 2</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">گويم</foreign> <gloss>I may say</gloss>
   
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">شنفتن</foreign> <gloss>to hear</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">شنو</foreign> <gloss>hear thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">شنوم</foreign> <gloss>I may hear</gloss>
</item></list>  
   
</p><p>Irregulars that change <foreign xml:lang="per">خ</foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="per">ز</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="per">س</foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="per">ش</foreign>	



<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">افراختن</foreign> <gloss>to exalt</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">افراز</foreign> <gloss>exalt thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">افرازم</foreign> <gloss>I may exalt</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">افروختن</foreign> <gloss>to inflame</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">افروز</foreign> <gloss>inflame thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">افروزم</foreign> <gloss>I may inflame</gloss>
   
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آموثتن</foreign> <gloss>to learn</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آموز</foreign> <gloss>learn thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آموزم</foreign> <gloss>I may learn</gloss>
   
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آميختن</foreign> <gloss>to mix</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آميز</foreign> <gloss>mix thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آميزم</foreign> <gloss>I may mix</gloss>
   
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">انداختن</foreign> <gloss>to throw</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">انداز</foreign> <gloss>throw thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">اندازم</foreign> <gloss>I may throw</gloss>
   
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">اندوختن</foreign> <gloss>to gain</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">اندوز</foreign> <gloss>gain thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">اندوزم</foreign> <gloss>I may gain</gloss>
   
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">انگيختن</foreign> <gloss>to excite</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">انگيز</foreign> <gloss>excite thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">انگيزم</foreign> <gloss>I may excite</gloss>
   
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آويختن</foreign> <gloss>to hang</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آويز</foreign> <gloss>hang thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آويزم</foreign> <gloss>I may hang</gloss>
   
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">باختن</foreign> <gloss>to play</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">باز</foreign> <gloss>play thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">بازم</foreign> <gloss>I may play</gloss>
   
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پرداختن</foreign> <gloss>to finish</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پرداز</foreign> <gloss>finish thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پردازم</foreign> <gloss>I may finish</gloss>
   
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پرهيختن</foreign> <gloss>to beware</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پرهيز</foreign> <gloss>beware thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پرهيزم</foreign> <gloss>I may beware</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پختن</foreign> <gloss>to boil</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پز</foreign> <gloss>boil thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پزم</foreign> <gloss>I may boil</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">بيختن</foreign> <gloss>to sift</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">بيز</foreign> <gloss>sift thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">بيزم</foreign> <gloss>I may sift</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پيختن</foreign> <gloss>to take captive</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پيز</foreign> <gloss>take captive thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پيزم</foreign> <gloss>I may take captive</gloss>
   
  
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">تاختن</foreign> <gloss>to twist</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">تاز</foreign> <gloss>twist thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">تازم</foreign> <gloss>I may twist</gloss>
   
   <pb n="66"/>




</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">توختن</foreign> <gloss>to collect</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">توز</foreign> <gloss>collect thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">توزم</foreign> <gloss>I may collect</gloss>
   


</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">ريختن</foreign> <gloss>to pour</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ريز</foreign> <gloss>pour thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">ريزم</foreign> <gloss>I may pour</gloss>


</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">ساختن</foreign> <gloss>to prepare</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ساز</foreign> <gloss>prepare thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">سازم</foreign> <gloss>I may prepare</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">خپوختن</foreign> <gloss>to prick</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">سپوز</foreign> <gloss>prick thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">سپوزم</foreign> <gloss>I may prick</gloss>

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">سوختن</foreign> <gloss>to burn</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">سوز</foreign> <gloss>burn thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">سوزم</foreign> <gloss>I may burn</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">گداختن</foreign> <gloss>to melt</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گداز</foreign> <gloss>melt thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">گدازم</foreign> <gloss>I may melt</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">گريختن</foreign> <gloss>to flee</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گريز</foreign> <gloss>flee thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">گريزم</foreign> <gloss>I may flee</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">نواختن</foreign> <gloss>to soothe</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">نواز</foreign> <gloss>soothe thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">نوازم</foreign> <gloss>I may soothe</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">شناختن</foreign> <gloss>to understand</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">شناس</foreign> <gloss>understand thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">شناسم</foreign> <gloss>I may understand</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">فروختن</foreign> <gloss>to sell</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">فروش</foreign> <gloss>sell thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">فروشم</foreign> <gloss>I may sell</gloss>
   
</item></list>
		
</p><p>Irregulars that change <foreign xml:lang="per">ش</foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="per">ر</foreign>		



<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">انباشتن</foreign> <gloss>to fill</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">انبار</foreign> <gloss>fill thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">انبارم</foreign> <gloss>I may fill</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">انکاشتن</foreign> <gloss>to think</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">انکار</foreign> <gloss>think thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">انکارم</foreign> <gloss>I may think</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">اوباشتن</foreign> <gloss>to swallow</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">اوبار</foreign> <gloss>swallow thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">اوبارم</foreign> <gloss>I may swallow</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">برداشتن</foreign> <gloss>to raise</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">بردار</foreign> <gloss>raise thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">بردارم</foreign> <gloss>I may raise</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پنداشتن</foreign> <gloss>to suppose</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پندار</foreign> <gloss>suppose thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پندارم</foreign> <gloss>I may suppose</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">داشتن</foreign> <gloss>to have</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">دار</foreign> <gloss>have thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">دارم</foreign> <gloss>I may have</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">گذاشتن</foreign> <gloss>to leave</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گذار</foreign> <gloss>leave thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">گذارم</foreign> <gloss>I may leave</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">گذشتن</foreign> <gloss>to pass</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گذر</foreign> <gloss>pass thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">گذرم</foreign> <gloss>I may pass</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">گماشتن</foreign> <gloss>to loose, dismiss</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گمار</foreign> <gloss>loose, dismiss thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">گمارم</foreign> <gloss>I may loose, dismiss</gloss>
</item></list>
   <pb n="67"/>

</p><p>VI.

</p><p>Irregulars that reject <foreign xml:lang="per">س</foreign>

  

		


<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">اجستن</foreign> <gloss>to plant</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">اج</foreign> <gloss>take plant</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">اجم</foreign> <gloss>I may plant</gloss>
   to 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آراستن</foreign> <gloss>to adorn, arrange</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آراي</foreign> <gloss>adorn thou, arrange thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آرايم</foreign> <gloss>I may adorn, arrange</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">بايستن</foreign> <gloss>to be necessary</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">باي</foreign> <gloss>be thou necessary</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">بايم</foreign> <gloss>I may be necessary</gloss>
   
	
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پايستن</foreign> <gloss>to accept</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پاي</foreign> <gloss>accept thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پايم</foreign> <gloss>I may accept</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پيراستن</foreign> <gloss>to deck</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پيراي</foreign> <gloss>deck thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پيرايم</foreign> <gloss>I may deck</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">جستن</foreign> <gloss>to seek</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">جوي</foreign> <gloss>seek thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">جويم</foreign> <gloss>I may seek</gloss>
   
	
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">دانستن</foreign> <gloss>to know</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">دان</foreign> <gloss>know thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">دانم</foreign> <gloss>I may know</gloss>
   
	
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">رستن</foreign> <gloss>to grow</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">روي</foreign> <gloss>grow thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">رويم</foreign> <gloss>I may grow</gloss>
   
		
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">زستن</foreign> <gloss>to live</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">زي</foreign> <gloss>live thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">زيم</foreign> <gloss>I may live</gloss>
   
	
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">شستن</foreign> <gloss>to wash</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">شوي</foreign> <gloss>wash thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">شويم</foreign> <gloss>I may wash</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">گريستن</foreign> <gloss>to weep</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گري</foreign> <gloss>weep thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">گريم</foreign> <gloss>I may weep</gloss>
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">مانستن</foreign> <gloss>to resemble</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">مان</foreign> <gloss>resemble thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">مانم</foreign> <gloss>I may resemble</gloss>
   
   
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">نگرستن</foreign> <gloss>to view</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">نتر</foreign> <gloss>view thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">نگرم</foreign> <gloss>I may view</gloss>
</item></list>  
   
   </p><p>VII. Irregulars in <foreign xml:lang="per">ين</foreign>	




<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آفريدن</foreign> <gloss>to create</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آفرين</foreign> <gloss>create thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">آفرينم</foreign> <gloss>I may create</gloss>
   
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">چيدن</foreign> <gloss>to gather</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">چين</foreign> <gloss>gather thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">چينم</foreign> <gloss>I may gather</gloss>
   
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">ديدن</foreign> <gloss>to see</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">بين</foreign> <gloss>see thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">بينم</foreign> <gloss>I may see</gloss>
   
   

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">گزيدن</foreign> <gloss>to choose</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گزين</foreign> <gloss>choose thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">گزينم</foreign> <gloss>I may choose</gloss>
   
   
<pb n="68"/>
   
</item></list> 


</p><p>VIII. Irregulars in <foreign xml:lang="per">ير</foreign> that reject <foreign xml:lang="per">ف</foreign>


<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پذيرفتن</foreign> <gloss>to accept</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پذير</foreign> <gloss>accept thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پذيرم</foreign> <gloss>I may accept</gloss>

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">گرفتن</foreign> <gloss>to take</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">گير</foreign> <gloss>take thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">گيرم</foreign> <gloss>I may take</gloss>
</item></list>
 </p><p>IX.		
    Irregulars that change <foreign xml:lang="per">س</foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign>	



<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">جستن</foreign> <gloss>to leap</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">جه</foreign> <gloss>leap thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">جهم</foreign> <gloss>I may leap</gloss>
    
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">زستن</foreign> <gloss>to be delivered</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">زه</foreign> <gloss>be thou delivered</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">زهم</foreign> <gloss>I may be delivered</gloss>
    
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">خواستن</foreign> <gloss>to be willing, want</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">خواه</foreign> <gloss>be thou willing, want</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">خواهم</foreign> <gloss>I may be willing, want</gloss>
    
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">کاستن</foreign> <gloss>to lessen</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">کاه</foreign> <gloss>lessen thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">کاهم</foreign> <gloss>I may lessen</gloss>
    
</item></list>  

</p><p>X. Irregulars that change <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>


<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">برنشستن</foreign> <gloss>to ascend</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">برنشين</foreign> <gloss>ascend thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">برنشينم</foreign> <gloss>I may ascend</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">بستن</foreign> <gloss>to bind</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">بند</foreign> <gloss>bind thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">بندم</foreign> <gloss>I may bind</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">پيوستن</foreign> <gloss>to join</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">پيوند</foreign> <gloss>join thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">پئوندم</foreign> <gloss>I may join</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">شکستن</foreign> <gloss>to break</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">شکن</foreign> <gloss>break thou</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">شکنم</foreign> <gloss>I may break</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">نشاستن</foreign> <gloss>to cause to sit down</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">نشان</foreign> <gloss>cause thou to sit down</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">نشانم</foreign> <gloss>I may cause to sit down</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">نشستن</foreign> <gloss>to sit down</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">نشين</foreign> <gloss>sit thou down</gloss>	
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">نشينم</foreign> <gloss>I may sit down</gloss>
   
		
<pb n="69"/>
</item></list> 
</p><p>XI. Irregulars that add <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>.

	
<list>
   <item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">زادن</foreign> <gloss>to be born</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">زاي</foreign> <gloss> be born</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">زايم</foreign> <gloss>I may be born</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">کادن</foreign> <gloss>to caress</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">کاي</foreign> <gloss> caress thou</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">کايم</foreign> <gloss>I may caress</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشادن</foreign> <gloss>to open</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشاي</foreign> <gloss> open thou</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">كشايم</foreign> <gloss>I may open</gloss>
 
</item></list>
</p><p>XII. Irregulars that reject <foreign xml:lang="per">ادن</foreign> 			




<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">افتادن</foreign> <gloss>to fall</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">افت</foreign> <gloss> fall thou</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">افتم</foreign> <gloss>I may fall</gloss>
 
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">ايستادن</foreign> <gloss>to stand</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ايست</foreign> <gloss> fall stand</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">ايستم</foreign> <gloss>I may stand</gloss>
   
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">فرستادن</foreign> <gloss>to send</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">فرست</foreign> <gloss> send thou</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">فرستم</foreign> <gloss>I may send</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">نهدن</foreign> <gloss>to place</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">نه</foreign> <gloss> place thou</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">نهم</foreign> <gloss>I may place</gloss>
 
</item></list>
 </p><p>XIII. Irregulars not reducible to any class.			


<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آمادن</foreign> <gloss>to prepare</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آماز</foreign> <gloss>prepare thou</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">آمازم</foreign> <gloss>I may prepare</gloss>
</item></list>  

    <list>
       <item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">آمدن</foreign> <gloss>to come</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">آي</foreign> <gloss>come thou</gloss>
          Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">آيم</foreign> <gloss>I may come</gloss>
       </item></list>  
    
    
<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">بودن</foreign> <gloss>to be</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">باش</foreign> <gloss>be thou</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">باشم</foreign> <gloss>I may be</gloss>
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">خاستن</foreign> <gloss>to rise</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">خيز</foreign> <gloss>rise thou</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">خيزم</foreign> <gloss>I may rise</gloss>
  
  
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">دادن</foreign> <gloss>to give</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ده</foreign> <gloss>give thou</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">دهم</foreign> <gloss>I may give</gloss>
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">زدن</foreign> <gloss>to strike</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">زن</foreign> <gloss>strike thou</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">زنم</foreign> <gloss>I may strike</gloss>
   
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">ستدن</foreign> <gloss>to take 1</gloss>
</item>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">ستاشتن</foreign> <gloss>to take 2</gloss>
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">ستان</foreign> <gloss>take thou</gloss>
   Aorist <foreign xml:lang="per">ستانم</foreign> <gloss>I may take</gloss>
   <pb n="70"/>

 

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">سرشتن</foreign>	 <gloss>to mix</gloss>, <gloss>to compose</gloss>

</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">سريش</foreign>	 <gloss>mix thou</gloss>, <gloss>compose thou</gloss>

</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">سريشم</foreign> <gloss>I shall or may mix</gloss>, <gloss>I shall or may compose</gloss>	

</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">کشستن</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">کسيختن</foreign> <gloss>to break</gloss>
   
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">کسيل</foreign> <gloss>break thou</gloss>
   
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">کسيلم</foreign> <gloss>I shall or may break</gloss>	
 
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">کندن</foreign>  <gloss>to rot</gloss>
   
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">کند</foreign> <gloss>rot thou</gloss>
   
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">کندم</foreign> <gloss>I shall or may rot</gloss>	
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">مردن</foreign>  <gloss>to die</gloss>
   
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">مير</foreign> <gloss>die thou</gloss>
   
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">ميرم</foreign> <gloss>I shall or may die</gloss>	
   
</item></list>

<list>
<item>Infin. <foreign xml:lang="per">نيشتن</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">نوشتن</foreign> <gloss>to write</gloss>
   
</item>
<item>Imper. <foreign xml:lang="per">کسيل</foreign> <gloss>write thou</gloss>
   
</item>
<item>Aorist. <foreign xml:lang="per">کسيلم</foreign> <gloss>I shall or may write</gloss>	
   </item>
</list>

</p><p>Example of an irregular verb.

   <foreign xml:lang="per">يافتن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">yâftan</foreign>, <gloss>to find</gloss>. Contracted infinitive <foreign xml:lang="per">يافت</foreign>

Present Tense.

</p><p>Sing.

   <foreign xml:lang="per">مي يابم</foreign> <gloss>I find</gloss>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مي يابي</foreign> <gloss>thou findest</gloss>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مي يابد</foreign> <gloss>he finds</gloss>

   <foreign xml:lang="per">مي يابيم</foreign>  <gloss>we find</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مي يابيد</foreign>  <gloss>you find</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مي ئابند</foreign>  <gloss>they find</gloss>.

Preterite.

   <foreign xml:lang="per">يافتم</foreign> <gloss>I found</gloss>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">يافتي</foreign> <gloss>thou foundest</gloss>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">يافت</foreign> <gloss>he found</gloss>
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">يافتيم</foreign>  <gloss>we found</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">يافتيد</foreign>  <gloss>you found</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">يافتند</foreign>  <gloss>they found</gloss>.
   
   <pb n="71"/></p>
   <p>Future, or Aorist.

Sing.	


      <foreign xml:lang="per">يابم</foreign> I shall or may find.	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">يابي</foreign> thou shalt or mayst find.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">يابم</foreign> he shall or may find.


Plur.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">يابيم</foreign>  we shall or may find,
      <foreign xml:lang="per">يابيد</foreign> you shall or may find.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">يابند</foreign> they shall or may find.

Imperative.

      <foreign xml:lang="per">ياب</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">بياب</foreign> find thou.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">يابيد</foreign> find you.

Participles.

Present,
      <foreign xml:lang="per">يابا</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="per">ياب</foreign>, or <foreign xml:lang="per">يابنده</foreign> finding 
      
      Preterite,
      <foreign xml:lang="per">يافته</foreign> having found.

<cit><bibl></bibl> <quote>It is better for me not to turn my face from patience; it
   may happen that I may find what my heart desires.</quote></cit>

</p><p>The contracted participles, as it has been before ob-
served, are of great use in the composition of words, as
   <foreign xml:lang="per">عشرت انگيز</foreign> <gloss>mirth-exciting</gloss>,	
   from <foreign xml:lang="per">عشق</foreign> which	in Arabic

signifies <gloss>mirth</gloss>, and the participle of <foreign xml:lang="per">انگيخين</foreign> <gloss>to excite</gloss>:

but of these elegant compounds I shall speak at large in
the next section.
</p></div>
   <pb n="72"/>
<div type="textpart" subtype="chapter">
<head style="caps">of the composition and derivation of words.</head>



<p>One of the chief beauties of the Persian language is the
frequent use of compound adjectives; in the variety and
elegance of which it surpasses not only the German and
English, but even the Greek. These compounds may be
multiplied without end according to the pleasure and taste
of the writer; they are formed either by a noun and the
contracted participle, as <foreign xml:lang="per">دل فريد</foreign> or 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">دلفريد</foreign> <gloss>heart-alluring</gloss>; or by prefixing an adjective to a noun, as
   <gloss>sweet-smelling</gloss>; or lastly, by placing one substantive before another, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گلعزار</foreign> <gloss>rose-cheeked</gloss>.

Since one of the nouns in a compound word is often
borrowed from the Arabic, a man who wishes to read Ihe
Persian books with satisfaction, ought to have a competent
knowledge of both languages. I shall subjoin a list of
the most elegant compounds that I can recollect; but I
must express most of them in English by circumlocutions;
for though we have some compound epithets which give a
<pb n="73"/>
   
   grace to our poetry, yet in general the genius of our lan-
guage seems averse to them. Thus <foreign xml:lang="per">آهو چشم</foreign> from <foreign xml:lang="per">آهو</foreign>

   <gloss>a fawn</gloss>, and <foreign xml:lang="per">چشم</foreign> <gloss>an eye</gloss>, a Persian epithet, which answers to the Greek <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἑλικῶπις</foreign>, seems very harsh in English,
if we translate it <gloss>fawn-eyed</gloss>; <persName>Lady Wortley Mountague’s</persName>
translation <gloss>stag-eyed</gloss> <note>See her <title>Letters from Constantinople</title>.</note> is not much better, and conveys a
different idea from what the Eastern poets mean to express
by this epithet.

</p><p>Adjectives compounded of nouns and participles.

<foreign xml:lang="per">گل افشان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gul afshân</foreign>, <gloss>shedding flowers</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">درٌ افشان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">durr afshân</foreign>, <gloss>sprinkling pearls</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">گوهر افشان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gôhar afshân</foreign>, <gloss>shedding gems</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">تيغ افشان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">têgh afshân</foreign>, <gloss>brandishing a scymitar</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">خون افشان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khûn afshân</foreign>, <gloss>dropping blood</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">دل آزار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dil âzâr</foreign>, <gloss>afflicting the heart</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">جان آزار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jân âzâr</foreign>, <gloss>wounding the soul</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">تاب افگن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tâb afgan</foreign>, <gloss>darting flames</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">بيخ افگن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bêkh afgan</foreign>, <gloss>tearing up roots</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">سنك افگن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sang afgan</foreign>, <gloss>casting stones</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">کوه افگن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kôh afgan</foreign>, <gloss>throwing down mountains</gloss>.


<pb n="74"/>

<foreign xml:lang="per">مرد افگن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mard afgan</foreign>, <gloss>overthrowing heroes</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">عنبر آگين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εambar	âgîn</foreign>, <gloss>full of ambergris</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">سرور آگين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">surûr âgîn</foreign>, <gloss>full of pleasures</gloss>.


<foreign xml:lang="per">مراد آور</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">murâd âwar</foreign>, <gloss>fulfilling our desires</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">دل آور</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dil âwar</foreign>, <gloss>stealing hearts</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">جهان آرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jahân ârâ</foreign>, <gloss>adorning the world</gloss>. 
<foreign xml:lang="per">عالم آرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εâlam ârâ</foreign>, <gloss>adorning the world</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">مجلس آرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">majlis ârâ</foreign>, <gloss>gracing the banquet</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">دل آرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dil ârâ</foreign>, <gloss>rejoicing the heart</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">دل آرام</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dil ârâm</foreign>, <gloss>giving rest to the heart</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">نبرد آزما</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nabard âzmâ</foreign>, <gloss>experienced in battle</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">روح آسا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">rûh âsâ</foreign>, <gloss>appeasing the spirit</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">جان آسا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jân âsâ</foreign>, <gloss>giving rest to the soul</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">کون آلود</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khun alûd</foreign>, <gloss>sprinkled with blood</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">غبار آلود</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ghubar alûd</foreign>, <gloss>covered with dust</gloss>. 
<foreign xml:lang="per">خطا آلود</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khata alûd</foreign>, <gloss>stained with crimes</gloss>. 
<foreign xml:lang="per">روح افزا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">rûh afzâ</foreign>, <gloss>refreshing the spirit</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">بهجت افزا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bahjat afzâ</foreign>, <gloss>increasing cheerfulness</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">شهر اشوب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shahr ashub</foreign>, <gloss>disturbing the city</gloss>; elegantly applied to beauty, to which likewise the poets give the following epithet,	


<foreign xml:lang="per">روز افزون</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">roz afzun</foreign>, <gloss>increasing daily</gloss>.
<pb n="75"/>

<foreign xml:lang="per">سر افراز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sar afrâz</foreign>, <gloss>raising his head</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">گردن افراز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gardan afrâz</foreign>, <gloss>exalting his neck</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">عالم افروز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εâlam afrôz</foreign>, <gloss>enlightening the world</gloss>.  
<foreign xml:lang="per">جهان افروز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jahân afrôz</foreign>, <gloss>enlightening the world</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">گيتي افروز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gîtî afrôz</foreign>, <gloss>enflaming the universe</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">معرکه افروز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">maεrikah afrôz</foreign>, <gloss>kindling the fight</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">بوستان آفروز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bôstân afrôz</foreign>, <gloss>inflaming the garden, a beautiful epithet for the anemone</gloss>.	
<foreign xml:lang="per">دانش آموز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dânish âmôz</foreign>, <gloss>skilled in science</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">کار آموز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kâr âmôz</foreign>, <gloss>expert in affairs</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">مژده آموز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mujdah âmêz</foreign>, <gloss>mixed with joyful tidings</gloss>.
This participle <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> is used in a great variety of
compounds.	
<foreign xml:lang="per">راحت آميز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">râhat âmêz</foreign>, <gloss>giving rest</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">ستم آميز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sitam âmêz</foreign>, <gloss>full of threats</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">شهد آميز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shahd âmêz</foreign>, <gloss>mixed with honey</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">رنك آميز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">rang âmêz</foreign>, <gloss>mixed with colours</gloss>, that is, <gloss>deceitful</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">پرتو انداز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">partô andâz</foreign>, <gloss>darting rays</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">دهشت انداز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dahshat andâz</foreign>, <gloss>striking with fear</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">آتش انداز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">âtish andâz</foreign>, <gloss>casting out fire</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">تير انداز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tîr andâz</foreign>, <gloss>shooting arrows</gloss>. 
<pb n="76"/>

<foreign xml:lang="per">ظلمت اندوز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">zulmat andôz</foreign>, <gloss>gathering darkness</gloss>, <gloss>an epithet of the night</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">عبرت اندوز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εibrat andôz</foreign>, <gloss>attracting wonder</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">التفات انگيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">iltifât angêz</foreign>, <gloss>exciting respect</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">خلوص انگيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khulûs angêz</foreign>, <gloss>promoting sincerity</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">فتنه انگيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">fitnah angêz</foreign>, <gloss>raising a tumult</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">خجلت انگيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khajlat angêz</foreign>, <gloss>causing blushes to rise</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">خفقان انگيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khafakân angêz</foreign>, <gloss>making the heart beat</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">ارشاد انگيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">irshâd angêz</foreign>, <gloss>producing safety</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">مردم اوبار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mardam ôbâr</foreign>, <gloss>devouring men</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">جان افرين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jân afrîn</foreign>, <gloss>that created the soul</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">دل بر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dil bar</foreign>, <gloss>a ravisher of hearts</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">سايه بروز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sâyah parwar</foreign>, <gloss>bred in the shade</gloss>, an epithet for an ignorant young man who has not seen the world.







<foreign xml:lang="per">علما پروز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εulama parwar</foreign>, <gloss>cherishing learned men</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">تن پروز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tan parwar</foreign>, <gloss>nourishing the body</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">عشق باز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εishk bâz</foreign>, <gloss>sporting with love</gloss>.

<foreign xml:lang="per">پوزش پذير</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pôzish pazîr</foreign>, <gloss>accepting an excuse</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">ترانه پرداز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">turânah pardâz</foreign>, <gloss>composing tunes</gloss>, <gloss>a musician</gloss>.

<foreign xml:lang="per">سخن پرداز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sakhun pardâz</foreign>, <gloss>composing sentences</gloss>, <gloss>an orator</gloss>.
<pb n="77"/>

<foreign xml:lang="per">مقل بند</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nakl band</foreign>, <gloss>compiling narratives</gloss>, <gloss>an historian</gloss>.

<foreign xml:lang="per">عدو بند</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εadû band</foreign>, <gloss>that enslaves his enemies</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">فتنه بيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">fitnah bêz</foreign>, <gloss>spreading sedition</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">عطر بيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εatar bêz</foreign>, <gloss>shedding perfume</gloss>.

<foreign xml:lang="per">نادره پيرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nâdarah pîra</foreign>, <gloss>collecting memorable events</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">آسمان پيوند</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">asman paywand</foreign>, <gloss>reaching the sky</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">عالمتاب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εâlam tâb</foreign>, <gloss>inflaming the world</gloss>, <gloss>an epithet of the sun</gloss>.

<foreign xml:lang="per">دولتجوي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dawlat jôyi</foreign>, <gloss>wishing prosperity</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">گل چين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gul chîn</foreign>, <gloss>gathering roses</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">شگوفه ثين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shagûfah chîn</foreign>, <gloss>cropping flowers</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">سکن چين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sakhun chîn</foreign>, <gloss>collecting words</gloss>, <gloss>an informer</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">سحر خيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sahar khêz</foreign>, <gloss>rising in the morning</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">خوشخوان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khûsh kh’ân</foreign>, <gloss>sweetly singing</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">جهاندار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jahândâr</foreign>, <gloss>possessing the world</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">نکته دان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">noktah dân</foreign>, <gloss>skilful in subtleties</gloss>.

<foreign xml:lang="per">خرده بين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khurdah bîn</foreign>, <gloss>seeing minute objects</gloss>.

<foreign xml:lang="per">سکن ران</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sakhun rân</foreign>, <gloss>lengthening his discourse</gloss>.

<foreign xml:lang="per">کامران</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kâmrân</foreign>, <gloss>gaining his desires</gloss>.
<foreign xml:lang="per">کون ريز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khûn rêz</foreign>, <gloss>shedding blood</gloss>.














<pb n="78"/>
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">شکر ريز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shakar rêz</foreign>, <gloss>dropping sugar</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گهر ريز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gohar rêz</foreign>, <gloss>scattering jewels</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">اشك ريز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ashk rêz</foreign>, <gloss>shedding tears</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">غمزدا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ghamzadâ</foreign>, <gloss>dispersing care</gloss>.

   <foreign xml:lang="per">ظلمت زدا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">zulmat zadâ</foreign>, <gloss>dispelling darkness,</gloss>.
   

   <foreign xml:lang="per">رهزن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">rahzân,</foreign>, <gloss>infesting the way, a robber</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سحر ساز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sihr sâz</foreign>, <gloss>preparing inchantments</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">دلستان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dilsitân</foreign>, <gloss>ravishing hearts</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">دلسوز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dilsôz</foreign>, <gloss>inflaming the heart</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">جان شکار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jân shikâr</foreign>, <gloss>a hunter of souls</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">عمر شکاف</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εumr shikâf</foreign>, <gloss>destroying life</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">صف شکن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">saf shikan</foreign>, <gloss>breaking the ranks</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">انجم شمار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">anjum shumâr</foreign>, <gloss>equal to the stars in number</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">کار شناس</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kâr shinâs</foreign>, <gloss>skilful in business</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">شکر فروش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shakar farôsh</foreign>, <gloss>selling sugar</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خود فروش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khûd farôsh</foreign>, <gloss>boasting of himself</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ناظر فريب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nâzar farêb</foreign>, <gloss>deceiving the beholder</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">جگر کداز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jigar gudâz</foreign>, <gloss>melting the heart</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">صمٌا کداز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">summâ gudâz</foreign>, <gloss>dispelling a calamity</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ضيا گستر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">zayâ gustar</foreign>, <gloss>spreading light</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">عالمگير</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εâlam gîr</foreign>, <gloss>subduing the world,</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">دلکشا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dilkushâ</foreign>, <gloss>rejoicing the heart</gloss>.



<pb n="79"/>

<foreign xml:lang="per">کشور کشا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kishwar kushâ</foreign>, <gloss>conquering provinces</gloss>.
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">اورنك نشين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">awrang nashîn</foreign>, <gloss>sitting on a throne</gloss>.
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ويرانح نشين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">wayrânah nashîn</foreign>, <gloss>inhabiting a desert</gloss>.
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">رهنما</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">rahnamâ</foreign>, <gloss>showing the way</gloss>.
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">غريب نواز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gharîb nawâz</foreign>, <gloss>kind to strangers.</gloss>
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بربط نواز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">barbut nawâz</foreign>, <gloss>tuning a lute.</gloss>
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">کامبياب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kâmyab</foreign>, <gloss>who finds what he desires</gloss>.
   







</p></div>

<div type="textpart" subtype="sectoni"><head>II.

Words compounded of adjectives and nouns.</head>

<p>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خوب روي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khûb rôyi</foreign>, <gloss>with a beautiful face.</gloss>

   <foreign xml:lang="per">پاکيزه خوي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pâkîzah khôyi</foreign>, <gloss>having pure intentions</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خوش خوي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khûsh khôyi</foreign>, <gloss>of a sweet disposition</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پاکدامن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pâkdâman</foreign>, <gloss>with unblemished virtue</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خوب آواز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khûb âwâz</foreign>, <gloss>with a good voice.</gloss>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خوب رايحه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khûb râyhah</foreign>, <gloss>with a pleasing scent</gloss>.
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خوش الحان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khûsh alhân</foreign>, <gloss>with sweet notes</gloss>.
   











an epithet of the nightingale, as in this elegant distich,


<pb n="80"/>

<cit><bibl n="CTS"></bibl><quote><p>The brightness of youth again returns to the bowers;
The rose sends joyful tidings to the nightingale with

sweet notes.</p></quote></cit>

   <foreign xml:lang="per">خوش رفتار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khûsh raftâr</foreign>, <gloss>walking gracefully</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">شيرينکار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shîrînkâr</foreign>, <gloss>with gentle manners</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">شيرين دهن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shîrîn dahan</foreign>, <gloss>with a sweet mouth</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سياه چشم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">siyâh chashm,</foreign>, <gloss>black-eyed</gloss>.

   
The compounds of this form are very numerous, and may be invented at pleasure

</p></div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="subsection"><head>III.

Adjectives compounded of two nouns.</head>
            <p>
Each of these epithets is a short simile.

<foreign xml:lang="per">پري روي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">parî rôyî</foreign>, <gloss>with the face of an angel</gloss>.
               <foreign xml:lang="per">پري پيکر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">parî paykar</foreign>, <gloss>with the face of an angel</gloss>.
               <foreign xml:lang="per">پري رحسان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">parî rôkhsâr</foreign>, <gloss>with the cheeks of an angel</gloss>.
               
               <foreign xml:lang="per">جمشيد کلاه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Jamshîd kulâh</foreign>, <gloss>with the diadem of Gemshid</gloss>.
               <foreign xml:lang="per">دارا حشمت</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Dârâ hashmat</foreign>, <gloss>with the troops of Darius</gloss>.
               
               <foreign xml:lang="per">سيمين ساق</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sîmîn sâk</foreign>, <gloss>with legs like silver</gloss>.
               
               <foreign xml:lang="per">شکر لب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shakar lab</foreign>, <gloss>with lips of sugar</gloss>.
               <foreign xml:lang="per">طوطي گفتار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tûtî guftâr</foreign>, <gloss>talking like a parrot</gloss>.






<pb n="81"/>

   <foreign xml:lang="per">غنچه لب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gunchah lab</foreign>, <gloss>with lips like rose-buds</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سمن بوي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">saman bôyi</foreign>, <gloss>with the scent of jessamine</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سمن بر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">saman bar</foreign>, <gloss>with a bosom like jessamine</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گلرخ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gulrôkh</foreign>, <gloss>with cheeks like roses</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گلروي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gulrôyi</foreign>, <gloss>with a rosy face</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مشک لب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">muskh bôyi</foreign>, <gloss>with the scent, of musk</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ياقوت</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">yâkût Jab</foreign>, <gloss>with lips like rubies</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">شير دل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shêr dil</foreign>, <gloss>with the heart of a lion</gloss>.

When we consider the vast number of epithets that may
be compounded after these three forms, and that those
epithets are often used for substantives without a noun
being expressed, we must allow that the Persian language
is the richest in the world. These compounds are thought
so beautiful by the Persian poets, that they sometimes fill
a distich with them, as

<cit><bibl n="CTS"></bibl><quote><p>
A damsel with a face like the moon, scented like musk,
a ravisher of hearts,-delighting the soul, seducing the
senses, beautiful as the full moon. </p></quote></cit>


         
         
            
               
                  
                     
                        <pb n="82"/>
   

The particle 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">هم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ham</foreign>, <gloss>together</gloss>, prefixed, to nouns, forms
   another elegant class of compounds implying <gloss>society</gloss> and

<gloss>intimacy</gloss>, as

<foreign xml:lang="per">هماشيان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hamâshiyân,</foreign> <gloss>of the same nest</gloss>.
   
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">هماهنغ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hamâhang</foreign>, <gloss>of the same inclination</gloss>.
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">همبزم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hambazm</foreign>, <gloss>of the same banquet</gloss>.
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">همبستر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hambistar</foreign>, <gloss>lying on the same pillow</gloss>.
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">همخوابه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hamkh'âbah</foreign>, <gloss>sleeping together</gloss>.
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">همدم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hamdam</foreign>, <gloss>breathing together</gloss>, that is, very intimately connected.
   






</p><p>The particles <foreign xml:lang="per">نا</foreign> <gloss>not</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">کم</foreign> <gloss>little</gloss>, and 
      <foreign xml:lang="per">بي</foreign> <gloss>without</gloss>, are
placed before nouns to denote privation, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">نا اميد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nâ amêd</foreign>, <gloss>hopeless</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">نا شناس</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nâ shanâs</foreign>, <gloss>ignorant</gloss>,

   <foreign xml:lang="per">نا شگفته</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nâ shaguftah</foreign>, <gloss>a rose not yet blown</gloss>; 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">کمبها</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kambahâ</foreign>, <gloss>of little
value</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">کم عکل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kam εakl</foreign>, <gloss>with little sense</gloss>; 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بي امان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bî bak</foreign>, <gloss>fearless</gloss>, 
      <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bî aman</foreign>, <gloss>merciless</gloss>: this particle is
often joined to Arabic verbs, as
      <foreign xml:lang="per">بي تامٌل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bî tammul</foreign>, <gloss>inconsiderate</gloss>, 
      <foreign xml:lang="per">بي ترتيب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bî tartib</foreign>, <gloss>irregular</gloss>.

Example. 
   <cit><bibl n="CTS"></bibl><quote></quote></cit>
<pb n="83"/>
   

<cit><bibl n="CTS"></bibl><quote>Henceforth, wherever I write thy name, I will write
   <emph>false</emph>, <emph>unkind</emph>, and <emph>faithless</emph>.</quote></cit>

</p><p>Names of agents are generally participles active in
as
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سازنده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sâzandah,</foreign> <gloss>a composer</gloss>; or they are formed by

adding 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gar</foreign>, 
      <foreign xml:lang="per">گار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gâr</foreign>, or 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bân</foreign> to a substantive, as
   <foreign xml:lang="per">زرگر</foreign> <gloss>a goldsmith</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">قلمگار</foreign> <gloss>a writer</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">باغبان</foreign> <gloss>a gardener</gloss>.

</p><p>Nouns of action are often the same with the third person
preterite of a verb, as
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خريد و فروخت</foreign> <gloss>buying and selling</gloss>,

  <foreign xml:lang="per">آمد و شد</foreign> <gloss>coming and going</gloss>.

</p><p>Adjectives implying possession or plenty are formed by
adding to nouns the terminations 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sâr</foreign>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gîn</foreign>,

   <foreign xml:lang="per">مند</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mand</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ناگ</foreign> <gloss>nâg</gloss>, or
   <foreign xml:lang="per">وار</foreign> <gloss>wâr</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">شرمسار</foreign> <gloss>bashful</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">غمكين</foreign> <gloss>sorrowful</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">دانشمند</foreign> <gloss>learned</gloss>,
      <foreign xml:lang="per">زهرناگ</foreign> <gloss>venomous</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">اميدوار</foreign> <gloss>hopeful</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">جانور</foreign> <gloss>having life</gloss>.

</p><p>The Arabic words 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ذو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">zû</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">صاهب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sâhib</foreign>	and
   <foreign xml:lang="per">اهل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ahl</foreign>

prefixed to nouns form likewise adjectives of possession,
as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ذوجلال</foreign> <gloss>majestic</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">dignitate praeditus</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">صاهب بمال</foreign> <gloss>beautiful</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">venustate praeditus</gloss>,	
 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">اهل حکمت</foreign> <gloss>wise</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">sapientia

praeditus</gloss>. We may here observe, that the Indians use a
great variety of phrases purely Arabic, some as proper
names and titles of chiefs and princes, and others as

<pb n="84"/>
   

epithets or constant adjuncts to substantives; such are the
names <foreign xml:lang="per">شجع الدٌوله</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Shujaεud’dawlah</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">نجم الدٌوله</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Najmud'-dawlah</foreign>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">شمس الدٌوله</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Shamsud’dawlah</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سراج الدٌوله</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Sarajud’dawlah</foreign>, 
   which signify in Arabic <gloss>the force</gloss>, <gloss>the star</gloss>,
   <gloss>the sun</gloss>, and <gloss>the lamp of the state</gloss>; such also is the title
which they gave Lord Clive,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">زبدة الملك</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Zubdatu’lmulk</foreign>,

   <gloss>the flower of the kingdom</gloss>; in the same manner they seldom
mention the province of
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بنگاله</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Bangalah</foreign> without adding,

by way of epithet, 	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">جنٌت البلاد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">jannatulbalâd</foreign>, <gloss>the paradise

of regions</gloss>, an Arabic title given to that province by
   <foreign xml:lang="per">آورنگزيب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Awrangzîb</foreign>.

</p><p>Some adjectives are formed from nouns by adding 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">în</foreign>,
as
   <foreign xml:lang="per">آتشين</foreign> <gloss>fiery</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">زرين</foreign> <gloss>golden</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">زمردين</foreign> <gloss>made of emeralds</gloss>.

</p><p>The termination <foreign xml:lang="per">انه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">anah</foreign>
   added to substantives forms
adverbs that imply a kind of similitude, as 

   <foreign xml:lang="per">دانايانه</foreign> <gloss>prudently</gloss>, <gloss>like a prudent man</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مردانه</foreign> <gloss>courageously</gloss>,
    <gloss>like a man of courage</gloss>.

</p><p>Adjectives ol similitude are formed by adding 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">آسا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">âsâ</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sâ</foreign>, or 
      <foreign xml:lang="per">وش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">wash</foreign>, 
   to substantives, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">عمبر آسا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">εambar
   asa</foreign>, <gloss>like ambergris</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مشكن آسا</foreign> <gloss>like musk</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">جنٌت آسا</foreign> <gloss>like paradise</gloss>; 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سحر سا</foreign> <gloss>like magic</gloss>; 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">غنچه وش</foreign> <gloss>like a rose-bud</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">قمر وش</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">مهوش</foreign> <gloss>like the moon</gloss>.
   <pb n="85"/>
   
   </p><p>Some adjectives and adverbs are formed by nouns
      doubled with the letter <foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign> alif between them, as 
      <foreign xml:lang="per">لبا لب</foreign> <gloss>up to
the brim</gloss>,
      <foreign xml:lang="per">سراسر</foreign> from the beginning to the end, 
      
      or
      <foreign xml:lang="per">رگارنگ</foreign>
      many-coloured,

</p><p>Example.

<cit><bibl n="CTS"></bibl><quote>
A garden, in which were the clearest rivulets, an orchard
in which the notes of the birds were melodious; the
one was full of <emph>many-coloured</emph> tulips, the other full of
   fruits <emph>with various hues</emph>.</quote></cit>

The two first lines of this tetrastich are in pure Arabic.

   </p><p>The termination <foreign xml:lang="per">فام</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">fâm</foreign>, 
      as well as <foreign xml:lang="per">گون</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gûn</foreign>, denotes
      colour, as	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">گلفام</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">گلگون</foreign> <gloss>rose-coloured</gloss>,
      <foreign xml:lang="per">زمرنفام</foreign> <gloss>emerald-coloured</gloss>.

</p><p>From the compounds above-mentioned, or any other
adjectives, compounded or simple, may be formed abstract
substantives by adding <foreign xml:lang="per">ي</foreign> as
   <pb n="86"/>


<list><item>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سرمسار</foreign> <gloss>bashful</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سرمساري</foreign> <gloss>bashfulness</gloss>.
</item><item>  
      <foreign xml:lang="per">دانشمند</foreign> <gloss>learned</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">دانشمندي</foreign> <gloss>learning</gloss>.
</item><item>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سياه</foreign> <gloss>blacky,</gloss>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">سياهي</foreign> <gloss>blackness</gloss>.
</item></list>
   
</p><p>If the adjective end in <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> the abstract is made by changing
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="per">کي</foreign> as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بيگانه</foreign> <gloss>new</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بيگانگي</foreign> 
   <gloss>novelty</gloss>.

</p><p>Other abstracts are made either by adding 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">âr</foreign> to the
   third person of the past tense, as 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ديدار</foreign> <gloss>sight</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گفتار</foreign> <gloss>speech</gloss>,

   <foreign xml:lang="per">رفتار</foreign>, <gloss>motion</gloss>; 
   or by; adding <foreign xml:lang="per">ش</foreign> to the contracted participle,
   a <foreign xml:lang="per">اسايش</foreign> <gloss>rest</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ستايش</foreign> <gloss>praise</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ارمايش</foreign> temptation.

</p><p>The letter <foreign xml:lang="per">ا</foreign> alif added to some adjectives makes them
   abstract nouns, as <foreign xml:lang="per">گرم</foreign> <gloss>warm</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گرما</foreign> <gloss>warmth</gloss>.

</p><p>Nouns denoting the place of any thing are formed by
the terminations <foreign xml:lang="per">إستان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">-istan</foreign>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">دان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">-dân</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">زار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">-zâr</foreign>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گاه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">-gâh</foreign>, or
   <foreign xml:lang="per">جا</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">-jâ</foreign>, as

<list><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">نگارستان</foreign>, 
<note>The five first of these names are the titles of as many excellent books: the
Baharislan and Gulistán are poetical compositions by <persName>Jâmî</persName> and <persName>Sâdî</persName>; 
   the <title xml:lang="per-lat">Nagaristân</title> is a very entertaining miscellany in prose and verse ; 
   and the <title xml:lang="per-lat">Shakardân</title> is
   a miscellaneous work in Arabic upon the history of Egypt: as to the <title xml:lang="per-lat">Sambulistân</title>,
I have seen it quoted, but recollect neither the subject, nor the name of its author.
The Greeks sometimes gave these flowery titles to their books; thus Pamphilus
published a treatise on different subjects, which he called 
   <title xml:lang="grc">Λειμών</title> <title xml:lang="per">چهنزار</title> <gloss>a meadow</gloss>;

and Apostolius compiled an 
   <title xml:lang="grc">Ἰωνία</title> <title xml:lang="per">بنفشه زار</title> <gloss>a garden of violets</gloss>, or a collection of



proverbs and sentences.</note>
   <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nagaristân</foreign>, <gloss>a gallery of pictures.</gloss> 
   
   <pb n="87"/>
   


</item><item>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بهارستان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">baharistân</foreign>, <gloss>the mansion of the spring</gloss>.
</item><item>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گلستان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gulistân,</foreign>,  <gloss>a bower of roses</gloss>.
   
</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">شکردان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shakardân</foreign>, <gloss>a chest of sugar</gloss>.
</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">شکرستان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sharkaristân</foreign>, <gloss>a chest of sugar</gloss>.

</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">سنبلستان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sambulistân</foreign>, <gloss>a garden of hyacinths</gloss>.
</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">شئستان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shêristân</foreign>, <gloss>the country of lions</gloss>.
</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">جنستان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ginistân</foreign>, <gloss>fairy-land</gloss>.
</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">گلزار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">gulzâr</foreign>, <gloss>a bed of roses</gloss>.
</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">لالهزار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">lâlahzâr</foreign>, <gloss>a border of tulips</gloss>.
</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">عبادتگاه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">'ibâdatgâh</foreign>,  <gloss>a place of worship</gloss>.
</item><item>   <foreign xml:lang="per">خواب جا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">khâb jâ</foreign>, <gloss>the place of sleep, a bed</gloss>.


</item></list>
   

The learner must remember, that when these compounds
are used as distinct substantives, the termination <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> of the
plural, and <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> of the oblique case, must be added to the end
of them, as 

Sing. 

   <gloss>a girl with sweet lips</gloss>.

Nom. <foreign xml:lang="per">شيرين دهن</foreign>

Obl. <foreign xml:lang="per">شيري» دهنرا</foreign>

Plur. 

<gloss>girls with sweet lips</gloss>.

Nom. <foreign xml:lang="per">شيرين دهنان</foreign>

Obl. <foreign xml:lang="per">شيرين دهنانرا</foreign>

The Persian verbs are compounded either with nouns
and adjectives, or with prepositions and other particles.
<pb n="88"/>


The verbs chiefly used in the first sort of composition are
   <foreign xml:lang="per">کردن</foreign> <gloss>to do</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">آوردن</foreign> <gloss>to bring</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">داشتن</foreign> <gloss>to have</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ساختن</foreign> <gloss>to make</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">فرمودن</foreign> <gloss>to order</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">خوردن</foreign> <gloss>to devour</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">زدن</foreign> <gloss>to strike</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بردن</foreign> <gloss>to bear</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">نمودن</foreign> <gloss>to show</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گشتن</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">گرديدن</foreign> <gloss>to become</gloss>,

   <foreign xml:lang="per">آمدن</foreign> <gloss>to come</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ديدن</foreign> <gloss>to see</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">گرفتن</foreign> <gloss>to take</gloss>, and
   <foreign xml:lang="per">يافتن</foreign> <gloss>to find</gloss>.

The most common of these is which <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> is joined
in all its inflexions to a multitude of Arabic gerunds or
verbal nouns, as well as. to Persian adjectives and parti-
ciples, as 

   <foreign xml:lang="per">ئقرار کردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ikrâr kardan</foreign>, <gloss>to confess</gloss>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ئنتظار کرن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">intizâr kardan</foreign>, <gloss>to expect</gloss>.

   <foreign xml:lang="per">رجوع کردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">rujût kardan</foreign>, <gloss>to return</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">تمام کردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tamâm kardan</foreign>, <gloss>to complete</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پر کردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pur kardan</foreign>, <gloss>to fill</gloss>.

   <foreign xml:lang="per">ترک کردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tark kardan</foreign>, <gloss>to leave</gloss>.

   <foreign xml:lang="per">طلوع کردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tulû' kardan</foreign>, <gloss>to rise</gloss> (<gloss>oriri</gloss>).

Thus Hafiz,

   <cit>
      <bibl n="CTS"></bibl>
      <quote></quote></cit>
   
   <pb n="89"/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.



   <cit>
      <bibl n="CTS"></bibl>
      <quote><p>It is morning; boy, fill the cup with wine: the rolling
heaven makes no delay; therefore hasten. The sun of
the wine rises from the east of the cup: if thou seekest
the delights of mirth, leave thy sleep.</p></quote></cit>

   <foreign xml:lang="per">هجوم آوردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hujûm âwardan</foreign>,	<gloss>to assault</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ياد آرودن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">yâd âwardan</foreign>,	<gloss>to remember</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">عجب داشتهن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">'ajab dâshtân</foreign>,	<gloss>to wonder</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">معذور داشتن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">matziir dâshtân</foreign>,	<gloss>to excuse</gloss>.
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حسد بردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hasad burdan</foreign>,	<gloss>to envy</gloss>.
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اعتقاد بردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">i'tikad burdan</foreign>,	<gloss>to believe</gloss>.
         <foreign xml:lang="per">غمٌ خوردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ghamm khûrdan</foreign>,	<gloss>to grieve</gloss>.
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سوکند خوردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sôgand khûrdan</foreign>,	<gloss>to swear</gloss>.
         <foreign xml:lang="per">روسن ساختن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">rôshan sâkhtan</foreign>,	<gloss>to enlighten</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">تر ساختهن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tar sâktan</foreign>,	<gloss>to moisten</gloss>.
         <foreign xml:lang="per">التفات نمودن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">iltifat namûdan</foreign>,	<gloss>to esteem</gloss>.
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مدهوش گشتن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">madhôsh gashtan</foreign>,	<gloss>to be astonished</gloss>.
         <foreign xml:lang="per">غمناگ کرديدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ghamnâg gardîdan</foreign>, <gloss>to be afflicted</gloss>.	
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پديد آمدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">padîd âmadan</foreign>, 	<gloss>to appear</gloss>.
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اهسان ديدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ihsân dîdan</foreign>,	<gloss>to be benefited</gloss>.
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پرورش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">parwarish yâftan</foreign>,	<gloss>to be educated</gloss>.
         <foreign xml:lang="per">قرار گرفتن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">karâr griftan</foreign>,	<gloss>to be confirmed</gloss>.


   <pb n="90"/>



</p><p>The verbs <foreign xml:lang="per">زدن</foreign> and <foreign xml:lang="per">فرمودن</foreign> are very frequently used
   in composition, as <foreign xml:lang="per">نعره زدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">na'rah zadan</foreign> <gloss>to call aloud</gloss>,
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">fikr farmûdan</foreign> <gloss>to consider</gloss>; thus <persName>Jalâluddîn
      Rôzbahâr</persName>,

<cit>
   <bibl n="CTS"></bibl>
   <quote><p>While the nightingale sings thy praises with a loud voice,
I am all ear, like the rose-tree.
</p></quote></cit>
   And <persName>Hafiz</persName>,

<cit>
   <bibl n="CTS"></bibl>
   <quote><p>Consider attentively; where is a rose without a thorn?</p></quote></cit>

Some of the particles, with which verbs are compounded,
are significant, and others redundant and ornamental, as

   <foreign xml:lang="per">در آمدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dar âmadan</foreign>, <gloss>to enter</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">در آوردن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dar âwardan</foreign>, <gloss>to bring in</gloss>.
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">در خواستن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dar kh’âstan</foreign>,<gloss>to require</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">در يافتن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dar yâftan</foreign>, <gloss>to understand</gloss>.
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بر آمدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bar âmadan</foreign>, <gloss>to ascend</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بر گشتن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bar gashtan</foreign>, <gloss>to return</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بر آسودن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bar âsûdan</foreign>, <gloss>to rest</gloss>.


      
      
   
   
<pb n="91"/>

   <foreign xml:lang="per">با داشتن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">baz dâshtan</foreign>, <gloss>to with-hold</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">فرود آمدن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">farôd âmadan</foreign>, <gloss>to descend</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">واپس داشتن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">wâpas dâshtan</foreign>, <gloss>to detain</gloss>.

   <foreign xml:lang="per">سر دادن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sar dâdan</foreign>,	<gloss>to banish</gloss>, <gloss>to confine to a place</gloss>.

In the present tense of a compound verb the particle
   <foreign xml:lang="per">مي</foreign> is inserted between the two words of which it is com-
   posed, as <foreign xml:lang="per">پر کردن</foreign> <gloss>to fill</gloss>.

Sing.	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پر مي کنم</foreign> <gloss>I fill</gloss>.	 

   <foreign xml:lang="per">پر مي کني</foreign> <gloss>thou fillest</gloss>.	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پر مي کند</foreign> <gloss>he fills</gloss>.

Plur.


   <foreign xml:lang="per">پر مي کنيم</foreign> <gloss>we fill</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پر مي کنيد</foreign> <gloss>you fill</gloss>.
   <foreign xml:lang="per">پر مي کنند</foreign> <gloss>they fill</gloss>.
   
</p><p>Sometimes the two words of which a verb is compounded
are placed at a great distance from each other, as



   <cit>
      <bibl n="CTS"></bibl>
      <quote><p>O western breeze, say thus to yon tender fawn, thou
hast confined us to the hills and deserts,</p></quote></cit>

where <foreign xml:lang="per">سر داده</foreign> the preterite of <foreign xml:lang="per">سر دادن</foreign> <gloss>to confine</gloss>, 
   <gloss xml:lang="fr">reléguer</gloss>, is separated by three words. The noun <foreign xml:lang="per">سر</foreign> has a
number of different senses, and is therefore the most

<pb n="92"/>

difficult word in the Persian language; it signifies <gloss>the head</gloss>,
   <gloss>the top</gloss>, <gloss>the point</gloss>, <gloss>the principal thing</gloss>, <gloss>the air</gloss>, <gloss>desire</gloss>, <gloss>love</gloss>,
   <gloss>will</gloss>, <gloss>intention</gloss>, etc. and sometimes its meaning is so vague
that it seems a mere expletive, though the Persians un-
doubtedly feel its force.

</p><p>There are derivative verbs in Persian, as in Hebrew and
Arabic, which may be called causals; they are formed
from the transitive verbs by changing <foreign xml:lang="per">يدن</foreign> into <foreign xml:lang="per">انيدن</foreign>, and
   sometimes into <foreign xml:lang="per">ايانيدن</foreign> as

   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>to shine</gloss> and <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>, <gloss>to cause to shine.</gloss>





   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>to arrive</gloss>. <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>to	cause	to	arrive</gloss>, ,<gloss>to

conduct</gloss>, <gloss>bring</gloss>.



<cit>
   <bibl n="CTS"></bibl>
<quote><p>O heaven! bring that musky fawn back to Khoten;
bring back that tall waving cypress to its native
garden.</p></quote></cit>
<pb n="93"/>
      

</p></div>
         <div type="textpart">
<head style="cap">of Persian numbers.</head>
            <p>

The numerals and invariable parts of speech belong more
properly to a vocabularly than to a grammar; but for the
use of such as will* take the trouble to learn them by heart,
I will here subjoin the most common of them :

<list>
   <item>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">آ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يک</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">yak</foreign>, <gloss>one</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۲</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">دو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dô</foreign>, <gloss>two.</gloss>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۳</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">چ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">سه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">seh</foreign>, <gloss>three</gloss>. 
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۴</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">د</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">چهار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chahâr</foreign>, <gloss>four</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۵</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">پنج</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">panj</foreign>, <gloss>five.</gloss>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۶</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">و</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">شش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shash</foreign>, <gloss>six.</gloss>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۷</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">هفت</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">haft</foreign>, <gloss>seven.</gloss>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۸</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ح</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">هشت</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hasht</foreign>, <gloss>eight.</gloss>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۹</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ط</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">نه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nuh</foreign>, <gloss>nine.</gloss>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dah</foreign>, <gloss>ten.</gloss>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۱</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يازده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">yazdah</foreign>, <gloss>eleven</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۲</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">دوازده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dowâzdah</foreign>, <gloss>twelve</gloss>.	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۳</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يج</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">سيزده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sêzdah</foreign>, <gloss>thirteen</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۴</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">چهرده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chahârdah</foreign>, <gloss>fourteen</gloss>.	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۵</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">پنجده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pânzdah</foreign>, <gloss>fifteen</gloss>.
<pb n="94"/>
               

      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۶</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">شانزده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shanzdah</foreign>, <gloss>sixteen</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۷</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">هفده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hafdah</foreign>, <gloss>seventeen</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۸</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يح</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">هشده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hashdah</foreign>, <gloss>eighteen</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۹</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يط</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">نوزده</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nûzdah</foreign>, <gloss>nineteen</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۲۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ك</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">بيست</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bîst</foreign>, <gloss>twenty</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۲۱</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">کا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">بيست و يک</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bîst wa yak</foreign>, <gloss>twenty-one</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۳۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">سي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sî</foreign>, <gloss>thirty</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۴۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">م</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">چهال</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chehal</foreign>, <gloss>forty</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۵۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">پنجاه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">panjâh</foreign>, <gloss>fifty</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۶۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">س</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">شست</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shast</foreign>, <gloss>sixty</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۷۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ع</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">هفتاد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">haftâd</foreign>, <gloss>seventy</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۸۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ف</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">هشتاد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hashtad</foreign>, <gloss>eighty</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۹۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ص</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">نود</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nawad</foreign>, <gloss>	ninety</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ق</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">صد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sad</foreign>, <gloss>a hundred</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۲۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">دوصد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dôsad</foreign>, <gloss>two hundred</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۳۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">سيصد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sesad</foreign>, <gloss>three hundred</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۴۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ت</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">چهارصد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chahârsad</foreign>, <gloss>four hundred</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۵۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ث</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">پانصد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pânsad</foreign>, <gloss>five hundred</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۶۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">خ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ششصد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shashsad</foreign>, <gloss>six hundred</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۷۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ذ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">هفتصد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">haftsad</foreign>, <gloss>seven hundred</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۸۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ض</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">هشتصد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hashtsad</foreign>, <gloss>eight hundred</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">۹۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ظ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">نهصد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nuhsad</foreign>, <gloss>nine hundred</gloss>.

<pb n="95"/>
               

      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۰۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">غ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">هزار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hazâr</foreign>, <gloss>a thousand</gloss>.

      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۰۰۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">يغ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ده هزار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dah hazâr</foreign>, <gloss>ten thousand</gloss>.

      <foreign xml:lang="per">۱۰۰۰۰۰</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">قغ</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">صد هزار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sad hazâr</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">لك</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">lak</foreign>,	a hundred thousand.


   </item></list>
            </p></div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section">
<head style="caps">ordinals.</head>
            <list><item>

               <foreign xml:lang="per">نخستين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nukhustîn</foreign>,	<gloss>first</gloss>.

               <foreign xml:lang="per">دوم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dôvvum</foreign>,	<gloss>second</gloss>.

               <foreign xml:lang="per">سيوم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sêwum</foreign>,	<gloss>third</gloss>.

               <foreign xml:lang="per">چهارم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chahârum</foreign>,	<gloss>fourth</gloss>.

               <foreign xml:lang="per">پنجم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">panjum</foreign>,	<gloss>fifth</gloss>.

</item>
</list>
               <p>All the other ordinals are formed in the same manner by
                  adding <foreign xml:lang="per">م</foreign> to the cardinal numbers.

</p></div>
         
         <div type="textpart" subtype="chapter">
            <head style="caps">adverbs</head>
<list>
  <item>

     <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bisyar</foreign>, <gloss>much</gloss>.	
     <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">andak</foreign>, <gloss>little</gloss>.

     <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">Inja</foreign>, <gloss>here</gloss>.	
     <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">anja</foreign>, <gloss>there</gloss>.

     <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng"><p>
If I could send my very soul to that place, how trifling a
present would it be !</p></quote></cit>
<pb n="96"/>



     <foreign xml:lang="per">از اينجا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">az înjâ</foreign>, <gloss>hence</gloss>.
     <foreign xml:lang="per">از آنجا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">az ânjâ</foreign>, <gloss>thence</gloss>.

     <foreign xml:lang="per">اينسو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">însû</foreign>, <gloss>hither</gloss>.	
     <foreign xml:lang="per">آنسو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ânsû</foreign>, <gloss>thither</gloss>.

     <foreign xml:lang="per">کجا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kujâ</foreign>, <gloss>where</gloss> or <gloss>whither</gloss>.
     <foreign xml:lang="per">از کجا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">az kujâ</foreign>, <gloss>whence</gloss>.
     <foreign xml:lang="per">هر کجاکه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">har kujâkeh</foreign>, <gloss>wheresoever</gloss>.

     <foreign xml:lang="per">بيرون</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bêrûn</foreign>, <gloss>without</gloss>.	
     <foreign xml:lang="per">درون</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">darûn</foreign>, or <foreign xml:lang="per">اندرون</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">andarûn</foreign>, <gloss>within</gloss>.


  </item> 
</list>
   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng"><p>The nightingales were warbling in the garden, and the
fawns were sporting on the hills.</p></quote></cit>

   <list><item>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">فرو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">farô</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">فرود</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">farôd</foreign> below.	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">بالا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bâlâ</foreign>, above.

   </item></list>
   



   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng"><p>That evil which comes from above is not evil.</p></quote></cit>

<list>
   <item>
      
      <foreign xml:lang="per">بامداد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">b’amdâd</foreign>, <gloss>in the morning</gloss>.

      <foreign xml:lang="per">سحرگاه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sahargâh</foreign>,  <gloss>in the morning</gloss>.
      
      <foreign xml:lang="per">سحر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">sahar</foreign>,  <gloss>in the morning</gloss>.
      

      <foreign xml:lang="per">شامگاه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">shâmgâh</foreign>, <gloss>in the evening</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">دي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dî</foreign>,	<gloss>yesterday</gloss>.	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">فردا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">fardâ</foreign>, <gloss>to-morrow</gloss>.

      <foreign xml:lang="per">پيش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pêsh</foreign>, <gloss>before</gloss>.	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">پس</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pas</foreign>, <gloss>after</gloss>.
<pb n="97"/>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">اکنن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">aknun</foreign>,	<gloss>now</gloss>.	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">آنگاه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ângâh</foreign>,	<gloss>then</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">چون</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chûn</foreign>,	<gloss>when</gloss>.	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">هماندم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hamândam</foreign>, <gloss>directly</gloss>.	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">هرگيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hargiz</foreign>,	<gloss>ever</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">هرگيزنه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hargiznah</foreign>,	<gloss>never</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">هنوز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hanûz</foreign>,<gloss>	yet</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">بعد از ان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ba'd az an</foreign>, <gloss>afterward</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">تا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tâ</foreign>,	<gloss>until</gloss>.	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">هميشه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hamîshah</foreign>,	<gloss>always</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">باري</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bârî</foreign>,	<gloss>once</gloss>.	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">ديگربار</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dîgarbâr</foreign>,	<gloss>again</gloss>.
      <foreign xml:lang="per">هم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ham</foreign>,	<gloss>also</gloss>.	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">نيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nîz</foreign>,	<gloss>even</gloss>.

<note n="originally in Jones text but now reorganized as a list"> The following six adverbs are nearly synonymous, and
signify, <gloss>as</gloss>, <gloss>like</gloss>, <gloss>in the same manner as </gloss>;
</note>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">همچو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hamchû</foreign>, <gloss>as</gloss>, <gloss>like</gloss>, <gloss>in the same manner as </gloss>
   
   <foreign xml:lang="per">همچون</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hamchûn</foreign>, <gloss>as</gloss>, <gloss>like</gloss>, <gloss>in the same manner as </gloss>

   <foreign xml:lang="per">چنين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chunîn</foreign>, <gloss>as</gloss>, <gloss>like</gloss>, <gloss>in the same manner as </gloss>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">همچنين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">hamchunîm</foreign>, <gloss>as</gloss>, <gloss>like</gloss>, <gloss>in the same manner as </gloss>
   

   <foreign xml:lang="per">چنانچه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chunâncheh</foreign>, <gloss>as</gloss>, <gloss>like</gloss>, <gloss>in the same manner as </gloss>	
   <foreign xml:lang="per">چنانکه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chunânkeh</foreign>: <gloss>as</gloss>, <gloss>like</gloss>, <gloss>in the same manner as </gloss>

      <foreign xml:lang="per">کو</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kû</foreign>, <gloss>where?</gloss>	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">چرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">charâ</foreign>, <gloss>wherefore?</gloss>

      <foreign xml:lang="per">چند</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chand</foreign>, <gloss>how many?</gloss>

      <foreign xml:lang="per">از بهر چه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">az bahr cheh</foreign>, <gloss>on what account?</gloss>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">چون</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chûn</foreign>, <gloss>how?</gloss>	
      <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">chegûnah</foreign>, <gloss>how</gloss> or <gloss>what</gloss>.

      <foreign xml:lang="per">اينک</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">înak</foreign>, <gloss>behold!</gloss>	
      <foreign xml:lang="per">کاش</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">kâsh</foreign>, <gloss>would!</gloss>

      <foreign xml:lang="per">مگر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">magar</foreign>, <gloss>perhaps</gloss>. 
      <foreign xml:lang="per">مبادا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mabâdâ</foreign>, <gloss>lest by chance</gloss>.

      <foreign xml:lang="per">هم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ham</foreign>,  and <foreign xml:lang="per">بهم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">baham</foreign>, <gloss>together</gloss>





      <foreign xml:lang="per">تنها</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">tanhâ</foreign>, <gloss>alone</gloss>.

   </item></list>
<pb n="98"/>
   
</div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="chapter">
            <head style="caps">conjunctions.</head><p>
               
               <list>
                  <item>

                     <foreign xml:lang="per">و</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ô</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">va</foreign>, or <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">wa</foreign>, <gloss>and</gloss>. 
                  </item><item>
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">هم</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ham</foreign>, or
                   <foreign xml:lang="per">نيز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">niz</foreign>, <gloss>also</gloss>.
                  </item><item>
                     
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">يا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">yâ</foreign>, <gloss>or</gloss>.
                  </item><item>
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">اگر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">agar</foreign>, or <foreign xml:lang="per">گر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">’gar</foreign>, <gloss>if</gloss>
                  </item><item>
                     
                        <foreign xml:lang="per">اگرچع</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">agarcheh</foreign>,  <foreign xml:lang="per">گرچه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">garcheh</foreign>, <gloss>though</gloss>.
                  </item><item>
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">امٌا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ammâ</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="per">لکن</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">lêkan</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="per">بل</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bal</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="per">بلکه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">balkeh</foreign>, <gloss>but</gloss>.
                  </item><item>
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">هرچند</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">harchand</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="per">هرچندکه</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">harchandkeh</foreign>, <gloss>although</gloss>.
                  </item><item>
                     
                              <foreign xml:lang="per">بنابرين</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">banâbarîn</foreign>, <gloss>therefore</gloss>.	
                  </item><item>
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">پس</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pas</foreign>, <gloss>then</gloss>, <gloss>moreover</gloss>.

                              <foreign xml:lang="per">که</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">keh</foreign>, <gloss>since</gloss>.	
                  </item><item>
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">زيرا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">zêrâ</foreign>, <gloss>because</gloss>.
                  </item><item>
                     
                              <foreign xml:lang="per">مگر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">magar</foreign>, <gloss>unless</gloss>.	
                  </item><item>
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">جز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">juz</foreign>, <gloss>except</gloss>.

                  </item></list>
            </p></div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="chapter">
            <head style="caps">prepositions.</head><p>
               
               <list>
                  <item>
                  

                     <foreign xml:lang="per">از</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">az</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per">ز</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">'z</foreign> <gloss>from</gloss>, <gloss>by</gloss>, <gloss>of</gloss>. 
                       
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">ابر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">abar</foreign>, or <foreign xml:lang="per">بر</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bar</foreign>, <gloss>upon</gloss>
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">پس</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pas</foreign>, <gloss>after</gloss>.	
<foreign xml:lang="per">پيش</foreign> pêsh, before.

                     <foreign xml:lang="per">به</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bah</foreign>, or  <foreign xml:lang="per">ب</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ba</foreign>, joined to the noun, <gloss>to</gloss>.

                     <foreign xml:lang="per">با</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bâ</foreign>, <gloss>with</gloss>.
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">بي</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bî</foreign>, <gloss>without</gloss>.

                     <foreign xml:lang="per">پهلوي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">pahlawî</foreign>, <gloss>near</gloss>.	
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">در</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">dar</foreign>, <gloss>in</gloss>.

                     <foreign xml:lang="per">براي</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">barây</foreign>,  <foreign xml:lang="per">بجهت</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">bajehat</foreign>, <gloss>for</gloss>.

                     <foreign xml:lang="per">از جهت</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">az jehat</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="per">از بهر</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">az bahr</foreign>, <gloss>on account of</gloss>
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">ميان</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">mîyân</foreign>, <gloss>between</gloss>.
                        <foreign xml:lang="per">سوي</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">suwî</foreign>, <gloss>toward</gloss>.

                           <foreign xml:lang="per">فرود</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">farôd</foreign>, <gloss>beneath</gloss>.	
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">زير</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">zîr</foreign>, <gloss>under</gloss>,

                     <foreign xml:lang="per">زبر</foreign>  <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">zabar</foreign>, <gloss>above</gloss>.	
                     <foreign xml:lang="per">نزد</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">nazd</foreign>, <gloss>near</gloss>.
                  </item> </list>



</p></div>
         <pb n="99"/>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="chapter" style="caps"><head>interjections.</head>

<p>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">ايا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ayâ</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="per">ايها</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">ayhâ</foreign>, <gloss>oh!</gloss>	<foreign xml:lang="per">آه</foreign> ah, <gloss>ah!</gloss>

   <foreign xml:lang="per">دريغ</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">دريغا</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">darêghâ</foreign>. <gloss>alas!</gloss>

Thus in <title>the tale of the merchant and the parrot</title> by
   <persName n="http://viaf.org/viaf/98930150/">Jalâluddîn Rumî</persName>,

   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="per"><p></p>></quote></cit>

<cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng"><l>Alas ! alas ! </l><l>that so bright a moon should be hidden by
   the clouds! </l></quote></cit>

   </p><p><foreign xml:lang="per">فيغان</foreign> <foreign xml:lang="per-lat">fighân</foreign> and	 <foreign xml:lang="per">افسوس</foreign>	<foreign xml:lang="per-lat">afsôs</foreign>	are	likewise interjections

that express grief: thus in a tetrastich by the <persName n="??https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toghrul_III">sultan Togrul
   Ben Erslan</persName>,

   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="per"><l> </l><l> </l></quote></cit>
   
   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng"><p>Yesterday the presence of my beloved delighted my soul;
and to-day her absence fills me with bitterness ; alas!
that the hand of fortune should write joy and grief
alternately in the book of my life !</p></quote></cit>
   


   <pb n="100"/>



</p><p>This great hero and poet was the last king of the Sel-
jukian race: he was extremely fond of <persName>Fardôsî's</persName> poetry,
and in the battle in which he lost his life, he was heard
to repeat alotid the following verses from the <title>Shâhnâmah</title>:



   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng">When the dust arose from the approaching army, the
cheeks of our heroes turned pale; but I raised my battle-
ax, and with a single stroke opened a passage for my
troops: my steed raged like a furious elephant, and the
plain was agitated like the waves of the Nile.</quote></cit>

   <note>These lines are quoted by <bibl><persName>d’Herbelot</persName>, p. 1029</bibl>, but they are written differently
   in ray manuscript of Farddsj, which I have here followed.</note>
   <pb n="101"/>
   
</p></div>
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section"><head style="caps">of the Persian syntax.</head>
            <p>The construction of the Persian tongue is very easy,
and may be reduced to a few rules, most of which it has in
common with other languages. The nominative is usually
placed before the verb, with which it agrees in number and
person, as in this pious sentence of a Persian philosopher,

               <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng">Wherefore <emph>art thou come</emph> ? if <emph>thou art come</emph> to learn the
science of ancient and modem times, thou hast not
taken the right path: the <emph>Creator knoweth</emph> all this;
                  and if <emph>thou art come</emph> to seek him, know that where
                  <emph>thou</emph> first <emph>wast fixed</emph>, there <emph>he was present</emph>.</quote></cit>

<note>See <bibl>the Bibliotheque Orientale, p. 950.</bibl></note>
               <pb n="102"/>



yet it is remarkable, that many Arabic plurals are con-
sidered in Persian as nouns of the singular number, and
agree as such with verbs and adjectives, as



               <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng">By the approach of spring, and the return of December,
the leaves of our life are continually folded.</quote></cit>
               where the plural <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> of <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> 
               <gloss>a leaf</gloss>, governs <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> in	the

singular.

</p><p>There is another strange irregularity in the Persian
syntax ; the cardinal numbers are usually joined to nouns
and verbs in the singular, as <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>a thousand

and one days</gloss>.

   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng">If the gale shall waft the fragrance of thy locks over the
tomb of Hafiz, <emph>a hundred thousand flowers will spring</emph>
from the earth that hides his corse.</quote></cit>

</p><p>These idioms, however, are by no means natural to
the Persian, but seem borrowed from the Arabs, who say,
   <foreign xml:lang="ara"></foreign> <gloss>a thousand and one nights</gloss>. In Arabic
   <pb n="103"/>
   
   too a noun of the plural number, if it signify a thing
without life, requires a verb in the singular, and that of
the feminine gender, for the Arabic verbs have distinct
genders like nouns, as

   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng">The rivers murmured, and the branches were bent to adore
their Maker.</quote></cit>

   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng">Their cups overflowed with wine, and my eyes with tears.
   </quote></cit>
   Most active verbs require the oblique case in <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> after
them, as

   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng">If that fair damsel of Shiraz would accept my heart, I
would give for the black mole on her cheek the cities of
Samarcand and Bokhara,</quote></cit>

</p><p>It has before been observed (see page 19) that the <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>, is
   omitted if the noun be indefinite or general, <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>

   <gloss>fill a cup</gloss>; but that it is inserted, if the thing be particular
   and limited, <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>he filled the cup</gloss>; examples of

this occur in almost every page.
<pb n="104"/>
   

</p><p>All nouns or verbs by which any profit or acquisition is
implied govern the oblique case, as

   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng">Yes! whenever the sun appears, what advantage can
      there be to Solia,<note>Soha is the Arabic name fora very small and obscure star in the constellation of
         the Great Bear.</note> but his being hidden?</quote></cit>

The following remark relates to the position rather than
to the syntax: in a period of two or more members, each
of which might end with an auxiliary verb, the first of
them commonly contains the verb, which is understood in
the rest, as

The disadvantages of haste are many, and the advantages
of patience and deliberation (are) innumerable.

</p><p>The adjective is placed after its substantive, and the
governing noun is prefixed to that which it governs, as
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>a beautiful face</gloss>, 
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>the scent of a rose</gloss>;
but if this order be inverted a compound adjective is formed,
as <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>fair-faced</gloss>,	
   <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> <gloss>rose-scenied</gloss>.


   <pb n="105"/>
   
</p><p>Conjunctions which express conjecture, condition, will,
motive, 8cc. require the conjunctive or potential mood, as

   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng">If I had known that thy absence would have been so
sorrowful and afflicting, I would not have departed from
thee a single day ; I would not have left thee a single
moment.</quote></cit>

Prepositions and interjections are fixed to nouns in the
nominative case, as

   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng">I have heard that two doves lived together in one nest,
and whispered their secrets in one chamber; the dust
of jealousy had never sullied their minds, and the anguish
of misfortune had never pierced their hearts,</quote></cit>


   <pb n="106"/>



   <cit><bibl n="CTSURN"/><quote xml:lang="eng">The spider holds the veil <emph>in</emph> the palace of Caesar; the owl
      stands sentinel <emph>on</emph> the watch-tower of Afrasiab.</quote></cit>

</p><p>These are the principal rules that I have collected for
the Persian language; but rules alone will avail but little,
unless the learner will exemplify them in his own re-
searches: the only office of a grammarian is to open the
mine of literature, but they who wish to possess the gems
must endeavour to find them by their own labours.

   <note><foreign xml:lang="per">نوبت</foreign> is an Arabic word signifying 
      <gloss>a turn</gloss>, <gloss>a change</gloss>, <gloss>a watch</gloss>, <gloss xml:lang="lat">excubiae</gloss> :

hence	<foreign xml:lang="per">بوبت زدن</foreign> in Persian, and	 
      <foreign xml:lang="tur">نوبت چالمق</foreign> in Turkish, signify <gloss> to	relieve the

guards by the sounds of drums and trumpets</gloss>. This office is given by the poet to
the owl, as that of <foreign xml:lang="per">پرده دار</foreign> or chamberlain is elegantly assigned to the spider. Some
      copies have <foreign xml:lang="per">نوحت</foreign> instead of <foreign xml:lang="per">نوبت</foreign> 
      which reading would make very good sense,
but destroys the beauty, of the allusion.</note>
<pb n="107"/>
   

* os

J)\j to	tos>	L--Jy

^ C5°°

LfXtX^J 2>yfsc 03^^y l£\. , ^Llb

^	^	JU	^	Jf	l^,	aTjJSU

CUk-~-l ^j^Cij\y5

JjJ*3

\. * , 


-■> j' ui;

tir"

(yb	33)	eSW	L->^b\	c-woo

LJ^r5	j	CL^bjf	3j>*	JW	^\-*^5o3

jjl;

=%)P

3U	^^cy/3^3

3-1)>jUl/« Ctoy^ fj*~>jjj
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

lOfj
tX-o \jj\

\	objjb	(j^j^

O^c C-Oj£*_> LrYw3 Aa. j\	^r^-y0 ^f. ]y°	yy,

~L^	CU*x>	£b~>\	jJj\^

^\^?\ ^ ;U( ^sr ^ C-—>	^yo	,L^

^°j' ir°	JU^ _/p (j^c\ j c—5 a\^jf

£^£\yo	c^JiT	^

uJ*	j ^ J*

^b^j_jtajVy *S" ^ jj\y cjs+a olilCo j^j 0W af
c^ a\c\j)	z±> jy^° b»U5 j 'ZJ^ j\j

W^M“?>-	^pj 3cX-li>	^	Ll^10	J

>w -	e^10	ub^	’■t-^S'	^

/•5

'' c^5

C^j,\j^ C^) 3\ J-b Jb>

c^wj^tVj bojlS^ ^j,Vj	j3	U	a£

(^e	^vi_'u\j^	J	(*^°	(JJj

^>> cry^0	b(J^^

^	c^_y JW l£>L ^ al^j U J-
<pb/>no

A GRAMMAR OF THE

Lfjjj SJsJlj?

e£j CL-v***^

—^

cX-~> o-^b) ^ cibo

jJ-i)	s\f ^(JJj ZO*J\ J>J£ JbS J->	C^'

(Ji* l£j^ i^s* b ci^ C-j j jbi.rS^VjV lIV)

^j3 $^ ^JO 3^" Job ^j\ ob\jC«

J	V wT'\ lAj\^3\ i^3bwwwj\ 'm^~j5^jS)

g~-*P JJj ooj'^j u^ o^° u^*r°

^ C^5)^)_j^ b»j»j	Lj^s:-0 (JJj l£\	cuaf	euib

,*i-J\iXi \y\ >> cuif JJj c/jojb	j*bj

V

jbJj J5^j*ii)\ Jy b\

t

^	bc»3 b

^U U^ b> i^ojwo ,*Jo3 job J^y ^ ^U3 o^
jjL^ jij 3y^jJOJO «b J
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

ill

A literal Translation of the foregoing Fable
The GARDENER and the NIGHTINGALE.

It is related that a husbandman had a sweet and pleasant
orchard, and a garden more fresh than the bower of Irem.
The air ol it gave mildness to the gales of the spring, and
the scent of its herbs that refreshed the spirits, conveyed
perfume to the very soul.

VERSES.

A bower like the garden of youth, a bed of roses bathed in
the waters of life; the notes of its nightingales raising
delight; its fragrant gale shedding perfume.

And in one corner of his garden there was a rose-bush
fresher than the shrub of desire, and more lofty than the
branch of the tree of mirth. Every morning on the top
of the rose-bush the roses blossomed, coloured like the
cheek of heart-alluring damsels with gentle minds, and the
face of lily-bosomed rriaids scented like jessamine. The
<pb/>112

A GRAMMAR OF THE

gardener began to show an extreme fondness for these ex-

0	o

cellent roses, and said,

A DISTICH.

1	know not what the rose says under his lips, that he brings

back the helpless nightingales with their mournful
notes.

One day the gardener according to his established custom
went to view the roses; he saw a plaintive nightingale,
who was rubbing his head on the leaves of the roses, and
was tearing asunder with his sharp bill that volume adorned
with gold.

A DISTICH.

The nightingale, if he see the rose, becomes intoxicated;
he lets go from his hand the reins of prudence.

The gardener viewing the scattered condition of the rose-
leaves, tore with the hand of confusion the collar of pa-
tience, and rent the mantle of his heart with the piercing
thorn of uneasiness. The next day he found the same
action repeated, and the flames of wrath occasioned by the
loss of his roses,
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

115

me this service, according to the sentence (in the Alcoran)
Is there any recompense for benefits, but benefits? it is
necessary to reward thee for it. Know, that under the
tree where thou standest there is a coffer full of gold; take
it, and spend it to supply thy wants.

The gardener searched the place, and found the words
of the nightingale to be true ; he then said, O nightingale !
what a wonder it is, that thou couldst see the coffer of
gold beneath the earth, and not discover the springe upon
the ground !

The nightingale said, Dost thou not know that (an
Arabic sentence) when fate descends, caution is vain ?

AN HEMISTICH.

It is impossible to contend with fate.

When the decrees of heaven are fulfilled, no light re-
mains to the eye of understanding, and neither prudence
nor wisdom bring any advantage.

Q 2
<pb/>16

A GRAMMAR OF THE

OF VERSIFICATION:

Th e modern Persians borrowed their poetical measures
from the Arabs: they are too various and complicated to
be fully explained in this Grammar; but when the learner
can read the Persian poetry with tolerable ease, he may
receive further information from a treatise written pro-
fessedly upon versification by	Wahldl,	who	was

himself no contemptible poet.*

There are nineteen sorts of metre which are used by the
Persians, but the most common of them are	or

the iambic measure,	or	the trochaic measure,

and	a	metre	that consists chiefly of those com-

pounded feet which the ancients called ''Evitatus j and
which are composed of iambic feet and spondees alter-
nately, as if nuit ores puellarum. In lyric poetry these
verses are generally of twelve or sixteen syllables, as

a

* See also Dissertations on the Rhetoric, Prosody* and Rhyme of the Persians, by
francis Gladwin. Calcutta, 1798.
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

117

Baba I na | fa hi k’akhar | saba zan tur | rah bak’shayad

Zajafcdi zul | fi mushklnash | cheh tab uftad | a dar dilha

When the zephyr disperses the fragrance of those musky
locks, what ardent desire inflames the hearts of thy
admirers !

They sometimes consist of fourteen syllables in this form,

as



Ta ghuncha | hi khandanat | dawlat ba | keh kh’ahacl dad

Ay shakhi | guli ratna | az bahri | keh mlroyi

Ah! to whom will the smiling rose-bud of thy lips give
delight? 0 sweet branch of a tender plant! for whose
use dost thou grow ?

or in this,

as

3 (Jjyy
<pb/>118

A GRAMMAR OF THE

Gosham ha | mah bar kuli | nay 6 nagma | ti changast

Chashmam ha | mah bar latli | to 6 garda, | shi jamast

My ear is continually intent upon the melody of the pipe,
and the soft notes of the lute: my eye is continually
fixed upon thy rubied lip, and the circling cup.

This kind of measure is not unlike that which Sappho uses
in those elegant lines quoted by Hephestion,

TXvyuTa pccreg vtoi Suvotfiou xpeasiv tov Igov
rioS’w £x[u.eia Ts-cuSoq (2pa$tvav	*A(ppoTuv.

which he scans thus,

FXvxeioi pea | Tt(>> VTOi $6 j vapcai xptKZiv j tcv Igov
rT(^w SctpiT J ca 'tfcciOcg (2pa. | Xivccv A { (ppoStrav.

Other lyric verses contain thirteen syllables in this form,

as

Saba bah tali | niati pi | ri mayfarosh | amad

Keh.mawsimi | tarbo tlsli | wa naz wa nosh | amad
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

121

common letters written in the Persian language, which are
not interspersed with fragments of poetry; and because all
the Persian verses must be read according to the pauses of
scansion: thus the following elegant couplet quoted by
Meninski,

cXo \jj	£>0jJh	kJ

must be pronounced,

Tabadar chi | na har tari j buwad zulfi | tara sad chin
Keh sazl bar | guli surl | zasumbul pu | dah chin bar chin
with a strong accent upon every fourth syllable; and it
may here be observed, that the Persians, like the French,
usually accent the last syllables of their words.

As to their prosody, nothing can be more easy and
simple; their vowels \ alif, j waw, and Lf ya are long by
nature ; the points, or signs for these short vowels which
they commonly suppress, are naturally short; and every
short syllable that ends with a consonant is long by position;
asjVfti; Shiraz,	sumbul,	dahan,	(j-^saman:

but the Persians, like other poets, have many licences;

R
<pb/>122

A GRAMMAR OF THE

they often add a vowel which does not properly belong to
the word, as in the first ode of Hafiz,

(Jj wall uftada mushkilha,

and Uo (JW Osljb Is^kuja danandi hali ma.

They also shorten some long syllables at pleasure by
omitting the vowels \ alif, j wavv, and lS ya ; thus {jjJ#
berun, which is a spondee, becomes an iambic foot when
it is written	berun: in the same manneris used

forand	for	The omission of \	alif is more

common; so Xj is put for \j, and	for	as	in

this beautiful couplet,

^ y JA>

“ Call for wine, and scatter flowers around; what favour
“ canst thou expect from fortune?” so spake the rose
this morning; O nightingale ! what sayst thou to her
maxim?

In which lines	is	used	for	shedding	flowers,

and iSjE?* for is^jssr the morning.
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

123

I shall close this section with some examples of Persian
verses from the	o	or	hemistich, to the or ode,

which differs from the	or	elegy	m	nothing	but	the

number of the dislichs, of whicji the qde seldom contains
fewer than five, and the elegy seldom fewer than twenty.
I shall not set down these examples at random, but shall
select such as are remarkable for beauty of sentiment or
delicacy of expression.

AN HEMISTICH.

He who plants thorns will not gather roses.

CU-J a distich.

j	j

c	cjj$-	(S£?- ijtri ^

The caravan is departed, and thou sleepest; the desert
lies before thee; whither wilt thou go? of whom wilt
thou ask the way? what wilt thou do? how wilt thou

exist?

R %
<pb/>A GRAMMAR OF THE

124

A TETRASTICH.

*^JJ
"^*3 >lo\	(_^btJ

LSjJs^y j

At the time that the dawn appears, dost thou know for
what reason the bird of the morning complains? He
says, that it is shown in the mirror of the day, that a
whole night of thy life is passed, while thou art lost in
indolence.

Another.

yj\j>(
t/Ui^ Jilib xsjjK

Dost thou desire to be free from sorrow and pain? hear
a maxim more valuable than a precious gem: Despise
not thine enemy, though he be distressed; and trust
not thy friend, if he be proud and malevolent.
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

125

In all the Persian elegies and odes the two first hemi-
stichs have the same rhyme, which is continued through
the whole poem at the end of every distich. A short piece
of poetry, in which the two first lines do not rhyme

One day, as I was in the bath, a friend of mine put into
my hand a piece of scented clay.* I took it, and said
to it, “ Art thou musk or ambergris? for I am charmed
“ with thy delightful scent.” It answered, I was a de-
“ spicable piece of clay; but I was some time in the

*	Ja"	gili khushbo-T, a kind of unctuous day, which the Persians per-

fume with essence of roses, and use in the baths instead of soap.

together, is called a fragment; as this elegant fable
of Sadi on the advantages of good company,


<pb/>12G

A GRAMMAR OF THE

“ company of the rose; the sweet quality of my com-
“ panion was communicated to me; otherwise I should
“ have been only a piece of earth, as I appear to be.”
When both lines of each couplet rhyme together through
a whole composition, it is called	as	in	the	following

examples:

 J	yJlk) «U

Such is the nature of inconstant fortune, neither her
mildness nor her violence are of long duration: she
exalts no one whom she does not at last oppress; for
she is light in her affection, but most harsh in her
hatred.

«5+-j3

2>y^*i	y L ^ .sfy

ijjyujyy yj

The happy Feridun* was not an angel; he was not formed

* An ancient king of Persia, highly celebrated for his eminent virtues. The
learned and excellent d’Herbelot has made a mistake in his translation of these lines
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

127

of musk or ambergris. He gained his reputation by
justice and liberality: be thou just and liberal, and
thou wilt be a Feridun.

C-.->w;3 lJ

5#1	u'	bUo

uWo CUftf

LT*Jj\oSj \yC

CU^iP	C?V"

cuaf ^oj 3b aU-

JW	Cl~OcX^-

(J^yo\j5j\j XlTj3 T

There was an affectionate and amiable youth, who was
betrothed to a beautiful girl. I have read, that as they
were sailing in the great sea, they fell together into

(see the article Farrakh in his Bibliotheque Orientale); for not recollecting the sense
of ~jj happy, he made a proper name of it, and telb1 us that Farrakh was a man
whom the Persians consider as a perfect model of justice and magnanimity.
<pb/>128

A GRAMMAR OF THE

a whirlpool. When a mariner went to the young man
that he might catch his hand, and save him from
perishing in that unhappy juncture; he called aloud,
and pointed to his mistress from the midst of the waves;
1£ Leave me, and take the hand of my beloved.” The
whole world admired him for that speech; and when
he was expiring he was heard to say, “ Learn not the
“ tale of love from that wretch who forgets his beloved
“ in the hour of danger.”

These examples will, I hope, be sufficient to undeceive
those who think that the Asiatic poetry consists merely
in lofty figures and flowery descriptions. There is scarce
a lesson of morality or a tender sentiment in any European
language, to which a parallel may not be brought from
the poets of Asia. The verses of eleven syllables, which
are used in the great Persian poems, always rhyme toge-
ther in couplets. It is unnecessary in this section to give
an example of the Persian	or	elegy, as it differs

only in its length from the or ode, except that the
Kassldah often turns upon lofty subjects, and the Gliazal
comprises for the most part the praises of love and mer-

*
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

129

riment, like the lighter odes- of Horace and Anacreon.
The most elegant composers of these odes are	Jam!

and kfW Hafiz, each of whom has left an ample collec-
tion of his lyric poems. I may confidently affirm that
few odes of the Greeks or Romans upon similar subjects
are more finely polished than the songs of these Persian
poets : they want only a reader that can see them in their
original dress, and feel their beauties without the disad-
vantage of a translation. I shall transcribe the first ode of
Hafiz that offers itself, out of near three hundred that I
have paraphrased : when the learner is able to understand
the images and allusions in the Persian poems, he will see
a reason in every line why they cannot be translated lite-
rally into any European language.
<pb/>A GRAMMAR OF THE

1:50

U\	J^O j (Jf

cxi>Lj	^

jJac. C^w;3 aS^SlJU

^ (^jLSO ^jf;J

laiL. C^yLszf0	^jU-

Tlie rose is not sweet without the cheek of my beloved;
the spring is not sweet without wine.

The borders of the bower, and the walks of the garden are
not pleasant without the notes of the nightingale.

The motion of the dancing cypress and of the waving
flowers is not agreeable without a mistress whose cheeks
are like tulips.

The presence of a damsel with sweet lips and a rosy com-
plexion is not delightful without kisses and dalliance.

The rose-garden and the wine are sweet, but they are not
really charming without the company of my beloved.

All the pictures that the hand of art can devise are not
agreeable without the brighter hues of a beautiful girl.
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

131

Thy life, 0 Hafiz, is a trifling piece of money,.it is not
valuable enough to be thrown away at our feast-

The last distich alludes to the Asiatic custom of throw-
ing money among the guests at a bridal feast, or upon any
other extraordinary occasion: the Persians call this money
nisar, and him who1 collects it	nisar	chfn.

I shall conclude this grammar with a translation of the
ode quoted in the section upon the Persian letters; see
p. 13.

•	5	’	,

If that lovely maid of Shiraz would accept my heart,
I would give for the mole on her cheek the cities of
Samarcand and Bokhara

■ i

Boy, bring me the wine that remains, for thou wilt not find
in paradise the sweet banks of our Rocnabad, or the rosy
bowers of our Mosella.

Alas! these wanton nymphs, these fair deceivers, whose
beauty raises a tumult in our city, rob my heart of rest
and patience, like the Turks that are seizing their
plunder.

s 2
<pb/>132

A GRAMMAR OF THE

Yet the charms of our darlings have no:need of our im*
perfect love; what occasion has a face naturally lovely
for perfumes, paint, and artificial ornaments?

Talk to me of the singers, and of wine, and seek not to dis-
close the secrets of futurity; for no one, however wise,
ever has discovered, or ever will discover them.

I can easily conceive how the inchanting beauties of Joseph
affected Zoleikhaso deeply, that her love tore the veil of
her chastity.

Attend, O my soul! to prudent counsels; for youths of a
good disposition love the advice of the aged better than
their own souls.

Thou hast spoken ill of me; yet I am not offended : may
heaven forgive thee! thou hast spoken well: but da
bitter words become a lip like a ruby, which ought to
shed nothing but sweetness?

O Hafiz! when thou composest verses, thou seemest to
make a string of pearls: come sing them sweetly: for
heaven seems to have shed on thy poetry the clearness
and beauty of the Pleiads.
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

133

The wildness and simplicity of this Persian song pleased
me so much, that I have attempted to translate it in verse:
the reader will excuse the singularity of the measure which
I have used, if he considers the difficulty of bringing so
many Eastern proper names into our stanzas.

I have endeavoured, as far I was able, to give my trans-
lation the easy turn of the original; and I have, as nearly
as possible, imitated the cadence and accent of the Persian
measure; from which every reader, who understands
music, will perceive that the Asiatic numbers are capable
of as regular a melody as any air in Metastasio.

A PERSIAN SONG.

Sweet maid, if thou wouldst charm my sight,
And bid these arms thy neck infold;

That rosy cheek, that lily hand
Would give thy poet more delight
Than all Bocara’s vaunted gold,

O •

Than all the gems of Samarcand,
<pb/>134

A GRAMMAR OF THE

Boy, let yon* liquid ruby flow,,

And bid thy pensive heart be glad,
Whate'er the frowning zealots say :

Tell them their Eden cannot show
A stream so clear as Rocnabad,

A bow’r so sweet as Mosellay.

Oh ! when these fair, perfidious maids,
Whose eyes our secret haunts infest,
Their dear destructive charms display,
Each glance my tender breast invades,
And robs my wounded soul of rest,

As Tartars seize their destin’d prey.

In vain with love our bosoms glow;
Can all our tears, can all our sighs
New lustre to those charms impart ?

Can cheeks where living roses blow,
Where nature spreads her richest dies,
Require the borrow’d gloss of art ?

•>	(JaI	smelled	ruby	is	a	common	periphrasis	for	wine	in	the	Persian

poetry. See Hafiz, ode 22.
<pb/>PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

135

Speak not of fate—ah ! change the theme,
And talk of odours, talk of wine,

Talk of the flow’rs that round us bloom :

Tis all a cloud, ’tis all a dream;

To love and joy thy thoughts confine,

Nor hope to pierce the sacred gloom.

Beauty has such resistless pow’r,

That ev’n the chaste Egyptian dame *
Sigh’d for the blooming Hebrew boy :

For her how fatal was the hour,

When to the banks ofNilus came
+ A youth so lovely and so coy!

But ah! sweet maid, my counsel hear
(Youth should attend when those advise
Whom long experience renders sage);
While music charms the ravish’d ear,

While sparkling cups delight our eyes,

Be gay; and scorn the frowns of age.

      Zoleikhâ, Potiphar’s wife.
       
+ Joseph.
<pb/>130

A GRAMMAR, 8cc.

What cruel answer have I heard!

And yet, by heav’n, I love thee still :

Can aught be cruel from thy lip ?

Yet say, how fell that.bitter word
From lips which streams of sweetness fill,
Which nought but drops of honey sip?

Go boldly forth, my simple lay,

Whose accents How with artless ease,

Like orient pearls at random strung;

Thy notes are sweet, the damsels say,

But oh, far sweeter, if they please

The nymph for whom these notes are sung!

END OF THE GRAMMAR.
<pb/>A

CATALOGUE

OF THE

MOST VALUABLE BOOKS IN THE

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

Oxf The Public Libraries at Oxford.

Par. The Royal Library at Paris.

Lond. The British Museum at London.

Priv. The Collections of private Men.

HISTORY.

^	3	liLoM

The garden of purity, by Mirkhond.—A general history
of Persia in several large volumes. Oxf. Priv.

The history of the life of Sultan Acber, by the learned and
elegant Abu Fazl. Oxf.

T
<pb/>13 S

A CATALOGUE OF

l$j£\	l

A description of the Indian empire, written by the order
of Sultan Acber by a society of skilful men.—A trans-
lation of this book would be extremely useful to the
European companies that trade in India, as it contains a
full account of every province and city in the dominions
of the Mogul, of his revenues and expences, both in
peace and war, and of all the customs and ceremonies in
his palace; together with a description of the natural
productions of his empire. Oxf.*

The actions of Sultan Baber; written either by himself, or
under his inspection.—This book contains a minute ac-
count of that prince’s wars, and a natural history of his
dominions. Oxf.

The history of Chashmir^by a native of that extraordinary
country.—A very curious and entertaining work. Oxf

* It has since been translated into English by Francis Gladwin, Esq. originally
published at Calcutta, in 3 vols. 4to.


<pb/>PERSIAN BOOKS.

139

l$\j\

The history of the lives of the Persian kings, from the
head of the Sefi family to the death of Abbas the Cruel,
improperly called the Great. Oxf

The select chronicle.—This work is an excellent history of
Persia, and has been translated into Arabic and Turkish.

Oxf

A short history of Persia, in one volume, by Khandemir, a
learned and agreeable writer. Oxf.

The heart of histories.—A copious history of the Persian
empire, written in the middle of the sixteenth century by
Abdallatif, a native of Cazvin.

The book of victory.—A history of the life of Timur, com-
monly called Tamerlane, written in a most beautiful and
elegant style.

T 2,
<pb/>140

A CATALOGUE OF

An account of the lives of the Persian poets, by Dawlatshah
ofSamarcand. Par.





,u

The history of the life of Nader Shah, king of Persia,
written by Mirza Mahadi, and translated into French
by the author of this grammar.

POETRY.

^oU

Shah nameh. A collection of heroic poems on the ancient
histories of Persia, by Ferdusi. See the treatise on
Oriental poetry added to the life of Nader Shah, sect. II.
p. 248. Oxf. Priv.

Ik oUT

The works of Khakani, a sublime and spirited poet. Oxf.
Priv.
<pb/>PERSIAN BOOKS.

141

The odes of Hafiz: see the treatise above-mentioned.
Lond. Oxf Par. Priv.

LCjLlf

The words of Sadi; containing ^b—if or the bed of roses,
or the garden, and	or	the	rays	of	light.

The two first of these excellent books are very common;
but I have not seen the last: they are all upon moral
subjects, and are written with all the elegance of the
Persian language. Oxf

j^iour

The works of Ahli; containing,

(JlLs-lawful magic, a poem.

J	taPer	and	^ie	m°lhi	a	poem,

si lJcS'a book of elegies,
a book of odes.

c*bif

The works of Jami; containing, among others,

the chain of gold, a poem in three books.
<pb/>A CATALOGUE OF

M2

lM j	Selman	and	Absal, a tale.

the life of Alexander.

^s-5) j lJu^j Me /ovej of Joseph and Zuleikha, a
very beautiful poem.

j ^i-3 the loves of Leila and Megenun.
a c°ttecti°n °f odes.
u\the mansion of the spring.
j»^.^ Ul*: the gift of the noble.
j\J^\ the manners of the just. Oxf.

A book of elegant odes, by Mir Khosru.	Oxf.

LS^'A^sC

iS°jj JV *-

*cj

A poetical work called Mesnavi, upon several subjects, of
religion, history, morality, and politics; composed by
Gelaleddin, surnamed Rumi.—This poem is greatly ad-
mired in Persia, and it really deserves admiration. Oxf
Priv.



The poems of Anvari, which are quoted by Sadi in his
Gulistán, and are much esteemed in the East.
<pb/>143

PERSIAN BOOKS.

oUT

The works of Nezami; containing six poems:

4^rJLiAx)\J\j~s\ the secrets of lovers.

CU the seven faces.

the loves of Cosru and Shirin.

^ol>ji^S.1j the life of Alexander.

j Leila and Magenum, a tale.

the treasure of secrets. Lond. Priv.

V

Pendnama, a book of moral sentences, not unlike those of
Theogenis in Greek, byj\£x	Ferideddin

Attar. Lond. Oxf

oUT

The works of Catebi; containing five poems :

the junction of two seas.
l-Aj $3 the ten chapters.

(j-Sxj	beauty and	love.

>U the conqueror and triumpher.
j the loves of Baharam and Gulendam.
<pb/>144

A CATALOGUE OF

There are many more histories and poems written in
Persian ; but those above-mentioned are the most celebrated
in Asia. The poets of the second class were
Roudeki, who translated Pilpai’s fables into verse ;

Reshidi, who wrote an art of poetry called\
the inchanted, gardens ;	Ahmedi, who composed

an heroic poem on the actions of Tamerlane : not to
mention a great number of elegiac and lyric poets, who are
very little known in Europe.

PHILOSOPHY.

The light of Soleil or canopus.—A very elegant para-
phrase of Pilpai’s tales and fables, by Cashefi. Oxf.

tojLt

The touchstone of learning; a more simple translation of
Pilpai, by Abu Fazl. Oxf.
<pb/>PERSIAN ROOKS.

145
J1J

The Persian tales of a thousand and one days, translated
into French by Petit de la Croix.

i

Negaristan, the gallery of pictures, by Jouini.—A miscel-
laneous work upon moral subjects, in prose and verse.
There is a beautiful copy of this book in the Bodleian
library at Oxford. Marsh 397.

A system of natural philosophy, by Isfahani Oxf.

The natural history of precious stones. Oxf

There are many books in Persian upon Geometry,
Algebra, Astronomy, Mechanics, Logic, Rhetoric, and
Physic; all which deserve to be read and studied by
the Europeans. The Persians are very fond of elegant
manuscripts ; all their favourite works are generally written
upon fine silky paper, the ground of which is often powdered
<pb/>14G

A CATALOGUE OF

with gold or silver dust: the two first leaves are com-
monly illuminated, and the whole book is sometimes per-
fumed with essence of roses or sandal wood. The poem of
Joseph and Zuleikha in the public library at Oxford is,
perhaps, the most beautiful manuscript in the world: the
margins of every page are gilt and adorned with garlands
of flowers; and the hand-writing is elegant to the highest
degree .* it is in the collection of the learned Greaves, No. I.
The Asiatics have many advantages in writing : their ink
is extremely black, and never loses its colour; the Egyp-
tian reeds with which they write, are formed to make the
finest strokes and flourishes ; and their letters run so easily
into one another, that they can write faster than any other
nation. It is not strange, therefore, that they prefer their
manuscripts to our best printed books ; and if they should
ever adopt the art of printing, in order to promote the
general circulation of learning, they will still do right to
preserve their classical works in manuscript.

I shall conclude with a Persian ode in three Asiatic
hands, and shall add a few remarks upon each of them.
<pb/>[ W ]

/ L

/ NISKHI.

This is the on 1/ form of writing that we can imitate
exactly by our typ :* it is the hand of the Arabians, who
invented the chapters ; and it must, therefore, be learned
before we attempf :o read the other hands: it is frequently
used by the Persiais, and the history of Nader Shah was
written in it.

II.

T A L I K.

This beautful hand may easily be read by Europeans,
if they undeistand the Persian language; and if they do
not, what will it avail them to read it ? In this form of
writing thestrokes are extremely fine, and the initial letters
j 5 3 are sometimes scarcely perceptible. The characters
are the ssme with (or rather only a variety of) those used in

"• Types lave since been made in India to imitate the Talik with tolerable success;
though it must be confessed, the Niskhi being the plainest, and easiest character to
read, should be preferred for printing. See Forms of Herkern, Calcutta, 1781.

u 2
<pb/>C 148 ]

printing, except that (j*, and ar> often expressed by a
long stroke of the reed. As the Persius always write their
lines of an equal length, they are oliged to place the
words in a very irregular manner: if tie line be too short,
they lengthen it by a fine stroke of thireed; if too long,
they write the words one above another. In the Persian
poems the transcribers place both members of a couplet on
the same line, and not the first above thesecond, as we do:
a Persian would write the following versts in this order,

With ravished ears	The momrch hears,

Assumes the god,	Affects tonod*

It must be confessed, that this irregularly in writing,
joined to the confusion of the diacritical pohts, which are
often placed at random, and sometimes omited, makes it
verv difficult to read the Persian manuscripts, till the

language becomes familiar to us; but this dificulty, like
all others in the world, will be insensibly surmounted by
the habit of industry and perseverance, withoutwhich no

great design was ever accomplished.
<pb/>[ *49 ]

III.

SHEKEST EH.

In this inelegant hand all order and analogy are neglect-
ed ; the points which distinguish lJ from Jj, ^from £_and
and L-> from O, lt> and L->, Sec. are for the most part
omitted, and„ these seven letters, \ 3 3jjJj are connected
with those that follow them in a most irregular manner.
This is, certainly, a considerable difficulty, which must be
surmounted before the learner can translate a Persian letter:
but I am persuaded, that those who chiefly complain of it
have another difficulty still greater, which is their imperfect
knowledge of the language.
<pb/>
<pb/>



#i. f I

v

t 151 ]

ADVERTISEMENT. ,

\^C

/V

t

The following Index will be found, it is hoped, of *
considerable use to learners, and to those in particular
yyho 'tire unprovided with dictionaries. It is not only in-
tended as a literal alphabetical explanation and analysis
of the extracts and authorities from the various writers
interspersed through the Grammar, but, as a vocabulary,
/7 may be employed to advantage, by imprinting on the

ili. '\iory a number of useful words.

I -n.

It may not be improper however to inform those who
have made but little progress in this language, that, in con-
sulting any dictionary, there is a variety of inseparable
particles prefixed and annexed to words, which must be

analysed or separated before the meaning can be found : for

■$r

example,

which literally signifies to desire is, must not
be looked for under the letter cj but under	the L-> prefixed

A

•
<pb/>152

ADVERTISEMENT.

being the inseparable preposition for, to, in, ^ implying
desire, Sec. and (for Cthe third person present of
to be.

// fy unnecessary to multiply examples, but it will save
the learner much trouble if he keep in mind, //zc/ the prin-
cipal of those pr fixed particles are,
the Arabic particle the.
l_> (or ^ before words beginning with \) the character-
istic of the first future, and sometimes of the imperative,
bj or c—> the preposition to, for, kc.
c_> prefixed sometimes by way of pleonasm, to which no
translation can give any precise meaning.

U with.

without.
j iforj\) ^rom> with, by, See.

(for to) which, what,
p or	characteristics	of	the	present	tense.—

These characteristics of the present are frequently omitted
by the Persian authors.

f (or ^ before words beginning with \) the negative
prefixed to imperatives.
<pb/>ADVERTISEMENT.

153

l6or ^ (or (J bejorc words beginning with \) the general
negative prefixed to all other tenses *

The particles which are commonly annexed to words are
as follow:

The possessive pronouns
I* or my, mine.	U	our.

CL> CL>\ or C-o thy, thine.	your.

j his, her, its.	or	their.

the plural of nouns having reference to living
creatures.

Lb the plural of inanimate nouns.

\ or L> the poetic vocative.

\j the termination of the oblique cases.

the third person present of to be.

LS is sometimes equivalent to our a or one; and at other
times after nouns ending with \ or 2$ it marks that the fol-
lowing noun is in the genitive case ; and it is then equal to
our of.

* Notwithstanding the above observations, which will save the learner some
perplexity in consulting dictionaries, many of the compounded words, and such
oblique tenses as differ most from their infinitives, are for his greater ease
and satisfaction inserted in this Index.

X
<pb/>154

ADVERTISEMENT.

The Persian writers make frequent use of the contracted,
infinitive; when the learner therefore cannot find such
words as	or	in	the	Index, let him look for

^c*

V The a put after some words in the Index shows
that they are of Arabic original.
<pb/>[ 151* ]

■dn Extract from the Memoirs of the Emperor Jahangir,
written by HimselJ.

j JlL	^	lr>	c5^ j

c>^ j	^	b|VH	crj^*

\j 4“~t3 ^	j	JJ-V	^ji/* u5^V	j

J'fjy. sy\y>~	^	LsU-	i^AJ	oWjj	c-Jys

e^-=f^ 	^	tJ^o-	ylW	c^°

*'"£	jVj	Jji-	\j	J	J~~yV^V	C-^^c	gi\

^ j\ j,L' *! \))\ -J	uyy	^ j>\

j*^-i jW '•Sy	4^?“ J	^	^jy^o

iU	Jj)j	jj	^^iji	J	tJLb J -j jJ

j'ir* ^ ci^ (*^J ^Jlki	j.jj^	^jJ

Zr ^Jy	v^JJi	^	oT	>>	j	r*

jyij^ ^ J*V J' sV** J5 ^ eJU	JL).y* ^

c? r^ ‘^s-*- ^~>'s ^ tr®'^ j\ 	t/A>°

d^.y*. fJ-H av.».1> ^Uf *ite^ ^
u ^	J^)	j'	J	y	J^\	Ji}	^jJjj iaibjJ > c'^3

•^V"	^	V-H	^	j	Jcow

J C^.^y cr*^ b J>'	^	r^	jjj		(V«H
<pb/>[ 152* ]

3^	j t	^vi>M	J	£^s>~\Sj|	>4i«$it>b'

^*J5 1.'	wc iXl»V LJ^iIa^	^)b^J J tX^bc^SI^c Jww* t ^>X
,^-i, i-djb^	lr«	C^f-	^

»* /

|*l)	^jli'ii..:	\y S^tJ j\ tX*J L~~^ t5^	CI-JJ.j	lj	JO^^JL^c

/ '**

 ^ j»«»^jw 	^jV)	c^°

JS Jc*£»b icJ^^i c-^blir4 j*-Lrf ^UsLj b j*-Lj kVksrc l^o d£ |*JujJJ

**	y	y

u^iSij Jsr° d£ biL-;	j*jlojJ	o3b	cJr~	dciS'	bb	*i—~-

i—jj b	>U	j_cb	Jcjwb«) Li^tbk-« *^>=>‘	^

C_'lib j Odbbki cU)\j-> ^b*^—^c Ai.	j*^1-'	J	jJ	^	(Jbs

J^SU.* w^j-c ^3	^	U~*h	^V > ^ Jjb^	J

•	d£	X’b wcO* w lX>- *b	cO JuwCl -bbs-- /*JCw ili.wb *>- !>^s3Js AkvOfc-C

L>-	•••>••	v	(^	••	J	J	•	p	v	ji	(_7 >

W*

~5>-l.X5l ^bb>-*^,be j*^ ^-^bj" j*bj	bx£»l	il

cr^-*- C-^ b-f" r'^ J *-bb f'j jifo^cT b-y ^—rlr^ cA-v-f- c>bslub

oJ	^	»i

J |^L*3 ^^^»3	CA-^	J

s- y3~£j\ sxj di	j-j	|*M	jj

e^biLj	^jb	c)^*-	O^V	3

y	**	*	y

v*\£)b^A^rr'.,.'ju'jJ c^'UjJU ^^jbj iOjj ^‘U-j^y> Lj^y) _____________________

|*X>L>: i-^j->-	j	j*-:^
<pb/>[ 153* ]

A Description of the City of Agra, from the same.

(^-^0 4>3yJ)\

^t*sc ^)V	^	cx-oly	Aj	f\

j*W J~>	*>pU	ufrJ*	uj'-ij

«L^J e£3 LT	J	Jv^c	4X-f;

,*r^t	^	f\j^	^

l5Uj3 LJ^b j-^ jjr!	u\j>y (mr^t^, ci^

^JL-J JbUj OyT ^ kjjj L-JjjS* lJW ^jjjSd^o

d£> j ^r5	l!^5	jf?	c~Jl

owJti>\j Lirt> lJUjj *svr cj^> ur y^u ^ ^ ^y
l^c\ y	^ l!?^

i • A***b^-^	C—^*««..»r-^_*j

0,1*^ xiLbj ^A3 *~> (%yr^^ oo)y ^
jV)l>j	*£cu-^vy (jLl l^J\j jj\

^.y-5 c~J^j ^	c^,..-.;/l>lj	.^If^	^y>A^J)\ tjlP -^y

—■^jj^^. (jy^ j (Ja^3 (JU-^ jj^'A ciyj
yby ^ c*w\^Aru-*^c
C> Li..W*“ *“-''w^(^^	Ot>-l; J)\

y cu^y/ y>U?
Ulbl /.J

cr

*U txdi

U j\j(



tf i/'^

_?	J-1^	1)	£_£>

^ ^iAy^o cu~l jl^L;U j^LL ^yT) b j ^I ^ *-o

**»

aTcl,
<pb/>[ 154* ]

^-3	0O,\i	C-^-As	j	Jy^c	^v>\	^	Lf	^W2*"

j\	CsJkJ^c	LOp-	\jA	j	^

CUiib l* bi \j a\\^	J>	\	J	J^xj\

,U-

mU-

b

—J bj+rf0 ~-ib^ *b-*^ _^P O'

_/"^> v^ o^ «a# 3J*-^ ^

CUjJ

uj^~	j *y*

*£ j\ c^bjU\jf	c£bp	jcsbl^	c.^

Oio LfW 2f^c\ b^\j C~wA tNljb (jAe'b*» CUo^ l£\j

c£r> j- L^*j b^f\	bU rK!j^ C)'	^b!/ ^

bl.>»,;«.w-CLJj*£*S*.	CUlf JjbiWL>CU^t5U. itb

iv^f il^c\^^\j	^j\j (X-jb ^jbl^iU	JVxJj

O^j ^jjb\^>\ ^pb C^~£z>j\ i\*J bllolj^blb
Cl>^r*-^A ^^ol—; \j^j	i^jCsJti tZJib^

^ L*J~3	^	C-JSj	u\j\l^^j j ^)j

^oo^c^i il>\o^\ ^\jjW b^ (jZjL. CJycj

^ j*^ t^>\j bio ^\j cjiy ^Ib LfUw
J cXb\«iCi>A~; bib^JL,\jj Ci£L~; j\ L$j+czjsb* Cj^I^c.

oc^b^^b bOw-j^ |*l;\j ^V> c)\

^ -1)^ ^JLr** ty*- 0o)U> Jb

^V-*^ *s
<pb n="155"/>
   
   <list><head>INDEX.</head>

<item>
   <foreign xml:lang="per">آب</foreign>
Water, fountain: lustre.
</item>
      <item>
         upon: a cloud.

         J\jj\ a. pi. ofj) the just.  colour, paint, comp, of c-A water and colour.  (JLA a. Absal, proper name.  a. Abufazal (father of virtue) proper name.  a. Abulays (father of the lion)proper name.  CA (annexed to words) thy. U*j\ fire. fiery. jr>\ a. a mark, impression, to plant.  a. pi. of*JtXaw the eyes.  A- PI- °fj*~ the noble, free a. or. care, grief. eA***aA 
         
         a. a present, favour, benefit.	tX*^A a. Ahmad (most worthy of praise) a proper name.  \yaA a. pi of affairs, con- ditions; secrets.  Cf^\ to draw aswordfnifefrc. a. choice, liberty ; pru- dence.  ^A a. end,finally; another.  
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اخرين</foreign>
         a. moderns; posterity. 
      
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
      a. Adam; a man: a messenger.  VA a. when.  j\*\ the 9th Persian month; vernal.  JX fire.  a\a=*^A the province of Media. _j\ bringing, bring thou>from  . or\J\ adorning,

v o
<pb n="156"/>

to adorn,
rest.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آرزد</foreign>
         is worth, from <ref xml:lang="per">آرزيدن</ref>

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آرزيدن</foreign>
         to be worth <note n="grc">this is not a separate entry in the Jones glossary.</note>
</item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آرد</foreign> may bring, from <ref xml:lang="per">آوردن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
a. safety, rectitude.
pj\ I ram, name of a fabulous
garden in the East.
j\ from.

he set.at liberty,
liberty,
afflicting, from
^\j\ to rebuke, afflict, wound.
(j\j\ from that.

■^\ j\ thence,
from this,
hence.
j\ on account of.

^■jfj' wherefore? why?'
on account of.
afflicted, from
^j\ whence.

experienced from ^ytjs
temptation, experience,
to try, tempt.

el

J^cj\ from amidst.

from one another.
uyj\ to sew together.

like, resembling: appeas-
ing.

rest, both jrom f
or 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اسب</foreign>
         or 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اسپ</foreign>
a horse.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">استماع</foreign>
a. hearing, sound.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">استماع نمودندي</foreign>
they listened.
      </item>
      <item>
         
a. pi. of	secrets,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آسمان</foreign>
heaven.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آسودن</foreign>
to rest.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         

imr£\ {annexed to words) his
a tear.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آشکار</foreign>
         clear, evident.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آشناي</foreign>
love, friendship, familiarity : knowledge.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آشوب</foreign>
         disturbing, from <ref xml:lang="per">آشوفتن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آشوفتن</foreign>.
to disturb,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آشيانه</foreign>
         a nest.
      </item>
      <item>
a. confusion, pain.
a. pi- of lJparts,

tracts.

(J\ocx.\ a. equality, temperance.
<pb n="157"/>

J'

$\s££\ a. belief, faith.

\ a. great; greater.
j\i\ a beginning. *

a. pl. of branches,
to embrace.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اغيار</foreign>
         a. pl. of <ref xml:lang="per">ِغير</ref> rivals, jealousy.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
to cut.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آفتاب</foreign>
         the sun.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
or	a	bottle; a

coffer.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">افتادن</foreign>
to fall.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
j\y\ exalting, from

Alraslyab, proper

name.


      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">افروختن</foreign>
         to inflame.
         
      </item>
      <item>
         
jjj*\ inflaming,from the above.
to create,
creating,/row. the above,
or ^f\y\ increasing, from
to increase,
increasing,
alas!

to speak idly.


      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">افشان</foreign> sprinkling, shedding.
         
      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">افشاندن</foreign>
to sprinkle, shed.

      </item>
      <item>
         
to press.

(^y3\ throwing,from
to throw.
a. pi. of ^3 cups.
a. their cups.
j)y\ a. affirmation confirmation.
jS\ a. Akbar (greater) proper
name.

      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">اگه</foreign> or 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اگاه</foreign>
         intelligent, vigilant
knowledge.

</item>
   <item><foreign xml:lang="per">اگر</foreign> 
      if.</item>
      
    
         <item><foreign xml:lang="per">اگرچه</foreign> though.</item>
      <item>       

filling.	to	fill,

now.
cnff full.

(J) a. the article the.

*\ a. but, except.
cAibi) a. esteem, respect.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">التيام</foreign>
a. gentleness, lenity.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">الحان</foreign>
a. musical notes.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
a. the mind.

L_flM a. a thousand.

$J\ sprinkled, stained, from
<pb n="158"/>

to stain, sprinkle.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">الهي</foreign> a. O God, heaven ; divine.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اليد</foreign>
a. the Arab, article pre-
fixed to aid, strength, hand,
etc.
      </item>
      <item>
         
f» [annexed to words) my.

to prepare; to be ready.
>r preparing.
cjUd a. security, mercy; sin-
cerity.

he came; coming,

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آمدن</foreign>
to come, approach ; the
coming, approach.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
coming and going.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">امروز</foreign>
to-day.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">امشب</foreign>
         
to-night.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آموختن</foreign>       
to learn, teach.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آموز</foreign>
skilled, teaching.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آميختن</foreign>
to mix.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
hope.	hopeful.

jyc\ a prince, noble.

Amlrkh’and shah,

proper name.
jyc\ mixing, from

J that: time : now.

      </item>
      <item>
       <foreign xml:lang="per">انان</foreign>  
those.
      </item>
      <item>
         
to fill.

jfecj] a. desire, expectation.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">انجا</foreign>
there, in that place.

      </item>
      <item>
         
a. or stars.

to throw, dart,
throwing, from the above.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اندرون</foreign>
within.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
little.

to gain, gather
to besmear,
gathering, gaining.

thought, consideration,
thither.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">انکه</foreign>
that which; he who.

      </item>
      <item>
        
        
or then, at that time.
4^i£;\5o\ to think.

to excite, raise
raising, exciting.
j\y\ a. Anwar (splendour)
proper name.
those.

j^\ a. pi.	rivers.
<pb n="159"/>

lSj\ orj\ or j he, she, it: his,
her, its.

himself, herself.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آواز</foreign>
a voice, sound: fame.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آوان</foreign>
         a. pl. of <foreign xml:lang="per">آن</foreign> times.
j\jj\ devouring, swallowing,
from

to devour.

J bringing,	from

\jj\ him, her, it; to him, 8cc.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اوراق</foreign>
         a. pl. of <foreign xml:lang="per">ورق</foreign> leaves.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آوردن</foreign>
         to bring.
      </item>
      <item>
Ca throne: a manufac-
turing village.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اوضاع</foreign>
a. pl. of

     
         <foreign xml:lang="per">وضع</foreign>
            affairs,
            actions.
      </item>
      <item>

         <foreign xml:lang="per">اول</foreign>
a. first: the beginning.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اولين</foreign>
            a. forefathers, the an-
cients.
      </item>
      <item>
         
o hang.

^Ia. skilful: endowed with,
possessed of: people.

wise.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">غزال</foreign>
a fawn.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
\ coming; come thou,from

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اي</foreign> or 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ايا</foreign> 
         O! sign of the voc.
case.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ايام</foreign>
         a. times, days, pl.  of <foreign xml:lang="ara">يوم</foreign>
to stand,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ايشان</foreign>
         they: their.  <foreign xml:lang="per">ايشان خود</foreign>
         themselves.	 <foreign xml:lang="per">ايشانرا</foreign> them :  
         <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> to	them
      </item>
      <item>
jjy* Lf\ O Sir!

a. the right hand.

^ this.	these.

UijI here.
cnliCol so, thus
1j\ hither,
behold,
a mirror,
these.
cnj\ nature.

C-J

with; to, for.
      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">با</foreign> with, possessed of: since.
      </item>
      <item>
      
vV a. agate; a chapter.

Babar, a proper name.
<pb n="160"/>

eniJj to play.  

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">باد</foreign>
the wind, air; let it be. 

      </item>
      <item>
        
        
L-o ^b zephyr; a gentle gale; the east or morning wind.  

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">باده</foreign>
wine.  

      </item>
      <item>
       
a load, baggage.  ^r-^b Persian.  Lijb once. .  jb playing, play thou, from  b  jb again, anew. cyjfyfi with-hold, keep back. Njb a player; playing.  b being, be thou, from b^b a basha, governor.  CsJL\j it may be; it may happen, from  to sprinkle, dilTuse. 


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">باغ</foreign>
a garden, 

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">باغبار</foreign>
a gardener. 
      </item>
      <item>
         
C/ib to weave: to tinge.  ^b 

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">باقي</foreign>
         a. the remainder; permanent.
      </item>
      <item>
         fear, care.  C^jb pure, chaste, clean.	jb£b affectionate.  ^£b more pure.  (j-^c^b innocent, unblemished, beautiful, amiable, gentle, pure, lovely, jb awing: an arm.  
      </item>
         <item>
            <foreign xml:lang="per">بالا</foreign>
         above, upwards. 
         </item>    <item>
                  
                  
                     ^j^Jb to strain. 
         
         Mowob in the morning.  
         *^j>b fifteen, t^-oib five hundred.  V  ^>b together.  \ * °  

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بايد</foreign>
         it is necessary, from  <foreign xml:lang="per">بايستن</foreign>.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
         permanent, from (jb a foot, a/zd jb the participle of (jrJL>b to have.  
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بايستن</foreign>
         
            to be necessary.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         CTw^b to accept.  
         he took or bore up. fear thou from he kissed,/m/i Ike first appears to be re- dundant.
<pb n="161"/>
[pi. uf) an infant.

a. metre: the sea.
y^Jj^k a. the Iambic measure.

a. the Trochaic mea-
sure.

a. a kind of verse, con-
sisting of lambics and Spondees.

A. dual	the	two

seas.

Bokhara, name of a place.
to boil.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بخشم</foreign>
         I would give, from <ref xml:lang="per">بخشيدن</ref>
      </item>
      <item> <foreign xml:lang="per">بخشيدن</foreign>
to give.
      </item>
       <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بد</foreign> 
         bad.	
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بدم</foreign> bad of	me.
         <ref xml:lang="per">بد</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بدآن</foreign> 
to or for these,

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بدان</foreign>
         know thou, from <ref xml:lang="per">دانستن</ref>.	

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بدانستمي</foreign>
I might have known, from <ref xml:lang="per">دانستن</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بده</foreign>
         give thou, 
         from <ref xml:lang="per">دادن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         
conspicuously, publicly,
to become conspi-
cuous.

accepting,from
to accept.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پر</foreign>
            full. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بر</foreign>
the bosom: 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بر</foreign>
            upon.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">برت</foreign>
         upon thy bosom. 
      </item>
      <item>
         carrying, ravishing, from
to rest.

      </item>
      <item>
        
         I should rest.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
jj to ascend.

Lf\jJ for, because.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">برآيد</foreign>
         arises, comes, from <ref xml:lang="per">برآمدن</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">برآمدن</foreign> to arise, come.
      </item>
      <item>
      Wy a harp, lute.

a ray, splendour.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">برخاستن</foreign>
to rise, arise.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پرداختن</foreign>
to finish, compose.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پرداز</foreign>
composing, completing.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پردازد</foreign> (from <ref xml:lang="per"></ref>
he finishes, performs.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">برداشتن</foreign>
to raise, exalt
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بردن</foreign> to bear, carry, lead,


</item>
         <item>
           <foreign xml:lang="per">بردند</foreign> they carry off.
            </item>
            <item>
               <foreign xml:lang="per">پرده</foreign>
a veil, tapestry.
            </item>
      <item>
         
Lfj\$25jj a chamberlain, porter.

ask thou, asking.'
cXyy it arrives.

j~lf> above, on the top or head,
to ask.
<pb n="162"/>

we have asked,
cuiy he went away.
      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">برگ</foreign> a leaf; power; arms;
ornament; a musical instrument.
      </item>
      <item>
         
eP fjt,t0 fiH-

10 return, recede,
to ascend, mount,
a butterfly, moth,
a protector, nourisher;
educating; educate thou.

to educate, nourish,
education. Nourish-

went.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">برون</foreign>
without, out of.
      </item>
      <item>
together.

(LfJsirjj to beware, abstain,
abstinence, chastity,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پري</foreign>
an angel, fairy.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پريشان</foreign>    
ruinous, disordered,

scattered.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
under, below.

to wither, decay.

J tliev will give up,from
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بستان</foreign>
a garden.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
            tjts—j a

breast.

C^w> to bind, shut,
a boy, child.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بسيار</foreign>
much, many.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
J it blossomed,
let us break.

0^3j a. sight: prudence.
(Jbxj a. lazy j a miscreant.
Cte a. vain, fruitless.
     after. ^ j\ cSxj afterwards,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بفرما</foreign>  second person imperative, 
         from <ref xml:lang="per">فرمودن</ref> to command, etc.
      </item>
      <item>
         
CU--^c\5o is to my desire.
tXJjbo lie shall dig, from (jnjfc
leave thou,
say thou, from Cfisf
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بگذرد</foreign>
         it shall pass, from <ref xml:lang="per">گذردن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         
but.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بلا</foreign>
a. misfortune; without,
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
2>ij a. a country, region,
a nightingale.
<pb n="163"/>

J'



but.
a tiger.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بلي</foreign>
a. yes.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
it shall perish, from
therefore,
mourn thou, from
five. aUu fifty.

V	•	V	1

the fifth.

binding, compiling; bind

thou.
      </item>
      <item>
    <foreign xml:lang="per">پند</foreign>     
advice, counsel.
      </item>
      <item>
         
to suppose, think,
can hind, from

a garden of violets,
sliowed, from : the
S-* prefixed seems to - be redun-
dant.

to be.

they were, from
xty a little branch.

an excuse.

(j-o a kiss.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بوستان</foreign>
a garden,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بوسيد</foreign>
         he kissed, from <ref xml:lang="per">بوديدن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پوشيدن</foreign>
to hide, cover, conceal.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بوم</foreign>
         an owl.	
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ببوم</foreign>
         to the owl. See <ref xml:lang="per">بوم</ref>


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بوي</foreign>
fragrance, smell.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
rose-scented. Scent of

the rose.

 good: in, into. To.
 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بهار</foreign>
the spring.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
the mansion of the

spring.

cheerfulness.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بهر</foreign>
because, for, on account of:
all, every one: fortune; pre-excellence.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
Baharam (the planet Mars)
proper name.

L^i^j the breast, side: near:
the ancient Persian language.

^ together, one with another.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بي</foreign>
         without,


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بيا</foreign>
         come thou, from <ref xml:lang="per">آمدن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بيابان</foreign>
         a desart: uncultivated.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بيابم</foreign>
         I shall find, from 
         <ref xml:lang="">يافتن</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
JLj bring thou, from

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بياض</foreign>
a. white; brightness.
</item>
         <item>
y2________________________
<pb n="164"/>

         </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پياله</foreign>
a cup.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
L^L-j fearless.

faithless, merciless.
Lfjyc^j thou shalt learn, from

CUja. a house; a distich.

inconsiderate.

irregular.
         </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بيحواله</foreign>
without assistance.
      </item>
      <item>
a root, origin.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بيخار</foreign>
without a thorn.
         </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بي حبر</foreign>
ignorant.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
LfUszr! to sift.

LrJszrJ to take captive.
C^JLjLsr^ false, faithless.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پيدا</foreign> openly : a discovery.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
J4X-J heartless, disconsolate.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پير</foreign>
         old ; an old man.
      </item>
      <item>
         

adorning, collecting,
to deck,
without, out of doors,
shedding, si (ting, from

twenty.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>پيش
before; the front.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
*.,.j innumerable.

JyLj inconstant; afflicted.

new.	novelty,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پيکر</foreign>
the face, form.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">پيل</foreign>
            an elephant.
 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بيم</foreign>
fear, danger.
      </item>
      <item>
         
unequalled,
to measure.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بين</foreign>
         seeing, from <ref xml:lang="per">ديدم</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">بينم</foreign>
         I may see, from <ref xml:lang="per">ديدم</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
         
or ^ endless,
helpless, unfortunate.

to join, touch,
touching, joining, reach-
ing.

Cj

o\ or O (annexed to words)
thy.

U until, that, in order to.
l-A5 heat, flame; splendour;
strength; desire; a fever; con-
torsion.
<pb n="165"/>

J

cP

to cause to shine.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تابم</foreign>
         I may turn, be. from <ref xml:lang="per">تابيدن</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تابيدن</foreign>
to turn, twist; to shine,
make warm ; to be able.
      </item>
      <item>
         
bright, shining,
to twist; hasten; wager.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تاز</foreign>
         obscurity; a hair; a wire;
a thread ; the summit.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
spoil, prey, ruin,
obscurity, darkness.

^}G a. a history, chronicle.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تاريک</foreign>
dark. 

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تاريکتر</foreign>
         
         darker.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         ZjG fresh, new, young.

more fresh, See.
iPiG to inflame, burn.

a. consideration, specu-
lation.

let alone, leave, relinquish.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تحفه</foreign>
a. a present ; rare, elegant.

      </item>
      <item>
        
        
a. prudence, advice;
government; regulation.

a. a record, obligation.
y moist, fresh,

\y thee; to thee.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ترانه</foreign>
harmony, modulation.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تربت</foreign> a. a tomb.
      </item>
      <item>
a. order, regularity,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ترسي</foreign>
         thou fearest, from <ref xml:lang="per">ترسيدن</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ترسيدن</foreign>
to fear.
      </item>
      <item>
      
LfiSyy thou mayst fear.

a. pointing; shame,

anguish.
      </item>
      <item>
<foreign xml:lang="per">ترک</foreign> a. a beautiful man or
woman; a Turk; leaving, relinquishing.
      </item><item>
correcting; arranging.
(—a. composition, in-
vention.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تعلي الله</foreign>
         or
         <foreign xml:lang="per">الله تعلي</foreign>
omnipotent God.
      </item>
      <item>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تعجيل</foreign>
a. haste.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
(jrG*G a. hanging, dependent;
the most elegant kind of Persian
hand-writing.

. negligence: contempt.
a. relaxation, walking;
contemplation.
<pb n="166"/>

a. precious: the eighth.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تلخ</foreign>
            bitter ; severely.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تلخکام</foreign>       
bitter in the mouth.
      </item>
      <item>
         LlsUJ diversion; a spectacle,
seeing.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تمام</foreign>
a. full, perfect; completion, end: completely.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تمنٌا</foreign>
a. a wish; supplication.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
y the body, person.

VJ alone, only; solitary.
j3 thou : thy. y thyself.

a. (pi. of histories.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">توان</foreign> it is possible, from <ref xml:lang="per">تواستن</ref>.
         <ref xml:lang="per">تواستن</ref>.
         
      </item>
     
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تواستن</foreign>, it is possible.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">توبه</foreign>
a. repentance ; conversion.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
(jr^y to collect; to pay debts.
^-1^5 a. congratulation.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تهي</foreign>
wretched, empty, naked,

poor.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
jy an arrow : the river Tigris.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تيز</foreign>
 sharp; violent, passionate,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">تيغ</foreign>
         
         a sword.

      </item>
      <item>
        
         a. moisture.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ثريا</foreign> a. the constellation Pleides.
      </item>
      <item>
         
Z.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جا</foreign>
            a place.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جادو</foreign>
an inchanter; inchanting.
      </item>
      <item>
         
 
 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چاره</foreign>
a remedy.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a fissure, a breach
to tear.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جام</foreign>
            a cup, glass; mirror,

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جامه</foreign>
            a mantle, robe; bed.
            
      </item>
      <item>
       
       
a collection.



      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جان</foreign>
         the soul; a beautiful
woman.

      </item>
      <item>
         
souls, friends: lovers
uU- delighting the soul,
jy V having life, an animal.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زبين</foreign>
a. the forehead.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جد</foreign>
a. study, endeavour.
      </item>
      <item>
         wherefore, why?

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جراحت</foreign> (see <ref xml:lang="per">جراحات</ref>).
a wound.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چرج</foreign>
fortune; the world, globe.
      </item>
      <item>
         
Cir cassia.
a. a crime.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جزا</foreign> or
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جز</foreign>
except, unless.

      </item>
      <item>
         
<pb n="167"/>


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جستن</foreign>
            to leap; to seek, examine.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چشم</foreign>
an eye.
      </item>
      <item>
         a fountain.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چشيدن</foreign>
         to taste, try.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چشيده ام</foreign>
         I have tasted, from <ref xml:lang="per">چشيدن</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جعد</foreign>

a. a curling lock.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چغانه</foreign>
a kind of musical instrument, a lyre, a lute.
      </item>
      <item>
         
the liver.	hver-

piercing.

what dost thou do?
comp, of ^[('qy ^) what, and the
second person pres, of
how? what?

J alaluddin (the glory
of religion) proper name.

a. a volume: a skin.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جمال</foreign>
         a. beauty, elegance.
      </item>
      <item>
Jamshed,/?r/?£r name.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جمع</foreign>
a. collection, assembly,
troops.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چمن</foreign>
a garden, meadow.
      </item>
      <item>
        
verdant plain, meadow.

how often?
fairy land,

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چنگ</foreign>
a harp, lute.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چو</foreign> when 
         (or <foreign xml:lang="per">چنين</foreign>) like, as.



      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جو</foreign>
         seek thou,from <ref xml:lang="per">جستن</ref>

      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">چنان</foreign> in like manner,
         </item>
         <item>
            
            in the same way.
in this manner, thus.
      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">جنٌت</foreign>
         a. or <foreign xml:lang="per">جنة</foreign> paradise.
      </item>
      <item>
how many?

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جواب</foreign>

an answer,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جوان</foreign>
            young; a young man.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         youth.

a. (pi ofjy*-) jewels,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چون</foreign>
how? when.

      </item>
      <item>
         
 when that.

CJVys- Jawlnl, name of an
author.

thou mayst seek,from

^ what, which.

^ leaping, from
four,
fourteen.
         <pb n="168"/>

Ow



four hundred.
the fourth. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جهان</foreign>
            the world. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جهانکشا</foreign>
            conqueror of the world.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جهاندار</foreign>
possessing the world. 
      </item>
      <item>
        
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جهد</foreign>
a. diligence, solicitude.
      </item>
      <item>
         forty.
      </item>
      <item>
         
what ? what is it ? 
he gathered from iA. 
what dost thou  seek ?  
what dost thou say?  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چين</foreign>
China: a ringlet.  
      </item>
      <item>
         is 
 
 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چينم</foreign>
         I may gather, from <ref xml:lang="per">چيدن</ref>

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">چيدن</foreign>
         to gather


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حاجت</foreign> a. necessity: poverty.  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حاصل</foreign>
         a. arriving; completion; harvest, produce: profit.  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حافظ</foreign>
         a. Hafiz (a man of great memory) name of a poet.  
      </item>
      <item>
         JW a. a condition, state: a thing, time present.	
         a. motion, action; state.	
 
 
 
 
         a. imprisonment. 
         a. (/;/. of teuz*.) gardens.  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حديث</foreign> a. news; an accident.      
      </item>
      <item>
         a. caution. 
         a. motion:  a vowel. 
         a. envy, malevolence. 
         a. beauty, elegance.  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حسن</foreign>
         a. followers, troops. 
      </item>
      <item>
         a. true; truth, reason. C-JUU. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حقيقت</foreign>
         a. sincerity: truly. 
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
         a. a decree; wisdom.  
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حکمت</foreign>
         a. science; a miracle. 
      </item>
      <item>
         
         a. wise: a doctor, learned man, philosopher, physician.
         a. lawful.
         
         
       
         a. a bath.  i  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حمد</foreign>
         a. praise. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حوادث</foreign>
         a. (pl. of <ref xml:lang="per">حادث</ref>) accidents, news.  ^. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">حواله</foreign>
         a. assistance, support: a fortress; eminence, mountain.  
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
         a. (pl. of ) necessaries, necessities: things.



         <pb n="169"/>



CL.*  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هيات</foreign>
a. life; a portico, vestibule. 
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a. (pi. oftS^.) frauds. a. Jiving, life; an animal.	

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خدا</foreign>
God.  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خداوند</foreign>
a prince, lord, patron. 

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خدواندا</foreign>
         
         O God! O heaven !
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خدواند يگانه</foreign>
         the only Lord God.
      </item>
      <item>
         t  a thorn.  anguish, resentment, to rise. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خاصُ</foreign>
a. pure, excellent; noble. 
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خاطر</foreign>
a. mind, heart, disposition. 
      </item>
      <item>
         
tjlilL KhakanI, name of a poet. 

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خاک</foreign>
earth, dust. 
      </item>
      <item>
<foreign xml:lang="per">خال</foreign> a. a mole on the face. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خالق</foreign> a. the Creator.  a lord, grandee; an inn. (y?/. o/‘lk) houses. a. history; news; fame, relate thou, from to inform, relate.  K'.L 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per"><placeName>ختن</placeName></foreign>
         <placeName>Khotan</placeName>, Tartary.  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خجل</foreign>
         
         a. ashamed, blushing;  envy.  
         
         ClukaJs. a. a blush, shame.	friend of God, proper  name.  
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خرامان</foreign>
            stately, pompous. 
      </item>
      <item>
      
            a. murmured : fell from  intellect: small.  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دقيقه</foreign>
            a.      
         minute, subtile; minutiae, 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خرسند</foreign>      
         contented. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خرساندم</foreign>        
         I am contented.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خرسندي</foreign>
         content.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خرم</foreign>
         charming, pleasant.
      </item>
      <item>    a cock or hen. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خروش</foreign>  
         rage, emotion: an attack.  
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
            buying; he bought.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خزان</foreign>      
         the autumn. 
      </item>
      <item>
        
         Khosru, Cyrus. a. Khizar,proper name. 
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خطٌ</foreign> a. a mustacho ; a line, rule.
      </item>
      <item>
         
            . Ikk a. a crime, error, z
<pb n="170"/>

palpitation of the heart.
CU-^\lL a. the best part of any
thing, the substance, cream.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
a. sincerity, purity.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
smiling, pleasant.
L-j\yL sleep; a dream.

3^)\ L->\yL drowned in sleep.
I^cjLL the place of rest; a
bed.

\j\j^ eating, devouring.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خواستن</foreign>
to be willing; to want,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خوان</foreign> a reader, singer, singing:
viands, victuals; a table.
       </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خواندن</foreign>
         to read, sing.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         s\jk. ask, call, wish for.
you will,/rum.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خوب</foreign>
pleasant, fair, gentle,

good.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
more beautiful, 8cc.
most beautiful,
fair-faced.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خود</foreign>
or
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خودش</foreign>
         one’s	self;	his.
      </item>
      <item>
         
to eat, devour.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خورشيد</foreign>
the sun.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خوش</foreign>
sweet; happy,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خوشا</foreign>
         joy be to—
      </item>
      <item>
         
sweet-scented.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خوسبوي</foreign>
sweet-tempered,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خون</foreign>
blood.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خونريز</foreign>
         blood-dropping.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خوي</foreign>
            disposition, temper.
            
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
to chew the cud.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خيال</foreign> imagination, phantasy;
a spectre: vain, fruitless.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
JfrL rising, jrom	or

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خيزيدن</foreign>
to rise, spring up.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">خيزيدي</foreign>
         thou hast risen, from <ref xml:lang="per">خيزيدن</ref>.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">داج</foreign>
darkness, night.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
3b equity; a gift; lamenta-
tion.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دادن</foreign>
            to give.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">داشتن</foreign>
         having, from <ref xml:lang="per">دار</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         
         jb a. a family; house; town.
\^b Dara, Darius.
j^jb I have, enjoy, possess.
      </item>
      <item>
      <foreign xml:lang="per">دارم</foreign>   
         they have or hold. From <ref xml:lang="per">داشتن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <pb n="171"/>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">داشت</foreign> he had.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">داشت</foreign>
         
 
to have, hold.
      </item>
      <item>
         
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جراحت</foreign> a wound, scar, mark.
      </item>
      <item>
         
        
pb a net, snare, trap,
trob a fold, lappet, or hem,
skirt, border of a garment.

cjb knowing: a vessel; sheath,
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دانا</foreign>
         a wise or learned man.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
«bbUb prudently, wisely.
^~-^b I knew,
cdbdb to know.

(_A>b learning.
cM^jbb learned; a doctor.

b learning, literature.
O^Jb they know, from cn~bb
b snare, allurement; a grain:
cannon ball.

b thou knowest, dost thou
know?

Lfjjb a. dominion, administra-
tion of justice.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">در</foreign>
in, above; around: a gate.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">درٌ</foreign>
         (pl. of a. <foreign xml:lang="per">درٌه</foreign>) pearls.
      </item>
      <item>
         to enter.

cP

to carry in.
to suspend; contend;

provoke.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">درخت</foreign>
            a tree, a plant.
      </item>
      <item>
to require, demand,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">درد</foreign>
a wound, pain, torment;

dregs.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
Cright, complete.

harsh, hard.

^	was betrothed.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">درنگ</foreign> delay.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
^5op he beholds, from

p to view, behold.
vjjS within: the heart; in-
trails.

the Persian language,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دريا</foreign> the sea.

      </item>
      <item>
        
        to understand.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دريغا</foreign>
         or <foreign xml:lang="per">دريغ</foreign>
         alas!
      </item>
      <item>
<foreign xml:lang="per">دست</foreign> the hand,
      </item>
      <item>    
         
         an enemy.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دفتر</foreign> a register, journal; index.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
CJLJto a. minute; subtile,
small; a subtilty; a minute.

fe 2 ________ __________
         <pb n="172"/>

^,jbb depart from, leave.

it passes away.

J* again: anotjer.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دل</foreign>the heart.
      </item>
      <item>
         
            ravishing, delightful,
comp. o/\}~ and \Jj\ participle of
to exalt, suspend,
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دلجو</foreign>
         agreeable, salutary, comp.
         of <ref xml:lang="per">دل</ref> and 
         (for <ref xml:lang="per">جوي</ref>) part. of
         <ref xml:lang="per">جستن</ref> to desire, ask, seek.
      </item>
      <item>
         
jbbas mistress; heart-ravish-
ing, comp, oj	andjb particip.

of cr^b to have, hold.

Ji*—b heart-wounding, comp,
of andjyi part, of	to

burn.

heart-deceiving, comp, of
and	part	of	to

deceive.

heart-conquering, comp,
of Ji and J rom	to

open, conquer, etc.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دم</foreign>
time: breath: pleasure.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
the brain, the palate.

      </item>
      <item>

         <foreign xml:lang="per">دمساز</foreign> a friend ; harmony, comp.
of <foreign xml:lang="per">دم</foreign> breath, and <foreign xml:lang="per">ساز</foreign>
         from <foreign xml:lang="per">ساختن</foreign>
to do, make,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دو</foreign>
two.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a. a species of large
trees; an orchard: rattles for
children.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دور</foreign>
a. a circle, orbit, revolution: rolling. <foreign xml:lang="per">درو</foreign> p. far off,
distant.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دوري</foreign> distance, absence.
      </item>
      <item>
JO sewing, piercing. •

53Jj3 for 53J^3 twelve.

      </item>
      <item>
        
         friend, mistress.
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سوستتر</foreign>
dearer, more friendly.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         two hundred.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دولت</foreign>
            or
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دوله</foreign>
            a. felicity; riches;
           
a kingdom, state.
      </item>
      <item>
         
the second.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ده</foreign>
         a village; a giver: ten.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دهر</foreign>
fortune, fate, time, world.
      </item>
      <item>
      
      
gift, liberality.

COL£3 fear, astonishment.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دهقن</foreign> a villager.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
<pb n="173"/>
te ten thousand.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دي</foreign> winter, first winter month,
December; yesterday.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
•jlp (pi. ofjo) friends, families,
habitations: a country.

Oo3 he saw, from
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ديدن</foreign>
         to see.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ديدار</foreign>
sight.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ديروز</foreign>
yesterday.
      </item>
      <item>
        
J* another.	again.

a collection of an author’s
works, chiefly poetical: a royal
court, tribunal of justice. A great
officer of government so called.

b

a. possessed of, endowed

with.

a. majestic.

r^b gold.

J	,

^\j A. tranquillity. r

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">راز</foreign>
a secret, mystery.
      </item>
      <item>

         <foreign xml:lang="per">راغ</foreign>
a declivity, foot of a hill.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رافت</foreign> a. compassion, favour.
      </item>
      <item>
         
to drive, banish.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">راه</foreign>
         a way, path.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
CJ-5) t0 ro^’ stea^ infest the
highway.

a. fragrant; fragrance.
a. a verse of four lines, a
word of lour letters.

a. returning,
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رخ</foreign>
a cheek, face; a groan; the
         sound of a musical instrument,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رخسار</foreign>
         a cheek.
      </item>
      <item>
         
dL3j a. an embassy; a man-
date.

to cause to arrive.
(jrLij to grow; to be delivered.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رسم</foreign>
            a. manner, law, regulation.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رسيد</foreign>
         he arrives, from <ref xml:lang="per">رسيدن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رسيدن</foreign>
to arrive.
      </item>
      <item>
         
a line, thread.
a. Rashid (a conductor)
proper name.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رعنا</foreign> a. tender, delicate, lovely.
      </item>
      <item>
         
motion.
<pb n="174"/>
 </item>        <item>
            <foreign xml:lang="per">رفتم</foreign>
            I went, from <ref xml:lang="per">رفتن</ref>
 </item>
      <item>
               <foreign xml:lang="per">رفتن</foreign> to go: departure.
      </item>
      <item>
                  
to dance: motion.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رقم</foreign>
a. colouring, painting, embroidery : writing; a letter, cha-
racter; arithmetic.
      </item>
      <item>
<foreign xml:lang="per">رکناباد</foreign>
         <foreign xml:lang="per-lat"><placeName>Roknâbâd</placeName></foreign>, name of a

place.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رموز</foreign> a. (pl. <foreign xml:lang="per">رمز</foreign>) enigmas.
a. he threw; throwing,
sorrow, pain.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رند</foreign>
         a wanton, dissolute,drunken
person.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رنگ</foreign>
            colour paint.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رگنارنگ</foreign>     
many-coloured, various.
      </item>
      <item>
coloured.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">روا</foreign>
         a. right, competent, worthy.
      </item>
      <item>
         
the soul, life, spirit.
      </item>
      <item>
         
\ys\ q ) spirit-raising, from

Riidaki, proper name.

jjv ■ djy-

increasing daily.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">روزگار</foreign>
fortune, world, time, an
age; wind, air, vanity.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
a journal.

Lfjjj one day: fortune.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">روشن</foreign>
splendid, evident.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">روشنت</foreign>
more splendid.
      </item>
      <item>
         
light, splendour.

C^^cjj a garden.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رونق</foreign>
         a. beauty, elegance.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">روي</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">رو</foreign>
face, top, surface.
      </item>
      <item>
thou dost go, from (j*Jj
thou dost grow from
a road, way.

herbs [ingeneral)pro-
perlij sweet basil.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زيختن</foreign>
to pour.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زير</foreign>
pouring, dropping.
      </item>
      <item>
         
to buzz.

J

j iforj\) from : if.
cP]) to be born; to bring forth.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زار</foreign>
 a complaint: a bed, a place,

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ناليدن</foreign>
to complain.
      </item>
      <item>
    
<pb n="175"/>

$>

dew; frost, hoar frost,

hail.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زبان</foreign>

the tongue; language.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
a. the most excellent of
any tiling, the flour, cream.

_pj above, high, superiour.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زخم</foreign>
a wound, blow, stroke.
      </item>
      <item>
         
I-) dispelling.

to strike, hurt, impel,
to polish.

JJ g°kI-
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زرد</foreign>
pale, yellow.
      </item>
      <item>
         
Sjj a goldsmith.

Jjj ornamented with gold,
golden,
to live,
from whom ?


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زلف</foreign>
 a lock of hair.
 
     
     
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زليخا</foreign>
         <foreign xml:lang="per-lat"><persName>Zulaykhâ</persName></foreign>, Potiphar's wife.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زمان</foreign>
 a. the world; fortune;
time, season.
      </item>
      <item>
         
emerald-coloured,
made of emeralds.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زمين</foreign>
ground, earth.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
Li

(jj striking, disturbing, Jrom
(j3) to strike. A woman.

Lj) a prison,
life.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زوال</foreign>
a. decay, misery.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زهر</foreign>
            poison, venom.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">جهرناگ</foreign> poisonous.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">زهره</foreign>
Venus; courage; gall.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        

loss, damage.

an ornament; beauty.
         
      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">زيبا</foreign> beautiful.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
more beautiful.

j) agrees Jrom


      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">زيبيدن</foreign>
         to quadrate, agree with.
         
      </item>
      <item>
jSj under, below.

\jSj because, for.

U

L; like, resembling.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ساحل</foreign>
         a. a shore, coast, bank.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
cA^Lj to prepare, make.-
jLi full of.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ساز</foreign> preparing.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سازد</foreign> he makes, from <foreign xml:lang="per">ساختن</foreign>
      </item>
      <pb n="176"/>
      <item>
  
a composer, performer,
      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">ساغر</foreign>
         a cup.
      </item>
      <item>
(jL; a. the leg.

      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">ساقي</foreign>
         a. a cup-bearer, water-carrier.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سالک</foreign>
a. a traveller; going,
      </item>
      <item>
         a year, age.

jLj a shade.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سبب</foreign>
a. a cause, motive.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سپردن</foreign>
to resign, commit, give
in charge; recommend, charge,
enjoin.
      </item>
      <item>
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سبک</foreign>
light of weight.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سبکباران</foreign>
bearers of light

burdens.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
4to prick.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سپه</foreign> 
         a soldier, soldiery, army.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
white.

the morning, aurora,
to take, ravish.

^,1^— taking; a country.

^ praise, from	—

,.OC— to take.

w-

to shave, erase, efface.



      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ستم</foreign>
injury,oppression,tyranny,
threatening.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ستمديدگان</foreign>
the injured, afflicted.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ستمگار</foreign>
a tyrant.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ستمکر</foreign>       
         
the wicked.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ستمکيش</foreign>
a tyrant.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
to praise.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سجاده</foreign>
            a kind of carpet.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         a. rhyme, melody; the
cooing of doves:











Sjs?3 a. adoration.

a. disposition, temper.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سحر</foreign>
         a. the morning, crepuscule;
enchantment.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سحرغاه</foreign>
         
or 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سحرغه</foreign>
the morning.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سحري</foreign>
a.	belonging to the

morning.
      </item>
      <item>
adversity, danger, po-
verty.

speech; a word.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سر</foreign>
head, end, extremity; love,
desire: principal, supreme.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
<pb n="177"/>

a. a lamp, lantern; the

sun.

from beginning to end.
lofty, tall; glorious,
to banish to a place, to

confine.

to mix, compose,
an occurrence, acci-
dent : a tab, song, warbling.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سرکشته</foreign> wanton; astonished;
confused; a vagabond.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سرو</foreign>
a cypress-tree; a horn.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
5 a. joy; a prince, chief.

mixing, from
convenient, proper,
it is proper.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سعادتمند</foreign>
of a good disposition :
happy, august.
      </item>
      <item>

Satdl, name of a pod.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سعي</foreign>
a. an endeavour, diligence
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سفتي</foreign>
         thou piercest. From <ref xml:lang="per">سفتن</ref>
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سفتن</foreign>
to pierce, bore.
      </item>
      <item>
         
Sakandar, Alexander.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سکون</foreign>
a. quiet, resignation.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
            pure water: a chain.

a. a chain, series,lineage.
J*L, A. Salman, proper name.
a. Salim (perfect, unble-
mished) proper name.

a native of Samar-
kand.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سمن</foreign>
         jessamine.
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سمنبر</foreign>        
jessamine-bosomed,

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سنبل</foreign>
a hyacinth.
      </item>
      <item>
         
a garden of hyacinths
a stone.

Cstony.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سواد</foreign>
a. blackness; melancholy.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
to burn, inflame.

I would touch, rub,

from

ePyw to stroke, rub, touch.

a beautiful kind of red

rose.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سوز</foreign> inflaming, from 
         <ref xml:lang="per">سوختن</ref>
         
      </item>
      <item>
         
an oath,
towards; a place, part,

side.

a a '	_____
         <pb n="178"/>

I*

» three.

Sofia, name of a star.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سهي</foreign>
tall, erect.
      </item>
      <item>
         
theslar Canopus; name
of a Persian author.
thirty.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سياه</foreign>
         or <foreign xml:lang="per">سيه</foreign> black,
blackness.
      </item>
      <item>
bathed, full of water,
thirteen,
three hundred,
silver.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">سيما</foreign>
the face, colour.
      </item>
      <item>
         
silvered.
      </item>
         <item>
            
the bosom, breast.
            </item>
              <item>
the third.

, *

CH

e\ or (jt (annexed to words)
his, her: to him, to her.

a branch, twig, horn.

mirth,
the evening.

in the evening.	I

e

(/or	they;	their,

to comb.

!	6yf li» sixteen.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شاه</foreign>
a king, emperor.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شاهوش</foreign>
royal, princely.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شب</foreign>
         night.
      </item>
      <item>
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شباب</foreign> a. youth.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شبي</foreign>
one night.
      </item>
      <item>
haste.

or make haste,
to make haste.

_fJt) (pi. or\bfiia) a camel.

a. a tree.

5^ a. strength, force, agility.
Os-Cj he was: going, from
to be, 8cc.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شراب</foreign>
wine.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
bashful.

(bashfulness.

CJw-ij to wash.

six.	sixty.

a. (pi. of jAt>) poets,
learned men, doctors.

a. light, flame, splendour.
         <pb n="179"/>

r*

4,

c_r~

a hunter.

1j breaking, from

to cleave, tear, break.
a. a complaint,

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شکر</foreign>
            sugar.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شکرخوارا</foreign>
            eating sugar,
      </item>
      <item>
         to hunt, take, seize.

fa chest of sugar.

c'iA }



u-Jju sugar-lipped.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گشتن</foreign>
to break, defeat.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
Shakastah (broken) the
current Persian hand-writing.
cAs^t) to blossom ; to admire.
iXJLts they blossom, from the
above.

a flower.

L-» patient.

patience, toleration,
you, your. U-t? your-
selves.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شمار</foreign>
number; numerous.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شمارا</foreign>
ye, you; to you.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
a. odour, fragrance.

to number, enumerate,
(j—w a. the sun ;. gold,
a scymitar.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شمع</foreign>
a. a candle, wax taper.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a. odour: nature,custom;
an atom.

to understand,
knowing, from the above.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شنفتن</foreign> or
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شنودن</foreign>
         to	hear.
      </item>
      <item>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شنوده ام</foreign>        
I have heard,
          
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شنيدند</foreign>
they heard, from
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شنيدن</foreign> 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شوخ</foreign>
         jovial, gay, wanton, bold?
insolent.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شهد</foreign>
a. honey, honey-comb.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شهر</foreign> 
         a. a city; the moon;
      </item>
      <item>
^ knave.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>
insane; enamoured.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
JlA3 a lion; also a tiger.

the top band of a book.
Shiraz, name of a place.
the habitation of lions,
a lioness.
a lion.
<pb n="180"/>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شيرين</foreign>


Shireen (sweet, gentle)
proper name.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">شيِرينگار</foreign>
            of gentle manners.
      </item>
      <item>
LP

a. a lord, master, pos-
sessor, friend; endowed with.
(JU^	beautiful.

honest-hearted.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">صبا</foreign>
a. the zephyr; youth.
      </item>
      <item>

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">صبح</foreign>
         or	<foreign xml:lang="per">صباح</foreign>
         a.	morning,

aurora.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">صبحدم</foreign>
in the morning,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">صبحدمي</foreign>
         one morning.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">صبر</foreign>
a. patience.
      </item>
      <item>
         a. a boy.
sP company, society.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">صحيفه</foreign>
a. a leaf, book, page.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
a hundred.

Sad-dar (a hundred gates)
name of a Persian book.
j\ya> a hundred thousand,
e;to expend, employ.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">صعب</foreign>
a. difficult, severe.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
lJLo a rank, file; order.

\sus a. purity, pleasure.

Wo a. a calamity.

Oj-o a. voice, sound, noise.

Oa. fancy, image, form;
a spectre.

O,ya to feign.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">صيام</foreign>
a. fasting; the season of
fasting among the Mahomedans;
metaphorically the spring.
      </item>
      <item>
         
            
            a. hunting; prey.

to take prisoner,

a. mind, conscience
a. light, splendour.

\>


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">طرب</foreign>
            a. joy, mirth, festivity.
            
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
the house of mirth.
a. a border, margin,

part.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">طرٌه</foreign>
a. a lock of hair.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
(Si)0 a. custom, way, manner.
<pb n="181"/>


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">طلبي</foreign>
         thou askest from <ref xml:lang="per">طلبيدن</ref>.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">طلوع</foreign>
a. rising, as the sun.

      </item>
      <item>
        
        
a. desire, avarice.
cAjlb a. a circuit, walk,
i» a parrot.

the deluge. A storm,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">طي</foreign>
a. a fold, ply: folding.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
j^s a. a bird.

fe *

a. victory.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ظلمت</foreign>
a. darkness.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
t

OAc a. custom, usage.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عارض</foreign>
a. a cheek; a tooth; an
accident; a heavy cloud.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
J^At a. a lover.

C^jLiAc- a. two lovers.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عاقبه</foreign> a. the end, issue, event,
success; finally.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عالم</foreign>
a. the world, time; learned.

      </item>
      <item>
        
        
enlightener or in-
flamer of the world.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عام</foreign>
a. universal: plebeian,
public.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a. tabbasl, name of a
dynasty of Arabian khalifs.
alCoLs. a place of worship.
Ojyt a. wonder, mystery, ex-
ample.

a. wonder, admira-
tion.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عدالت</foreign>
a. justice.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a. an enemy.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عذار</foreign>
a. a cheek, face temples.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
s\j£ a. a wild Arab.

L-ijZ a. an Arabian inhabiting
a city.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عرشه</foreign>
a. a field, court, area; an
empty space: a dice-table.
      </item>
      <item>
4,jcja. poetry, prosody.
jSf a. magnificent, incompa-
rable.

a. mirth, conversation;
the pleasures of the table.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عشق</foreign>
a. love.
      </item>
      <item>
fondness.
<pb n="182"/>

la

LT

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عصمت</foreign>
         a. chastity, integrity;
defence, safeguard.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عطر</foreign>
a. perfume, ottar of roses.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         perfumed, fragrant.
      </item>
      <item>
        <foreign xml:lang="per">عفاق الله</foreign> 
a. God preserve.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عقد</foreign>
a. a string of pearls: a
knot; a treaty.
      </item>
      <item>
         
(Jas- a. prudence, memory, art,
knowledge; a narrative-

C~oJb-A. punishment, torment.
^ a. knowledge, science, art.
Ia. (/?/. of learned men.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عمر</foreign>
         a. life,	<foreign xml:lang="per">عمرم</foreign> my life.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
action, operation.
a. amber, ambergris,
t—a. a nightingale-

•	-	O	O
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عنکبوت</foreign>
a. a spider.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
a. (///.	vices.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عهد</foreign>
a. age, time; compact,
promise.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a. a touchstone, proof.
a. a vice, crime, stain.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عيد</foreign>
            a. a festival, solemnity;
joy.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">عيش</foreign>
a. mirth, delight; life.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a. a fountain; an eye,
look; gold; essence: paradise.

t

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">غايب</foreign>
a. absent, invisible, concealed.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">غبار</foreign>     
             a. dust; a thick vapour.
      </item>
      <item>
         a. a stranger, foreigner;
extraordinary. A poor man.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">اهو</foreign> a fawn.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">غزل</foreign>
            a. an ode.
      </item>
      <item>
         
oUy a. (/;/. of the above) odes.

a. vexation. Anger.
jAc- a. a boy, servant,slave.

a. care, grief, terror.

Csf+z sorrowful.

afflicted.
tjsLs* a rose-bud. A bud.
to sleep, slumber.

cJ

CU-oii a. overflowed^/rnm
a. an omen, presage.
<pb n="183"/>

J

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">رنگين</foreign>
            coloured.
      </item>
      <item>
         
a. a tumult, faction, dis-
cord, mischief, scandal.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فخر</foreign>
a. glorious; glory, ornament.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فدا</foreign>
a ransom, redemption.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a. absence, separation,
oblivion, front
to forget.
tj* A- happy,
to-morrow.

Fardosi (belonging to
paradise) name of a poet.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فرستادن</foreign>
to send.

      </item>
      <item>
        
        
an angel, messenger;

fairy.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فرقت</foreign>
a. absence; a troop; a

sect.
      </item>
     
    
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فرمودن</foreign> to command:
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فرو</foreign>
below: dejected.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
selling; he sold,

from

to sell:

to descend;

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فروزي</foreign> 
         (for <foreign xml:lang="per">افروزي</foreign>) inflamed,

from <ref xml:lang="per">افروختن</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
         
(Jbjyi he sells, both from

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فروغ</foreign>
         a. splendour.
      </item>
      <item>
       
       
to be dejected.
or Lf+jj* deceit, from

c^^^Jr5 Farldun, name of a king
UVUji to deceive.

to freeze, congeal,
scattering, from
to press, squeeze.
a. eloquence, melody,

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فغان</foreign>
sorrow, complaint: alas !
<ref n="14.2.1"/>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فکر</foreign>
a. consideration, care.
      </item>
      <item>
         
consider ; Loyb is

the imperative of

throwing, throw thou,

from

to throw, throw away,

lay aside.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فلک</foreign>
a. heaven; the world;
      </item>
      <item>
         
fourtune.
         <pb n="184"/>	fjf

a. in, into. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">فيض</foreign>
            a. abundance. he diffused. 
      </item>
      <item>
         
            an elephant.	a. a fragment: segment,  part.  a cage. a. (pi. oUxlS) a castle.
(J	^ a. a pen.  jik» a writer, an engraver*
lJ\j Kaf, the name of afabulous mountain.  oJ 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">قد</foreign>
a. a form, figure, shape, stature.  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">قدح</foreign>
         
a. a cup, goblet.  
      </item>
      <item>
         
a. fate, predestination; quantity; value; dignity, power.  J\fi a. constancy, consistency, confirmation; quiet.  a. contiguous, related  to.  OoLsJi (pi. of poems, elegies.  

      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">قصر</foreign>
a. a palace.  

      </item>
      <item>
ci> a. a tale; an action.  a. an elegy, poem.  Lii a. fate, death, judgment; jurisdiction.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">قلوب</foreign> (pl. of <ref xml:lang="per">قلب</ref>) hearts.
      </item>
      <item>      
         a. the moon.  Clike the moon.  
a. a word, speech, eloquence.  a. violence, force, oppression; power; chastisement; anger.  a. measure; reasoning, thought, advice, argument; a syllogism.  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">قيام</foreign>
a. station, standing; resurrection; confusion, tumult.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">قيصر</foreign>
         
            a. Cesar, an emperor.  
            
      </item>
      <item>
         a. as, like, in the same manner.
<pb n="185"/>	

a. KatibI (a writer, secre-
tary) proper name.

a like my eyes, comp.
eyes, and	the

inseparable pronoun my.
to caress.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کار</foreign> business, object; a maker.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کارخانه</foreign>
a work-shop, place of
business; the world.
      </item>
      <item>
         
J\jJ6 a battle, contest. ..

expert: one who labours,
adjusts, penetrates, brings a thing
to bear. Effective. W orkmen.

to penetrate, labour?

Sec.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کاروان</foreign>
a caravan.
      </item>
      <item>
         
to lessen.

^ would!
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کاشانه</foreign>
a house, hall, gallery,

chamber.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
(jrtiX to dig.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کاکل</foreign>
a curling lock.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کالبد</foreign>   
the body ; a form, model.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کام</foreign>
         desire, wish.
      </item>
      <item>
       
       
desire; the obtaining
one’s wish.

^ a place. a straw: les-
sening.

J£ a. pride, magnificence,
      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">کبوتر</foreign>
         a dove.
      </item>
      <item>
         
a. a book, letter, writing.
      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">کجا</foreign>
         where? whither? how?
      </item>
      <item>
to melt, dispel,
melting, from the above.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کودم</foreign>
who? 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کودمست</foreign>
who is

there ?
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گذاشتن</foreign>  
         
to leave, neglect.
      </item>
      <item>
         
to pass through.

to pass: to leave.

      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">گر</foreign>
if: a performer, maker.
      </item>
      <item>
         
\f whom; to whom? hire,
rent.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گرازنده</foreign>
sporting, skipping,
      </item>
      <item>
strutting.

though,
business, labour: he made.

      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">گرداني</foreign>
a whirlpool, gulf, precipice.
      </item>
    
<pb n="186"/>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کردار</foreign>
action, labour, profession ;

life.
      </item>
      <item>
         
the circling of the

glass.

I made,yr0/rc
f to do, make,
the neck.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گرز</foreign> a battle-axe, mace.
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گرفتن</foreign>   
to take.
      </item>
      <item>
a wolf.

Ajf warm, \scjf warmth. 
Carmania, name of a

place.

•J? marriage, nuptials, betroth-
ing, a pledge. •.	•	-	•	‘‘

i£j±or lamentation,weeping
Jf to flee, escape,
to weep.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کز</foreign>
            that, which.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> to perform.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
to pass.

to choose; to bite.
tcyjf select, most excellent,

noble, glorious: bitten.

	
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کس</foreign>
         a person, any one.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         spreading, strewing, from
to spread, strew,scatter,
to break', tear.

(3s—£ breaking,from the above.
LlT conquering, opening, kc.
from

      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کشادن</foreign>, 
         
to open, discover, conquer; to rejoice.

      </item>
      <item>
  
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کشايد</foreign>, 
he discovers,
from <ref xml:lang="per">کشادن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         

(jr+z£ to become: (jrJ^to kill.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign>
to break, rend.

      </item>
      <item>
         
UVLZjf to scatter, dissolve.

Kashmir, name of a place.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کشود</foreign>
         he has discovered, etc.

from <ref xml:lang="per">کشودن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کشودن</foreign>
         
to discover, open, conquer, delight.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کشور</foreign>
region, climate, country.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کشيده ام</foreign>
I have suffered or

drawn, see <ref xml:lang="per">کشيدن</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کشيدن</foreign>
         to suffer.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کف</foreign>
the hand, the palm.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گفت</foreign>
he said.	
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گفتار</foreign>
         speech.  <ref xml:lang="per">گفتن</ref>
         <pb n="187"/>

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گفتم</foreign>
         I said.  <ref xml:lang="per">گفتن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گفتن</foreign>
to speak, say; speaking,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گفتي</foreign>
         thou hast said; he said, <ref xml:lang="per">گفتن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
(gul) a rose.

(J^(gil) clay.

rose-water,
hair, locks.

a word, writing, oration.
Gulandam (rose-resem-
bling5yro//l Jf a roS6j ami

borm, figure, 8cc.) a proper name.
^ a diadem, cap.

a rose-bush.

S£*Af rose-scented.

a closet, cottage, hut.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گلزار</foreign>
a bed of roses.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
Gulistán (a rose-garden,
bower of roses) title of a celebrated
book.

a beautiful species of

red rose.

a rose-garden,
rose-cheeked.
pUkf rose-coloured.

strewing flowers.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گلگشت</foreign>
            a rose-walk; bower,
delightful place.
      </item>
      <item>
ijjf rose-coloured.

a. (pi. of Jjjf) the whole ;
universal. The whole works.

^ little; defective; absent.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گماشتن</foreign> to insert, place, commit : to loose, liberate.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
J\*Ta. perfection, accomplish-
ment, finishing.


  
            of little value.
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کمتر</foreign>
         less.
      </item>
      <item>
         
with little sense,
do thou ; doing, from
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کنار</foreign> a boundary, margin, side,
part, shore; an embrace.
</item>
         <item>
a vault, arch, tower, cu-
pola.

rotting, from

or	to	rot.

a servant maid, female

slave.

where?

p h O _________ ________ _____
<pb n="188"/>

J

J

.y thou,froni(jrJif
         </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گوش</foreign>
an ear.

         </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گوش کن</foreign>
         listen thou, from 
         <ref xml:lang="per">گوش کردن</ref>
         
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گوش کردن</foreign>
to listen.

      </item>
      <item>
         
a corner.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کوفتم</foreign>
         smote, from  <ref xml:lang="per">کوفتن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کوفتن</foreign>
to smite.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گوناگون</foreign>
various,many-coloured.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کوه</foreign>
a mountain.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گوهر</foreign>
         a jewel, pearl; lustre, essence; self-existing.
      </item>
      <item>
         
who, which: since.

Lf who.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">گيتي</foreign> the universe.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
jj£ taking.

yyf might take, both from

who is it? comp, of
who, third person present of

or c_rf hatred, revenge,
rancour,	full	of.

         </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">کين</foreign>
         that these, comp, of <ref xml:lang="per">ک</ref> and <ref xml:lang="per">اين</ref>
     <ref n="14.2.1"/> </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">لاله</foreign>
a tulip.
      </item>
      <item>
         
I a border or bed of tulips,
to move.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">لب</foreign> a lip; margin.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         u-3 a. the heart, pith, marrow,
up to the brim,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">لشکر</foreign>
            an army.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">لشکر کش</foreign>
a conquering army.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">لطف</foreign> a. benignity, gentleness,
grace, favour, humanity, generosity.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">لعل</foreign>
         a ruby, ruby lip.
      </item>
      <item>
         
a lack, a hundred thousand.
Wli a. for the worship (of
God) comp, of J for, and J for
the Arabic article ^ and Syzr*
adoration.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">لوليان</foreign>
            a. the most precious sort
of pearls; beautiful women.
      </item>
      <item>
C-O a. a lion,
but.

a. Layl or night.
<pb n="189"/>
t. \  ^i-J Layla, a woman s name.	

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مبسوط</foreign>
            a. extended, dilated,  spread.
      </item>
      <item>
       
       
r  p (annexed to words) my.  *Uo a. water, liquor, juice.  Uo a. that, which.  Uo we; our. Uo ourselves. 20U female: a woman.  a serpent.  ^,Uc us ; to us.  CJU a. bent, from  to rub, grind, polish, to remain. cru-jU) to resemble.  o


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per"></foreign> 
            they remain 
from

the moon; a month.  

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ماه رخ</foreign>
            with. cheeks like the  moon. 
      </item>
      <item>
         
with a face like the  moon.  lunar, monthly; a fish. (JXc a. inclining, having a propensity.  bU* lest, by chance.	do not askyfrom 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مثال</foreign>
a. similitude, resemblance.
      </item>
      <item>
         
a. rhyme.  
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مجلس</foreign>
a. an assembly, banquet. 
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a. Majnun (distracted with love) proper name.  
a. a place where people assemble; a collection, junction.  
a. love, friendship, benevolence; affection; company.  

     </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">دوست</foreign>
         a. a friend, mistress; amiable, dear, beloved.  
      </item>
      <item>
         C-

a. confined, imprisoned.  1*^° 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">محرم</foreign>
a. a friend, counsellor; spouse, husband, wife; any one who from their station in a family is admitted into the haram or women’s apartments.  
      </item>
      <item>
         
a. vile, contemptible*  trifling.
<pb n="190"/>

J*



a. place, time, oppor-
tunity.

Muhammad (praise-
worthy) proper name.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">محنت</foreign>
a. affliction, disgrace.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مختصر</foreign>
a. contracted; an epitome.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مختلف</foreign>
a. discordant, confused.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a magazine, treasury.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مدٌبر</foreign>
a. governing; a governor,
      </item>
      <item>
         
magistrate.

a. a space of time.
a. astonished, dis-
turbed.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مذاق</foreign>
a. to taste; the taste,

palate.
      </item>
      <item>
         
me; to me.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مراحم</foreign>
         a. (pl. of <ref xml:lang="per">مرحمت</ref>)
favours, graces.
      </item>
      <item>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مراد</foreign> a. desire, will, affection.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مراهم</foreign>
         a. (pl. of <ref xml:lang="per">مرهم</ref>)	remedies,

plasters.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مرد</foreign>
         or <foreign xml:lang="per">مردم</foreign> a man, hero; brave.
      </item>
      <item>
courageously, manfully.

0^3 to die; to be extinguished.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مروٌت</foreign>
a. courtesy, generosity.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مژده</foreign>
joyful tidings.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         

^—* enamoured, intoxicated,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مستغني</foreign>
         a. disdainful; rich;
content.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مشامٌ</foreign>
a. perfumed; the palate.
      </item>
      <item>
6Jb\jLsv a. the sight.

6Jl>\jLsc to view.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مشرق</foreign>
a. the east.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مشغول</foreign>
a. attentive; attention. 

     
     
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مشک</foreign>
            musk.	
      </item>
      <item>
    
            smell-

ing of musk. 
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مشکين</foreign>
         musky.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
a. an hemistich;
one half of a folding door.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مسدر</foreign>
a. a source: infinitive.
         </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مصلُا</foreign>
         <foreign xml:lang="per-lat"><placeName>Musallâ</placeName></foreign>, name of a place.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مضرٌت</foreign> a. damage, disadvantage.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مطرب</foreign> a. a singer, musician.
      </item>
      <item>
         
jjbsuo a. an excuse.

a. a battle, field of battle.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">معشوق</foreign>
a. a friend, beloved.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">معشوکه</foreign>a. a mistress.
<pb n="191"/>

(JsC

a. scented, perfumed.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">معقول</foreign>
a. reasonable, rational,
probable, pertinent.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">معما</foreign>
a. an enigma, mystery.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         a. sense, idea, signifi-
cation.

a. established, known.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مغ</foreign>
a. a priest of the Parsees,
Guebres or worshippers of fire.
      </item>
      <item>
         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مغبچگان</foreign> cup-bearers.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مغز</foreign>
the brain, head, marrow,
substance, or best part of any
thing.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
CU3a. separation, aliena-
tion.

a. condition, station;
dignity; office: residence: musical
tone.

a. quantity, space,

number.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مقصود</foreign>
a. intention, will, desire.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مقلب</foreign> 
        
a. a conductor, mover,

disposer.

      </item>
      <item>
         
a. a recompense,reward

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مگر</foreign>
perhaps, by chance; unless.
      </item>
      <item>
        
wine. •
a. a sailor.
li£Lo a. a kingdom, power,
possession, inheritance ; an angel.
a. rays of light,

^ I: my.	^	myself.	^
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">منتها</foreign>
a. finished, concluded,
      </item>
      <item>
         full of, endowed with.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">منجل</foreign>
a. a house of entertainment, an inn; any place where
travellers rest at night; a day’s
journey, a stage.
      </item>
      <item>
         

a. a conqueror, tri-
umpher.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">منفعت</foreign>
a. advantages.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
j\k~o a.' a bird’s bill.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مبيار</foreign>
do not bring, the imperat,
of	
         <foreign xml:lang="per">آوردن</foreign>
with	the
      
         negative prefixed.
      </item>
      <item>
         
listen not, the negative
imperative of

      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">موج</foreign>
a. a wave.
<pb n="192"/>

a. a cause; an acceptor.
A* melodious; adjusted,
arranged, weighed.

a. Musul, name of a

place.

(Jyc hair.

      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مويد</foreign>
a. firm.
      </item>
      <item>
a. separated, repudiated,
abandoned.
      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مهر</foreign>
the sun; moon; love; a
seal-ring:	a gold coin about

1/16s.
      </item>
      <item>   
      
like the moon.
      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">مي</foreign>
wine.
      </item>
      <item>
yc characteristic of the present
tense.

      </item>
      <item><foreign xml:lang="per">ميار</foreign>
do not bring, the negative
imperative of <foreign xml:lang="per">آوردن</foreign>.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ميان</foreign>
            between, among: middle.
            
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مياميز</foreign>
do not mix or sprinkle.
the negative imperative of 
         <ref xml:lang="per">آميختن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         (ju-> thou sawest, second
person present oj


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ميخواره</foreign>

a wine drinker; an
earthen drinking vessel.

      </item>
      <item>
        
        
thou knowcst.
jyc dying, from ^Syo
\)JY° the son of a prince or
great man, a knight.	c \jjyc

Mirza Mahadi, proper name.

d°st thou gr°w? from

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مي زني</foreign> thou strikest, 
         from <ref xml:lang="per">??</ref>.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">مي زيبد</foreign>
is it becoming? <ref n="??"/>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ميغ</foreign>
a cloud, a fog.
      </item>
      <item>
(jZ^jSLtso a seller of wine, comp,
of (ye wine, and part of

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ميکشي</foreign>
thou drawest, bearest.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
I complain, from
fruits.

u

U not. (Xy\ U hopeless.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ناب</foreign>
         pure, sincere; like.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ناتمام</foreign>
imperfect.
      </item>
      <item>
worthless, despicable.
a. memorable events; rare.
         <pb n="193"/>

At» y\j Nadir Shah, proper
name.

blandishments; wantonness,
gentle, tender, delicate,
elegant, delicate,

amiable.

unblown, unblemished,
ignorant.
a. a conqueror, defender.
a. a spectator, superin-
tendant.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نافه</foreign>
a bag (of musk): the navel.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
full of.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ناگه</foreign>
suddenly.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ناگهن</foreign>
            unexpectedly.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         jJSl) plaintive, complaining,
to complain,
a name.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نام</foreign>
             thy name.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نامدار</foreign>    
        
illustrious ; a hero.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نامه</foreign>
a book, history.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
bread.

a. a viceroy, deputy,
a battle, war.

y

is not.	I	would

not have been.

Cjy a. a prophet.

I will not turn,
do you not fear,
it is impossible.
a. scattering, dispersing.
a. prose ; to diffuse, strew.
I would not have
sought, or leaped.

a. a star, planet: fortune.
y£ a. grammar, syntax.

hunting; the chase;

prey.

^ first.

NakhshabI, proper

name,
y male.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نرگس</foreign>
a narcissus.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
y gentle, tame ; light: soft.
5y near.

. descending ; hospitality.
ijijy a. descent; happening.
<pb n="194"/>	

jjw) a. Nisklii (a transcript) the
character in which Arabic ma-
nuscripts are generally written.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نسيم</foreign>
a . a gale.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
to cause to sit down.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نشاط</foreign>
a. alacrity, pleasure.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
to fix.

to sit down,
you do not hear,
sit ting,/row

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نصيحت</foreign>
a. counsel,exhortation.
</item><item>
Nazami, name of a

poet.

</item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نظر</foreign>
         a. the sight, the eye.
</item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نظرباز</foreign>
rolling the eyes, ogling.

</item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نظم</foreign>
a. verse; a string of pearls.

      </item>
      <item>
       
       
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نعره زدن</foreign> to call or sing aloud.

a. a benefit; victuals.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نغز</foreign>
beautiful, good; swift.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نغمت</foreign>
a. music, harmony. 

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نفس</foreign>
a. soul, self; breath; desire.

      </item>
      <item>
         
gain, utility.

y

a. ready money.
a. painting, embroidery.
Jij a. a narration,report, copy,
translation.

a picture, ornament; a
beautiful woman.

Nagaristan (a gallery
of pictures) title of a celebrated
book.

subtilties, mysteries,

</item>
      <item>
    <foreign xml:lang="per">نکوي</foreign>   
         or
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نکو</foreign> 
         good.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نگه</foreign>    
         or <foreign xml:lang="per">نگاه</foreign>
         custody, care, observation.
      </item>
      <item>
         
preserve thou, imperat.

of (jits

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نمود</foreign>
         showing. See <ref xml:lang="per">نمودن</ref>
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نمودند</foreign>
         they show. See <ref xml:lang="per">نمودن</ref>.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نمودن</foreign>
to show.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
\y melody, voice: wealth.

{pi. of. l_u\j) viceroys,
Sec.	»
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نواختن</foreign>
         to soothe.
      </item>
      <item>
soothing, from the above.
<pb n="195"/>



(pi. oltf\y) a favour.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نوازنده</foreign> soothing, warbling,
         from <ref xml:lang="per">نواختن</ref>

      </item>
      <item>
         
!/n	^\y	a benefit.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نوبت</foreign>
         a. a turn, change, watch,
         centinel. 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نوبت زدن</foreign> to relieve

guard.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
Jyy the spring, the early
spring; new year.

^y a. the prophet Noah.
C^y a. a complaint.

5y ninety.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نور</foreign> a. light, brightness.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
jjjy the first day of spring.
*yy nineteen.

(Jiy drinking, a drinker; any
thing drinkable, from ^yy

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نوشت</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">نوشتن</foreign> to write.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نويش</foreign>
         write thou, from <foreign xml:lang="per">نوشتن</foreign>.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نه</foreign>        
nine;

placing,from <foreign xml:lang="per">نهادن</foreign>

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نهادن</foreign>
         to place.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نهاده ايم</foreign>
         we have placed, from <ref xml:lang="per">نهادن</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
         
€?

a tree, shrub.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نهان</foreign>
         hidden, from  <ref xml:lang="per">نهفتن</ref>.
      </item>
      <item>
jy a. a river; flowing.

         
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نهفتن</foreign>           
to hide, lie hid.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
ei a pipe, flute.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نيز</foreign>
even, also: again.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
there is not.

CA-t-J to write.

good, excellent.

^Cj bright, beautiful, elegant.

reputation, goodness.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">نيل</foreign> the river Nile.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
j and; he, she, it.

after, behind, again.
£A-£jb	t0	detain.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">واضح</foreign>
a. evident.

      </item>
      <item>
        
        
a. actions, occurrences,
events : battles : misfortunes.

Van, or Wan, name of a

town.

a. essence, substance, ex-
istence, nature, body, person,
c c 2
<pb n="196"/>

to commit, perform,
give a being to.

J\j orjj like, possessing.

(Jjj a. a leaf of a tree or paper.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">وز</foreign>
and from.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
Oo^ it blows, from
he, she, it is.

Ijkj like, resembling.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">وصال</foreign>
a. enjoyment; arrival;
meeting; conjunction.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">وضع</foreign>   
a. situation: action;

g      </item>
      <item>
         gesture.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">وفا</foreign>
a. good faith; a promise.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ولي</foreign>
a. but: a prince: a slave.
      </item>
      <item>
         Lfj he, she, it; his, her, its.
\jj} a desert; depopulated.

5

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هايل</foreign>
a. dreadful, terrible.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هجر</foreign>
         or	
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هجران</foreign>
         a.	separation,	absence.
         
      </item>
      <item>
         
an assault; impetuosity.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هم</foreign>
every: soever.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         
o\^jb Harat, name of a city.

f*


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هرچه</foreign>
         or
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هرانکه</foreign>
whenever.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هرچه</foreign>
         or
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هرانچه</foreign>
         whatsoever.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         

orc^-fb although,
wherever,
to Jb wheresoever,
ever,
never.

ffb or	whosoever.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هزار</foreign>
a thousand; a nightingale.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
to be, exist.

CL^zJb eight. fz~2Jb eighty,
eighteen.

seven. JUb seventy.
XJjb seventeen.

a. whether, but.

^ and, also; together: both.
a. (annexed to words)

their.

of the same nest,
only,
directly.

of the same incli-
nation.

of the same banquet.
<pb n="197"/>

lying on the same

pillow.

in the same way.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">همچون</foreign>
         or 
         <foreign xml:lang="per">همچو</foreign>
            like, as.
            
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
^k^ sleeping together.

breathing together.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">همراز</foreign>
         an intimate friend.
      </item>
      <item>
         
Cin	sitting	together;	a

companion.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">همه</foreign>
all, universal.
      </item>
      <item>
it arrives, comes.

I went, jrom cfj
always,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هندو</foreign>
black; an Indian.
      </item>
      <item>
time, season,
yet.

W- air: wind: sound.


      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">هيج</foreign>
no, never.

      </item>
      <item>
        
^ dost thou not know?
from erUJb ^

to lay down.
l5

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">يا</foreign>
         O! or.
      </item>
      <item>
        
        
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ياب</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="per">يابان</foreign> finding.
      </item>
      <item>
         l*Ay-l may find, both from

remember; memory, re-
cord.

      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">يار</foreign> a friend, mistress; defender;
power, advantage.
      </item>
      <item>
C-Jjlo O heaven! O Lord!

t	^

comp, of \j O! and a lord,
master.

eleven.

jessamine.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">يافت</foreign>
he found, from <ref xml:lang="">يافتن</ref>.

      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">يافتن</foreign>
         to
         find.
      </item>
      <item>
Cyb a ruby.

(annexed to words) thy.

> a. the hand; aid, power,
strength.

(annexed to words) their,
(jixj that is to say, viz.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">ياغما</foreign>
prey, spoil, booty.
      </item>
      <item>
one.

      </item>
      <item>
         
a hero, conqueror; incomparable; unequalled.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         
         <pb n="198"/>

         <foreign xml:lang="per">يکتاي</foreign>
         
precious, valuable, rare.
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">يکدانه</foreign>
inestimable, rare.
      </item>
      <item>
         
         <foreign xml:lang="per">يکدم</foreign>

one moment,
      </item>
      <item>
         <foreign xml:lang="per">يکدو</foreign> one or two, a few.
      </item>
      <item>
        
         <foreign xml:lang="per">يکديگر</foreign>     
one another.
      </item>
      <item>
         
J*

jj/j one day,

^ (annexed to words) my.
iy+2 Yemen, Arabia the happy.
Joseph.
      </item>
</list>
THE END.



Printed by W. Bulher and Co. Cleveland-row;

From the Types of W. Martin, Oriental Type Founder and Printer to the
Honourable the East India Company.
<pb/>ERRATA

The following errors, which, (perhaps with a few others), have chiefly arisen from
the breaking of the dots in the press, are pointed out for correction.

Page 2	line 12,	for		read	
6	— 6,	—	J	—	3
8	— 17,	—	t	—	t
ib.	~ 19,	—	9	—	i
14  15	— 1,  — 4,	~~' ■				
26	— 3,	—	^awayb	—	fcawayb
27		 18,	—	haklman	—	haklman
33	— last,	—	IpjJ	—	\\
34	— 21,	—		—	
51		 19,	—	to	—	
63	— 19,	—		—	
71		 18,	—		—	
81	— 1,	—	gunchah	—	ghunchah
86		 22 note.	> '		—	j\J2*?:  \J
90	— 10,	—	u?	—	
95		 1,	—	t	—	i
99	“ 7,	—		—	jO
ib.	~ 15,	—		—	
121		 19,	—	jU*	—	•t A  J'jrz
123	— 14,	—	u?	—	14
125	— 9,	—		—	
127	— 14,	—		—	
157	— 14,	—		—	
164	— 13,	—		—	
165		 21,	—		—	
166	— 1,	—	e/yw	—	(jw
167	— 7,	—		—	
ib.	— 8,	—		—	
181		 5,			jjU	—	
<pb/>I
<pb/>
<pb/>UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
Lot Angeles

This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.

REC’D LD 'JRl	
jul 2:? ml	
*  JUN 0 3 1988  PEC'D LD-URC	
5CF 1 3,  QL OCT 1 8 : ^>L- * 3 ^9-?	993
T* *	
<pb/>

UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY

A A 000 136 421 5

AA0001364215
<pb/>r? v



r> *v' ,

.fs*. jj -»-1»»*
</p>
         </div>
      </body>
</text>
</TEI>