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Selenium.pm
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# Copyright 2006 ThoughtWorks, Inc
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
package WWW::Selenium;
# ABSTRACT: Perl Client for the Selenium Remote Control test tool
use LWP::UserAgent;
use HTTP::Request;
use HTTP::Headers;
use URI::Escape;
use Carp qw(croak);
use Time::HiRes qw(sleep);
use strict;
use warnings;
=head1 NAME
WWW::Selenium - Perl Client for the Selenium Remote Control test tool
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use WWW::Selenium;
my $sel = WWW::Selenium->new( host => "localhost",
port => 4444,
browser => "*iexplore",
browser_url => "http://www.google.com",
);
$sel->start;
$sel->open("http://www.google.com");
$sel->type("q", "hello world");
$sel->click("btnG");
$sel->wait_for_page_to_load(5000);
print $sel->get_title;
$sel->stop;
=head1 DESCRIPTION
Selenium Remote Control (SRC) is a test tool that allows you to write
automated web application UI tests in any programming language against
any HTTP website using any mainstream JavaScript-enabled browser. SRC
provides a Selenium Server, which can automatically start/stop/control
any supported browser. It works by using Selenium Core, a pure-HTML+JS
library that performs automated tasks in JavaScript; the Selenium
Server communicates directly with the browser using AJAX
(XmlHttpRequest).
L<http://www.openqa.org/selenium-rc/>
This module sends commands directly to the Server using simple HTTP
GET/POST requests. Using this module together with the Selenium
Server, you can automatically control any supported browser.
To use this module, you need to have already downloaded and started
the Selenium Server. (The Selenium Server is a Java application.)
=cut
### This next part is auto-generated based on the big comment in selenium-api.js
#Defines an object that runs Selenium commands.
=head2 Element Locators
Element Locators tell Selenium which HTML element a command refers to.The format of a locator is:
=over
=item I<locatorType>B<=>I<argument>
=back
We support the following strategies for locating elements:
=over
=item *
B<identifier>=I<id>: Select the element with the specified @id attribute. If no match isfound, select the first element whose @name attribute is I<id>.(This is normally the default; see below.)
=item *
B<id>=I<id>:Select the element with the specified @id attribute.
=item *
B<name>=I<name>:Select the first element with the specified @name attribute.
=over
=item *
username
=item *
name=username
=back
The name may optionally be followed by one or more I<element-filters>, separated from the name by whitespace. If the I<filterType> is not specified, B<value> is assumed.
=over
=item *
name=flavour value=chocolate
=back
=item *
B<dom>=I<javascriptExpression>: Find an element by evaluating the specified string. This allows you to traverse the HTML Document ObjectModel using JavaScript. Note that you must not return a value in this string; simply make it the last expression in the block.
=over
=item *
dom=document.forms['myForm'].myDropdown
=item *
dom=document.images[56]
=item *
dom=function foo() { return document.links[1]; }; foo();
=back
=item *
B<xpath>=I<xpathExpression>: Locate an element using an XPath expression.
=over
=item *
xpath=//img[@alt='The image alt text']
=item *
xpath=//table[@id='table1']//tr[4]/td[2]
=item *
xpath=//a[contains(@href,'#id1')]
=item *
xpath=//a[contains(@href,'#id1')]/@class
=item *
xpath=(//table[@class='stylee'])//th[text()='theHeaderText']/../td
=item *
xpath=//input[@name='name2' and @value='yes']
=item *
xpath=//*[text()="right"]
=back
=item *
B<link>=I<textPattern>:Select the link (anchor) element which contains text matching thespecified I<pattern>.
=over
=item *
link=The link text
=back
=item *
B<css>=I<cssSelectorSyntax>:Select the element using css selectors. Please refer to http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/selector.html (CSS2 selectors), http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/CR-css3-selectors-20011113/ (CSS3 selectors) for more information. You can also check the TestCssLocators test in the selenium test suite for an example of usage, which is included in the downloaded selenium core package.
=over
=item *
css=a[href="#id3"]
=item *
css=span#firstChild + span
=back
Currently the css selector locator supports all css1, css2 and css3 selectors except namespace in css3, some pseudo classes(:nth-of-type, :nth-last-of-type, :first-of-type, :last-of-type, :only-of-type, :visited, :hover, :active, :focus, :indeterminate) and pseudo elements(::first-line, ::first-letter, ::selection, ::before, ::after).
=item *
B<ui>=I<uiSpecifierString>:Locate an element by resolving the UI specifier string to another locator, and evaluating it. See the http://svn.openqa.org/fisheye/browse/~raw,r=trunk/selenium/trunk/src/main/resources/core/scripts/ui-doc.html (Selenium UI-Element Reference) for more details.
=over
=item *
ui=loginPages::loginButton()
=item *
ui=settingsPages::toggle(label=Hide Email)
=item *
ui=forumPages::postBody(index=2)//a[2]
=back
=back
Without an explicit locator prefix, Selenium uses the following defaultstrategies:
=over
=item *
B<dom>, for locators starting with "document."
=item *
B<xpath>, for locators starting with "//"
=item *
B<identifier>, otherwise
=back
=head2 Element Filters
Element filters can be used with a locator to refine a list of candidate elements. They are currently used only in the 'name' element-locator.
Filters look much like locators, ie.
=over
=item I<filterType>B<=>I<argument>
=back
Supported element-filters are:
=over
=item B<value=>I<valuePattern>
Matches elements based on their values. This is particularly useful for refining a list of similarly-named toggle-buttons.
=item B<index=>I<index>
Selects a single element based on its position in the list (offset from zero).
=back
=head2 String-match Patterns
Various Pattern syntaxes are available for matching string values:
=over
=item *
B<glob:>I<pattern>:Match a string against a "glob" (aka "wildmat") pattern. "Glob" is akind of limited regular-expression syntax typically used in command-lineshells. In a glob pattern, "*" represents any sequence of characters, and "?"represents any single character. Glob patterns match against the entirestring.
=item *
B<regexp:>I<regexp>:Match a string using a regular-expression. The full power of JavaScriptregular-expressions is available.
=item *
B<regexpi:>I<regexpi>:Match a string using a case-insensitive regular-expression.
=item *
B<exact:>I<string>:Match a string exactly, verbatim, without any of that fancy wildcardstuff.
=back
If no pattern prefix is specified, Selenium assumes that it's a "glob"pattern.
For commands that return multiple values (such as verifySelectOptions),the string being matched is a comma-separated list of the return values,where both commas and backslashes in the values are backslash-escaped.When providing a pattern, the optional matching syntax (i.e. glob,regexp, etc.) is specified once, as usual, at the beginning of thepattern.
=cut
eval 'require Encode';
my $encode_present = !$@;
Encode->import('decode_utf8') if $encode_present;
=head2 METHODS
The following methods are available:
=over
=item $sel = WWW::Selenium-E<gt>new( %args )
Constructs a new C<WWW::Selenium> object, specifying a Selenium Server
host/port, a command to launch the browser, and a starting URL for the
browser.
Options:
=over
=item * C<host>
host is the host name on which the Selenium Server resides.
=item * C<port>
port is the port on which the Selenium Server is listening.
=item * C<browser_url>
browser_url is the starting URL including just a domain name. We'll
start the browser pointing at the Selenium resources on this URL,
e.g. "http://www.google.com" would send the browser to
"http://www.google.com/selenium-server/SeleneseRunner.html"
=item * C<browser> or C<browser_start_command>
This is the command string used to launch the browser, e.g.
"*firefox", "*iexplore" or "/usr/bin/firefox"
This option may be any one of the following:
=over
=item * C<*firefox [absolute path]>
Automatically launch a new Firefox process using a custom Firefox
profile.
This profile will be automatically configured to use the Selenium
Server as a proxy and to have all annoying prompts
("save your password?" "forms are insecure" "make Firefox your default
browser?" disabled. You may optionally specify
an absolute path to your firefox executable, or just say "*firefox".
If no absolute path is specified, we'll look for
firefox.exe in a default location (normally c:\program files\mozilla
firefox\firefox.exe), which you can override by
setting the Java system property C<firefoxDefaultPath> to the correct
path to Firefox.
=item * C<*iexplore [absolute path]>
Automatically launch a new Internet Explorer process using custom
Windows registry settings.
This process will be automatically configured to use the Selenium
Server as a proxy and to have all annoying prompts
("save your password?" "forms are insecure" "make Firefox your default
browser?" disabled. You may optionally specify
an absolute path to your iexplore executable, or just say "*iexplore".
If no absolute path is specified, we'll look for
iexplore.exe in a default location (normally c:\program files\internet
explorer\iexplore.exe), which you can override by
setting the Java system property C<iexploreDefaultPath> to the correct
path to Internet Explorer.
=item * C</path/to/my/browser [other arguments]>
You may also simply specify the absolute path to your browser
executable, or use a relative path to your executable (which we'll try
to find on your path). B<Warning:> If you
specify your own custom browser, it's up to you to configure it
correctly. At a minimum, you'll need to configure your
browser to use the Selenium Server as a proxy, and disable all
browser-specific prompting.
=back
=item * C<auto_stop>
Defaults to true, and will attempt to close the browser if the object
goes out of scope and stop hasn't been called.
=item * C<keep_alive>
Number of connections LWP should cache. This is just a minor speed
improvement. Defaults to 5.
=item * C<http_method>>
Choose which HTTP method should be used for requests to the Selenium server.
Only GET and POST are supported.
=back
=cut
sub new {
my ($class, %args) = @_;
my $self = { # default args:
host => 'localhost',
port => 4444,
auto_stop => 1,
browser_start_command => delete $args{browser} || '*firefox',
_ua => undef,
keep_alive => 5,
http_method => 'POST',
%args,
};
croak 'browser_url is mandatory!' unless $self->{browser_url};
croak "Unknown http_method: ($self->{http_method})"
unless $self->{http_method} =~ m/^GET|POST$/;
bless $self, $class or die "Can't bless $class: $!";
return $self;
}
sub start {
my $self = shift;
return if $self->{session_id};
$self->{session_id} = $self->get_string("getNewBrowserSession",
$self->{browser_start_command},
$self->{browser_url});
}
sub stop {
my $self = shift;
return unless defined $self->{session_id};
$self->do_command("testComplete");
$self->{session_id} = undef;
}
sub do_command {
my ($self, $command, @args) = @_;
my $get = $self->{http_method} eq 'GET';
$self->{_page_opened} = 1 if $command eq 'open';
# Check that user has called open()
my %valid_pre_open_commands = (
testComplete => 1,
getNewBrowserSession => 1,
setTimeout => 1,
);
if (!$self->{_page_opened} and !$valid_pre_open_commands{$command}) {
die "You must open a page before calling $command. eg: \$sel->open('/');\n";
}
my $fullurl = "http://$self->{host}:$self->{port}/selenium-server/driver/";
$fullurl .= '?' if $get;
my $content = '';
my $i = 1;
@args = grep defined, @args;
my $params = $get ? \$fullurl : \$content;
$$params .= "cmd=" . uri_escape($command);
while (@args) {
$$params .= '&' . $i++ . '=' . URI::Escape::uri_escape_utf8(shift @args);
}
if (defined $self->{session_id}) {
$$params .= "&sessionId=$self->{session_id}";
}
# We use the full version of LWP to make sure we issue an
# HTTP 1.1 request (SRC-25)
my $method = $get ? 'GET' : 'POST';
print "---> Requesting $method $fullurl ($content)\n" if $self->{verbose};
my $header = HTTP::Headers->new(
$get ? () : (
Content_Type => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
)
);
my $response = $self->ua->request(
HTTP::Request->new($method => $fullurl, $header, $content) );
my $result;
if ($response->is_success) {
$result = $response->content;
print "Got result: $result\n" if $self->{verbose};
}
else {
die "Error requesting $fullurl:\n" . $response->status_line . "\n";
}
$result = decode_utf8($result) if $encode_present;
die "Error requesting $fullurl:\n$result\n" unless $result =~ /^OK/;
return $result;
}
sub ua {
my $self = shift;
$self->{_ua} ||= LWP::UserAgent->new(keep_alive => $self->{keep_alive});
if (my $msec = $self->{_timeout}) {
# Keep the 3 minute timeout (LWP::UserAgent default) on top of the
# selenium timeout
$self->{_ua}->timeout( int($msec/1000 + 180) );
}
return $self->{_ua};
}
sub get_string {
my $self = shift;
my $result = $self->do_command(@_);
return substr($result, 3);
}
sub get_string_array {
my $self = shift;
my $result = $self->get_string(@_);
my $token = "";
my @tokens = ();
my @chars = split(//, $result);
for (my $i = 0; $i < @chars; $i++) {
my $char = $chars[$i];
if ($char eq '\\') {
$i++;
$char = $chars[$i];
$token .= $char;
} elsif ($char eq ',') {
push (@tokens, $token);
$token = "";
} else {
$token .= $char;
}
}
push (@tokens, $token);
return @tokens;
}
sub get_number {
my $self = shift;
my $result = $self->get_string(@_);
# Is there something else I need to do here?
return $result;
}
sub get_number_array {
my $self = shift;
my @result = $self->get_string_array(@_);
# Is there something else I need to do here?
return @result;
}
sub get_boolean {
my $self = shift;
my $result = $self->get_string(@_);
if ($result eq "true") {
return 1;
}
if ($result eq "false") {
return 0;
}
die "result is neither 'true' nor 'false': $result";
}
sub get_boolean_array {
my $self = shift;
my @result = $self->get_string_array(@_);
my @boolarr = ();
for (my $i = 0; $i < @result; $i++) {
if ($result[$i] eq "true") {
push (@boolarr, 1);
next;
}
if ($result[$i] eq "false") {
push (@boolarr, 0);
next;
}
die "result is neither 'true' nor 'false': ". $result[$i];
}
return @boolarr;
}
=item $sel-E<gt>pause($timeout)
Waits $timeout milliseconds (default: 1 second)
=cut
sub pause {
my ($self,$timeout) = @_;
$timeout = 1000 unless defined $timeout;
$timeout /= 1000;
sleep $timeout;
}
### From here on, everything's auto-generated from XML
=item $sel-E<gt>click($locator)
Clicks on a link, button, checkbox or radio button. If the click actioncauses a new page to load (like a link usually does), callwaitForPageToLoad.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=back
=cut
sub click {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("click", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>double_click($locator)
Double clicks on a link, button, checkbox or radio button. If the double click actioncauses a new page to load (like a link usually does), callwaitForPageToLoad.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=back
=cut
sub double_click {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("doubleClick", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>context_menu($locator)
Simulates opening the context menu for the specified element (as might happen if the user "right-clicked" on the element).
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=back
=cut
sub context_menu {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("contextMenu", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>click_at($locator, $coord_string)
Clicks on a link, button, checkbox or radio button. If the click actioncauses a new page to load (like a link usually does), callwaitForPageToLoad.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=item $coord_string is specifies the x,y position (i.e. - 10,20) of the mouse event relative to the element returned by the locator.
=back
=cut
sub click_at {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("clickAt", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>double_click_at($locator, $coord_string)
Doubleclicks on a link, button, checkbox or radio button. If the actioncauses a new page to load (like a link usually does), callwaitForPageToLoad.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=item $coord_string is specifies the x,y position (i.e. - 10,20) of the mouse event relative to the element returned by the locator.
=back
=cut
sub double_click_at {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("doubleClickAt", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>context_menu_at($locator, $coord_string)
Simulates opening the context menu for the specified element (as might happen if the user "right-clicked" on the element).
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=item $coord_string is specifies the x,y position (i.e. - 10,20) of the mouse event relative to the element returned by the locator.
=back
=cut
sub context_menu_at {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("contextMenuAt", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>fire_event($locator, $event_name)
Explicitly simulate an event, to trigger the corresponding "onI<event>"handler.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=item $event_name is the event name, e.g. "focus" or "blur"
=back
=cut
sub fire_event {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("fireEvent", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>focus($locator)
Move the focus to the specified element; for example, if the element is an input field, move the cursor to that field.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=back
=cut
sub focus {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("focus", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>key_press($locator, $key_sequence)
Simulates a user pressing and releasing a key.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=item $key_sequence is Either be a string("\" followed by the numeric keycode of the key to be pressed, normally the ASCII value of that key), or a single character. For example: "w", "\119".
=back
=cut
sub key_press {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("keyPress", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>shift_key_down()
Press the shift key and hold it down until doShiftUp() is called or a new page is loaded.
=cut
sub shift_key_down {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("shiftKeyDown", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>shift_key_up()
Release the shift key.
=cut
sub shift_key_up {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("shiftKeyUp", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>meta_key_down()
Press the meta key and hold it down until doMetaUp() is called or a new page is loaded.
=cut
sub meta_key_down {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("metaKeyDown", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>meta_key_up()
Release the meta key.
=cut
sub meta_key_up {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("metaKeyUp", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>alt_key_down()
Press the alt key and hold it down until doAltUp() is called or a new page is loaded.
=cut
sub alt_key_down {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("altKeyDown", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>alt_key_up()
Release the alt key.
=cut
sub alt_key_up {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("altKeyUp", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>control_key_down()
Press the control key and hold it down until doControlUp() is called or a new page is loaded.
=cut
sub control_key_down {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("controlKeyDown", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>control_key_up()
Release the control key.
=cut
sub control_key_up {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("controlKeyUp", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>key_down($locator, $key_sequence)
Simulates a user pressing a key (without releasing it yet).
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=item $key_sequence is Either be a string("\" followed by the numeric keycode of the key to be pressed, normally the ASCII value of that key), or a single character. For example: "w", "\119".
=back
=cut
sub key_down {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("keyDown", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>key_up($locator, $key_sequence)
Simulates a user releasing a key.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=item $key_sequence is Either be a string("\" followed by the numeric keycode of the key to be pressed, normally the ASCII value of that key), or a single character. For example: "w", "\119".
=back
=cut
sub key_up {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("keyUp", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>mouse_over($locator)
Simulates a user hovering a mouse over the specified element.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=back
=cut
sub mouse_over {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("mouseOver", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>mouse_out($locator)
Simulates a user moving the mouse pointer away from the specified element.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=back
=cut
sub mouse_out {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("mouseOut", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>mouse_down($locator)
Simulates a user pressing the left mouse button (without releasing it yet) onthe specified element.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=back
=cut
sub mouse_down {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("mouseDown", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>mouse_down_right($locator)
Simulates a user pressing the right mouse button (without releasing it yet) onthe specified element.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=back
=cut
sub mouse_down_right {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("mouseDownRight", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>mouse_down_at($locator, $coord_string)
Simulates a user pressing the left mouse button (without releasing it yet) atthe specified location.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=item $coord_string is specifies the x,y position (i.e. - 10,20) of the mouse event relative to the element returned by the locator.
=back
=cut
sub mouse_down_at {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("mouseDownAt", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>mouse_down_right_at($locator, $coord_string)
Simulates a user pressing the right mouse button (without releasing it yet) atthe specified location.
=over
=item $locator is an element locator
=item $coord_string is specifies the x,y position (i.e. - 10,20) of the mouse event relative to the element returned by the locator.
=back
=cut
sub mouse_down_right_at {
my $self = shift;
$self->do_command("mouseDownRightAt", @_);
}
=item $sel-E<gt>mouse_up($locator)
Simulates the event that occurs when the user releases the mouse button (i.e., stopsholding the button down) on the specified element.