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docs(notes): add 2025-03-20 traceroute output documentation
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‎notes/2025-03-20-traceroute-output-en.md

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---
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title: Traceroute Output
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lang: en
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layout: post
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audio: false
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translated: false
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generated: true
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---
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Let’s break down the traceroute output you provided step-by-step to explain what’s happening as packets travel from your device to the destination IP `5.223.56.128`. This will give you insight into the network path, latency, and potential issues.
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---
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### Traceroute Output Overview
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```
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traceroute to 5.223.56.128 (5.223.56.128), 64 hops max, 40 byte packets
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```
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- **Destination**: `5.223.56.128` (an IP hosted by Hetzner, a German hosting provider, likely in Singapore based on later hops).
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- **Max Hops**: 64 (the maximum number of routers it will check before giving up).
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- **Packet Size**: 40 bytes (small packets used for testing).
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Each line after this represents a "hop"—a router or network device the packets pass through. For each hop, traceroute sends three packets and reports the round-trip time (RTT) in milliseconds (ms). An asterisk (`*`) means no response was received from that hop for a given packet.
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---
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### Step-by-Step Analysis of the Hops
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#### Hop 1: `192.168.1.1`
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- **IP**: `192.168.1.1`
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- **RTT**: 5.559 ms, 11.997 ms, 21.309 ms
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- **Explanation**: This is your local router (e.g., home Wi-Fi router). The private IP range (192.168.x.x) indicates it’s the gateway between your device and the internet. Latency varies a bit, likely due to local network conditions, but it’s normal for a first hop.
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#### Hop 2: `172.16.0.1`
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- **IP**: `172.16.0.1`
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- **RTT**: 38.046 ms, 12.893 ms, 56.628 ms
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- **Explanation**: Another private IP, likely your ISP’s gateway or a router within your local network/ISP infrastructure. The jump in latency (up to 56 ms) suggests some processing delay or congestion at this point.
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#### Hop 3: `183.233.55.49`
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- **IP**: `183.233.55.49`
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- **RTT**: 20.697 ms, *, *
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- **Explanation**: A public IP, likely your ISP’s edge router. The asterisks indicate two of the three packets didn’t get a response—possibly due to the router being configured to ignore ICMP (traceroute’s default protocol) or packet loss. The single response shows decent latency.
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#### Hop 4: `221.179.3.240`
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- **IP**: `221.179.3.240`
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- **RTT**: 46.502 ms, *, *
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- **Explanation**: Another ISP router, possibly further into their backbone. Similar to Hop 3, incomplete responses suggest filtering or loss. The IP range hints at an East Asian provider (e.g., China Telecom).
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#### Hop 5: `221.183.39.149`
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- **IP**: `221.183.39.149`
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- **RTT**: 12.856 ms, 20.195 ms, 18.038 ms
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- **Explanation**: Consistent responses here indicate a stable hop, likely still within your ISP’s network or a regional backbone. Latency is low and steady.
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#### Hop 6: `221.183.166.214`
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- **IP**: `221.183.166.214`
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- **RTT**: 74.472 ms, 19.741 ms, 23.818 ms
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- **Explanation**: Another backbone router. The spike to 74 ms on one packet suggests temporary congestion or a longer physical distance, but it stabilizes after.
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#### Hop 7: Multiple IPs
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- **IPs**: `221.183.92.214`, `221.183.92.206`
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- **RTT**: 48.610 ms, 40.202 ms, 30.306 ms
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- **Explanation**: Two different IPs respond, indicating load balancing or multiple paths (common in large networks). Latency remains moderate.
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#### Hop 8: Multiple IPs
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- **IPs**: `221.183.92.202`, `221.183.92.194`
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- **RTT**: *, 56.206 ms, 58.094 ms
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- **Explanation**: More load balancing. The missing response (`*`) could be packet loss or filtering, but the path continues.
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#### Hop 9: Multiple IPs
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- **IPs**: `223.120.2.233`, `223.120.14.233`
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- **RTT**: 85.018 ms, 75.889 ms, 79.221 ms
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- **Explanation**: Higher latency suggests this is a major transit point, possibly an international gateway. The IPs are from a global provider (e.g., China Telecom’s international segment).
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#### Hop 10: `223.118.6.89`
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- **IP**: `223.118.6.89`
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- **RTT**: 103.568 ms, 108.865 ms, 97.867 ms
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- **Explanation**: Latency increases, indicating a longer distance—likely crossing continents or oceans (e.g., an undersea cable).
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#### Hop 11: `port-channel6.core3.tyo1.he.net (184.105.213.118)`
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- **IP**: `184.105.213.118`
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- **RTT**: *, *, 208.018 ms
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- **Explanation**: This is a Hurricane Electric (he.net) core router in Tokyo (tyo1 = Tokyo). The jump to 208 ms confirms an international hop, likely from your region to Japan. Partial responses suggest filtering.
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#### Hops 12-13: `* * *`
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- **Explanation**: No responses at all. These could be routers blocking ICMP entirely or a segment where packets are silently forwarded. The trace continues, so it’s not a dead end.
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#### Hop 14: `spine1.cloud1.sin.hetzner.com`, `spine2.cloud1.sin.hetzner.com`
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- **IPs**: `5.223.0.82`, `5.223.0.86`
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- **RTT**: 133.264 ms, 114.375 ms, 123.125 ms
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- **Explanation**: Hetzner’s spine routers in Singapore (sin = Singapore). Latency drops slightly from Tokyo, indicating a regional hop. These are backbone devices in Hetzner’s cloud infrastructure.
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#### Hop 15: `* * *`
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- **Explanation**: Another silent hop, likely internal to Hetzner’s network, filtering responses.
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#### Hop 16: `26832.your-cloud.host (5.223.8.144)`
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- **IP**: `5.223.8.144`
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- **RTT**: 126.635 ms, *, *
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- **Explanation**: An intermediate server in Hetzner’s cloud, possibly a gateway to the final destination. Partial responses again.
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#### Hop 17: `static.128.56.223.5.clients.your-server.de (5.223.56.128)`
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- **IP**: `5.223.56.128`
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- **RTT**: 110.637 ms, 131.084 ms, 105.229 ms
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- **Explanation**: The target IP! This is the final destination, a Hetzner-hosted server. Latency stabilizes around 110-130 ms, typical for a cloud server in Singapore from a distant starting point.
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---
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### Key Observations
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1. **Path Summary**:
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- Starts at your local router (Hop 1).
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- Moves through your ISP’s network (Hops 2-10).
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- Hits an international transit point (Hop 11, Tokyo via Hurricane Electric).
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- Lands in Singapore at Hetzner’s data center (Hops 14-17).
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2. **Latency Trends**:
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- Low initially (5-20 ms locally).
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- Rises with distance (100-200 ms internationally).
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- Stabilizes at the target (110-130 ms).
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3. **Asterisks (`*`)**:
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- Common in traceroute—some routers block ICMP or prioritize traffic over responding. It doesn’t mean the path is broken since you reached the destination.
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4. **Geographical Insight**:
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- Your starting point is likely in East Asia (based on early IPs like `221.x.x.x`).
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- The path goes through Tokyo (Hop 11) before reaching Singapore (Hop 14), suggesting a typical Asia-Pacific routing.
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---
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### What This Tells You
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- **Network Health**: The trace completes successfully, so the path is functional. Latency is reasonable for an international route (e.g., East Asia to Singapore).
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- **Potential Bottlenecks**: Hops 9-11 show a latency jump (75 ms to 208 ms), likely due to crossing regions or continents.
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- **ISP Behavior**: Your ISP uses private IPs early on and filters some ICMP responses (Hops 3-4).
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If you want to dig deeper (e.g., analyze packet loss or test alternate protocols like TCP), let me know, and I can suggest advanced traceroute tweaks!

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