paper.bib

@misc{aboumahboub2020,
  title = {{{REMIND}} - {{REgional}} Model of {{INvestments}} and Development - Version 2.1.0},
  author = {Aboumahboub, Tino and Auer, Cornelia and Bauer, Nico and Baumstark, Lavinia and Bertram, Christoph and Bi, Stephen and Dietrich, Jan and Dirnaichner, Alois and Giannousakis, Anastasis and Haller, Markus and Hilaire, Jerome and Klein, David and Koch, Johannes and K{\"o}rner, Alexander and Kriegler, Elmar and Leimbach, Marian and Levesque, Antoine and Lorenz, Alexander and Luderer, Gunnar and Ludig, Sylvie and L{\"u}ken, Michael and Malik, Aman and Manger, Susanne and Merfort, Leon and Mouratiadou, Ioanna and Pehl, Michaja and Pietzker, Robert and Piontek, Franziska and Popin, Laura and Rauner, Sebastian and Rodrigues, Renato and Roming, Niklas and Rottoli, Marianna and Schmidt, Eva and Schreyer, Felix and Schultes, Anselm and S{\"o}rgel, Bj{\"o}rn and Strefler, Jessica and Ueckerdt, Falko},
  year = {2020-03-27, 2020}
}

@article{absar2021,
  title = {Bridging Global Socioeconomic Scenarios with Policy Adaptations to Examine Energy-Water Tradeoffs},
  author = {Absar, Syeda Mariya and McManamay, Ryan A. and Preston, Benjamin L. and Taylor, Adam M.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  volume = {149},
  pages = {111911},
  issn = {0301-4215},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111911},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {Scenarios are commonly used to evaluate the environmental implications of future alternative energy pathways - they provide a benchmark for policy-makers to evaluate social, economic or environmental tradeoffs of various policies and their benefits to society. However, scenarios may leave policy-makers incognizant of potential technological hurdles, economic costs, or unforeseen environmental consequences of energy pathways, prior to venturing into long-term, binding decisions. Herein, we present a framework to bridge global socioeconomic scenarios with in situ energy policy assumptions to ensure technological alternatives can be evaluated and compared relative to realistic techno-economic constraints, environmental tradeoffs, and potential vulnerabilities arising from climate stress. We integrate downscaled Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) with prospective Life Cycle Assessment as a framework to understand the technical specifications, i.e. raw materials, energy inputs, and environmental impacts, of alternative energy policy assumptions. We apply our integrated framework to understand the technological implications, particularly greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption, of future energy policies surrounding the practice of hydraulic fracturing in Texas, and the implications of potential adaptive responses to climate change. Results indicated that trade-offs between water conservation and greenhouse gas mitigation are inherent to hydraulic fracturing processes, necessitating careful consideration of technology options to balance environmental objectives.},
  keywords = {Adaptation scenarios,Energy-water nexus,Scenario-based life cycle assessment,Shared policy assumptions,Shared socioeconomic pathways},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\FGVU6KNV\\Absar et al. - 2021 - Bridging global socioeconomic scenarios with polic.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\Z27HF8QI\\S0301421520306224.html}
}

@article{addanki2024,
  title = {Impuls-Urbs: {{Integration}} of Life Cycle Assessment into Energy System Models},
  shorttitle = {Impuls-Urbs},
  author = {Addanki, Thushara and Cadavid Isaza, Andrea and De La R{\'u}a, Cristina and Odersky, Leonhard and Hamacher, Thomas},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {198},
  pages = {114422},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2024.114422},
  urldate = {2024-05-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\IIKNVGBZ\1-s2.0-S136403212400145X-main.pdf}
}

@article{agez2020,
  title = {Lifting the Veil on the Correction of Double Counting Incidents in Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment},
  author = {Agez, Maxime and Majeau-Bettez, Guillaume and Margni, Manuele and Str{\o}mman, Anders H. and Samson, R{\'e}jean},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
  volume = {24},
  number = {3},
  pages = {517--533},
  issn = {1088-1980, 1530-9290},
  doi = {10.1111/jiec.12945},
  urldate = {2023-06-29},
  abstract = {Life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmentally extended input--output analyses (EEIOA) are two techniques commonly used to assess environmental impacts of an activity/product. Their strengths and weaknesses are complementary, and they are thus regularly combined to obtain hybrid LCAs. A number of approaches in hybrid LCA exist, which leads to different results. One of the differences is the method used to ensure that mixed LCA and EEIOA data do not overlap, which is referred to as correction for double counting. This aspect of hybrid LCA is often ignored in reports of hybrid assessments and no comprehensive study has been carried out on it. This article strives to list, compare, and analyze the different existing methods for the correction of double counting. We first harmonize the definitions of the existing correction methods and express them in a common notation, before introducing a streamlined variant. We then compare their respective assumptions and limitations. We discuss the loss of specific information regarding the studied activity/product and the loss of coherent financial representation caused by some of the correction methods. This analysis clarifies which techniques are most applicable to different tasks, from hybridizing individual LCA processes to integrating complete databases. We finally conclude by giving recommendations for future hybrid analyses.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\W48BM735\Agez et al. - 2020 - Lifting the veil on the correction of double count.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{agez2020a,
  title = {{Am{\'e}lioration des bases de donn{\'e}es d'inventaires de cycle de vie par hybridation avec l'Input Output}},
  author = {Agez, Maxime},
  year = {2020},
  langid = {french},
  school = {Polytechnique Montr{\'e}al},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\7C97WVJW\Amélioration_des_Bases_de_Donn.pdf}
}

@misc{agez2024,
  title = {{{IMPACT World}}+ {{Version}} 2.1 / a Globally Regionalized Method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment},
  author = {Agez, Maxime and Muller, Elliot and Bulle, C{\'e}cile and Debarre, Laura and Seitfudem, Georg and Viveros Santos, Ivan and Duval, Lisa},
  year = {2024},
  month = nov,
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.14041258},
  urldate = {2024-11-27},
  abstract = {IMPACT World+ is a life cycle impact assessment method which characterizes thousands of substances spanning across various compartments and sub-compartments of the environment. It differentiates 19 impact categories at midpoint level and 34 impact categories at damage level. For more information on IW+, refer to our website and scientific article. For information on the updates of IMPACT World+, you can register to the newsletter of CIRAIG. The v2.1 update is the biggest update of the IMPACT World+ method in many years as it introduces new impact categories and updates many models with the latest available research. IMPACT World+ comes in three interpretation levels: midpoint, expert and footprint. You can find explanations for these three interpretation levels here. The expert and midpoint versions of IMPACT World+ also come with two different implementations regarding how to account for biogenic carbon. One with the traditional biogenic carbon neutrality approach (e.g., where biogenic carbon dioxide is set at 0 and biogenic methane is set at 27kgCO2eq for GWP100) and one including the uptake of biogenic carbon dioxide, where the release of biogenic carbon is therefore set at the same CFs as fossil carbon, but the uptake is with a negative sign, i.e., a -1/+1 approach for biogenic carbon (look for the files marked ``(incl. CO2 uptake)''). While we provide the -/+1 approach, we must make it clear to the users that this approach is heavily dependent on the quality of the inventory you are using, and that there are still issues currently with the LCI databases (even in ecoinvent 3.10). Furthermore, if you are using this approach, you either MUST adopt a cradle-to-grave approach to both account for the uptake and release of biogenic carbon (otherwise you will only account for the uptake of the carbon and have skewed results) or if you adopt a cradle-to-gate approach because you need to provide results to someone downstream of your supply chain you MUST communicate with that downstream user to tell them that they should account for the release of biogenic carbon in a -1/+1 approach also, otherwise, you and your downstream user will double count the benefits of using biogenic products, which is incorrect. This is especially true is the case of food products where the carbon emissions post consumption are typically not included in the inventories, which could result in a substantial under estimation of the impacts of this product over its life cycle. Description of the files - The dev file is a file useful for developers and maintainers of databases/datasets who wish to link IW+ 2.1 to their databases/datasets. It regroups all existing characterization factors of the IW+ LCIA method in an Excel format, using the terminology of IW+. - The "ecoinvent" files are Excel files matching with "pure" ecoinvent and its flow name terminology (as in unaltered by various software) in an Excel table. This is useful if you are using ecoinvent outside of LCA software. - The exiobase file links IW+ to the Exiobase GMRIO database. Once the file is read through pandas (pandas.read\_excel()), the resulting matrix can directly be multiplied to the environmental extensions of exiobase (S, F or F\_Y if using the pymrio package). - The openLCA file can be directly imported in the openLCA software as a JSON-LD file. - The SimaPro file can be directly imported in the SimaPro software as a CSV file. - The brightway2 files are ecoinvent-version dependent, so you need to select the correct file to work with the correct version of ecoinvent. Else, some of the ecoinvent flows which name did change in between versions of ecoinvent would not be characterized, leading to underestimated results. To import a file, you need to pass through brightway2 itself (it cannot be done through the activity-browser for now). The function to import a .bw2package file is bw2.BW2Package.import\_file(). - Finally, the source file regroups all the native information used by IW+ to derive the characterization factors. This file is primarily useful for the IW+ internal team. It is provided for transparency, as well as for curious users or users who wish to generate all these files themselves through the open-access code of IW+. New indicators - Plastic physical effect on biota This new indicator measures the effect of plastic resins emitted in the water environments (both freshwater and marine) on biota, in PDF.m2.yr. It also comes with a midpoint indicator in CTUe. This indicator is the result of the work of the MariLCA working group. - Fisheries impact This new indicator measures the impact on biodiversity of fisheries activities. It is only assessed at the ecosystem quality damage level (in PDF.m2.yr). This is based on the work of Stanford-Clark et al. - Marine ecotoxicity In the v2.1 we decided to finally integrate these two ecotoxicity indicators, at the damage level only. These are based on an old version of Usetox (v2.02). As the v3 of Usetox is on the verge of being released, all ecotoxicity and toxicity categories will be updated in the next version of IW+. - Terrestrial ecotoxicity In the v2.1 we decided to finally integrate these two ecotoxicity indicators, at the damage level only. These are based on an old version of Usetox (v2.02). As the v3 of Usetox is on the verge of being released, all ecotoxicity and toxicity categories will be updated in the next version of IW+. - Photochemical ozone formation For this impact category, IW+ adopts what the ReCiPe methodology recommends. In their 2016 update, ReCiPe renamed the indicator "Photochemical oxidant formation" to "Photochemical ozone formation". In addition, they calculated the impact of this category on ecosystem quality. There are thus two corresponding impact categories at damage level: "Photochemical ozone formation, human health" and "Photochemical ozone formation, ecosystem quality" Updated indicators - All climate change indicators IMPACT World+ v2.1 proposes the carbon neutrality approach (i.e., CO2-bio = 0) as well as the -1/+1 approach (CO2-bio uptake = -1 / CO2-bio release = +1). However, the latter is only available in the expert and midpoint versions. In the footprint version, the carbon neutrality assumption is still being used. Furthermore, we added CFs for temporary storage of biogenic carbon that can be used (e.g., Correction for delayed emissions, carbon dioxide, biogenic). - Climate change, human health In the v2.0.1, we updated the GWP100 and GTP100 indicators following the recommendations of the AR6 from the IPCC2021. Now in the v2.1, we are also updating our damage indicators for climate change to follow the AR6 recommendations. Notably, the cumulative AGTP500 used in the derivation of these CFs was recalculated with updated equations (which we obtained thanks to Yue He and Thomas Gasser from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis - IIASA). In addition, the effect factors were also updated. Previously it was based on data from the World Health Organization from 2003, it is now based on the WHO 2014 report as well as the work of L. Rupcic. - Climate change, ecosystem quality Similarly to the human health indicator the cumulative AGTP500 were recalculated. However, the effect factor was not updated yet for this impact category. - Particulate matter formation Those CFs were updated to the latest model from Fantke, et al. This is composed of a series of articles on updates to fate and effect factors This model now provides regionalized characterization factors per town of more than 100,000 inhabitants. The CFs at the town-level are available in the source file, but in the dev file and in the different software versions, we only provide national/regional (e.g., RER) as well as global values, aggregated from the town-level factors. - Water availability, human health Those CFs were updated to the latest model of L. Debarre (2024) [publication in review, link will be added once published]. This model includes a harmonization of methodology between the domestic and agriculture water use, updates the exposition factors using the latest Gross National Income data and updates the EF. Overall, the values of the characterization factors of this category have dramatically decreased, by a minimum of 65\%. - Water availability, terrestrial ecosystems While the original value of the characterization was not updated (e.g., 0.21 PDF.m2.yr in Netherlands), the regionalization was updated based on an estimation of depths of groundwater, based on Jasechko (2021). - Water scarcity Those CFs were updated to the latest update of the AWARE model Seitfudem (2024) [publication in review, link will be added once published]. - Fossil and nuclear energy use The HHV values were updated to match the updated HHVs in ecoinvent. - Ozone layer depletion Those CFs were adapted to match the latest data from the World Meteorological Organization (2022). In addition, the time horizon has now been extended to the infinite instead of limiting it to 500 years. Methodology For more detail on the methodology behind each impact category, refer to our Github, in the future it will be available directly on our website. Corrections In this section we only provide information on the major corrections that were made. For a full report of all the changes please refer to out Github. - There are challenges associated with using IMPACT World+ files across databases or software for which they were not specifically designed. For instance, this is why we now provide files adapted to particular ecoinvent versions in brightway2. Similarly, both SimaPro and openLCA periodically update the names of their elementary flows. When an impact assessment method has previously been imported into one of these tools, an embedded procedure in their update processes is supposed to adjust the characterization factor names in line with the new flow names, ensuring compatibility with the updated list. However, we lack detailed knowledge of this procedure, meaning we cannot guarantee that the updated versions of IW+ in these tools would align with our specific modeling choices. Likewise, the IW+ versions we provide for a given release of SimaPro or openLCA might be incompatible with previous or subsequent versions due to discrepancies in flow names and characterization factors. Consequently, users of these software should verify which flows are characterized and make adjustments if necessary. - Harmonization of regionalized flows Regionalized impact model do not operate at the same geographical granularity. In the previous version, some flows were characterized in one impact category but not in the other. For instance, the flow "Water, lake, US-TRE" was characterized for the "water scarcity" indicator but not for "Water availability, human health". All regionalized flows are now characterized for all the impact categories they affect. This is also true for the newest regionalized impact category (Particulate matter formation) where SO2 for example is regionalized at a much more granular level than in the freshwater acidification impact category. - Fossil and nuclear energy use For the SimaPro version of the v2.0.1, some flows that only exist in SimaPro were not characterized, such as "Oil, crude, 43.4 MJ per kg". Now they are properly characterized using the energy content value specified in the name. Results obtained with SimaPro will thus differ from results obtained with brightway2 and openLCA, since the latter do not use such flows and only use flow such as "Oil, crude". - Thermally polluted water In the v2.0.1, the flows "Water, turbine use, unspecified natural origin" were not linked to the correct proxy, which meant they did not impact the Thermally polluted water category, which underestimated the impact of this category. - The problem of "Nitrogen" "Nitrogen" can mean two different things. It can literally mean the "N" element, but it can also mean the "N2" molecule. The issue is that it is not clear in the LCI databases, which meaning does "Nitrogen" have. Previously, our understanding was that "Nitrogen" meant "N" but since then, ecoinvent notably, added formulas to the elementary flows they provide and associated the formula "N2" to their "Nitrogen" flows, indicating that they understand it as "N2" and not "N". Furthermore, in SimaPro and openLCA, the associated CAS number is generally "7727-37-9" which again corresponds to "N2". Thus, we now consider that ``Nitrogen'' represents dinitrogen, and thus does not impact the "Marine eutrophication" impact category anymore. We also corrected a previous mistake: N2O is not characterized anymore for this impact category.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International}
}

@misc{agez2024a,
  title = {Trade Data from {{UN COMTRADE}} To-Be-Used with Regioinvent.},
  author = {Agez, Maxime},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.13146833},
  urldate = {2024-09-03},
  abstract = {The dataset contains import and export data of traded goods corresponding to ecoinvent products from the UN COMTRADE database. The only purpose of this dataset is to be used as an input to the Regioinvent Python package which can be found here: https://github.com/CIRAIG/Regioinvent ~ The "treated" file contains refined information from the UN COMTRADE database and should be the one used with regioinvent. The "untreated" version contains the original numbers from the UN COMTRADE database and is provided purely for transparency and replicability purposes.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International}
}

@article{algunaibet2019,
  title = {Quantifying the Cost of Leaving the {{Paris Agreement}} via the Integration of Life Cycle Assessment, Energy Systems Modeling and Monetization},
  author = {Algunaibet, Ibrahim M. and Pozo, Carlos and {Gal{\'a}n-Mart{\'i}n}, {\'A}ngel and {Guill{\'e}n-Gos{\'a}lbez}, Gonzalo},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {242},
  pages = {588--601},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.081},
  urldate = {2023-02-24},
  abstract = {Current energy systems models focus on cost minimization with a bound on some greenhouse gas emissions. This limited environmental scope can lead to mixes that are not consistent with our sustainable development. To circumvent this limitation, we here make use of the concept of monetization and life cycle assessment to quantify the indirect costs of electricity generation in the design of energy systems. Applying our approach to the United States, we found that the indirect costs of electricity generation could be reduced by as much as 63\% by meeting the Paris Agreement. Consequently, the total opportunity cost (i.e., direct and indirect costs) of withdrawing from the Paris Agreement and continuing with the current mix would be as high as 1103 {\textpm} 206 billion USD2013 in 2030 (i.e., 6\% of the United States gross domestic product in 2017). By optimizing the direct and indirect costs of electricity generation concurrently, we found an optimal ecological solution that attains total economic savings compared to the Paris Agreement mix of as much as 373 {\textpm} 164 billion USD2013 in 2030. Our work highlights the need to extend the environmental policies that regulate energy systems beyond the direct greenhouse emissions to consider other critical environmental criteria.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {monetization},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\MFM8V7K9\Algunaibet et al. - 2019 - Quantifying the cost of leaving the Paris Agreemen.pdf}
}

@article{algunaibet2019a,
  title = {Powering Sustainable Development within Planetary Boundaries},
  author = {Algunaibet, Ibrahim M. and Pozo, Carlos and {Gal{\'a}n-Mart{\'i}n}, {\'A}ngel and Huijbregts, Mark A. J. and Mac Dowell, Niall and {Guill{\'e}n-Gos{\'a}lbez}, Gonzalo},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1890--1900},
  issn = {1754-5692, 1754-5706},
  doi = {10.1039/C8EE03423K},
  urldate = {2023-02-23},
  abstract = {Designing energy systems within planetary boundaries is crucial to preserving the Earth's ecological capacity given the power sector's environmental footprint.           ,              The concept of planetary boundaries identifies a safe space for humanity. Current energy systems are primarily designed with a focus on total cost minimization and bounds on greenhouse gas emissions. Omitting planetary boundaries in energy systems design can lead to energy mixes unable to power our sustainable development. To overcome this conceptual limitation, we here incorporate planetary boundaries into energy systems models, explicitly linking energy generation with the Earth's ecological limits. Taking the United States as a testbed, we found that the least cost energy mix that would meet the Paris Agreement 2 degrees Celsius target still transgresses five out of eight planetary boundaries. It is possible to meet seven out of eight planetary boundaries concurrently by incurring a doubling of the cost compared to the least cost energy mix solution (1.3\% of the United States gross domestic product in 2017). Due to the stringent downscaled planetary boundary on biogeochemical nitrogen flow, there is no energy mix in the United States capable of satisfying all planetary boundaries concurrently. Our work highlights the importance of considering planetary boundaries in energy systems design and paves the way for further research on how to effectively accomplish such integration in energy related studies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\5WLBKU4R\Algunaibet et al. - 2019 - Powering sustainable development within planetary .pdf}
}

@article{algunaibet2019b,
  title = {Life Cycle Burden-Shifting in Energy Systems Designed to Minimize Greenhouse Gas Emissions: {{Novel}} Analytical Method and Application to the {{United States}}},
  shorttitle = {Life Cycle Burden-Shifting in Energy Systems Designed to Minimize Greenhouse Gas Emissions},
  author = {Algunaibet, Ibrahim M. and {Guill{\'e}n-Gos{\'a}lbez}, Gonzalo},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {229},
  pages = {886--901},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.276},
  urldate = {2023-02-07},
  abstract = {Energy systems are currently designed focusing only on minimizing their cost or, at most, including limits on greenhouse gas emissions. Unfortunately, electricity technologies performing well in global warming potential might not necessarily behave equally well across other sustainability criteria. Hence, policies focused solely on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions could potentially resolve one problem (i.e., climate change) by creating another, thereby leading to burden-shifting. Here, the occurrence and severity of burden-shifting in energy systems design are both investigated through the application of a novel approach integrating multi-objective optimization, life cycle assessment and multivariate regression based on elasticities. Environmental impacts are classified into three categories: no burden-shifting, total burden-shifting and partial burden-shifting, providing for the latter two a measure of their severity. Due to inherent trade-offs in the life cycle performance of technologies, discussed in detail in this work, the Paris Agreement 2  C targets would lead to burden-shifting in the United States (total or partial) in up to eight environmental impacts. On the other hand, stringent carbon emissions reductions in line with the 1.5  C targets can lead to burden-shifting in three environmental impacts. Indeed, in both cases undesirable increases in some damage categories of up to 1.64\% for every percentage increase in cost can take place as a result of more stringent limits on greenhouse gas emissions compared to the least cost solution. Overall, this work aims to foster fruitful discussions on how to generate energy within the Earth's ecological capacity by expanding the analysis beyond climate change.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\79ECBFYG\Algunaibet and Guillén-Gosálbez - 2019 - Life cycle burden-shifting in energy systems desig.pdf}
}

@article{allwood2010,
  title = {Options for {{Achieving}} a 50\% {{Cut}} in {{Industrial Carbon Emissions}} by 2050},
  author = {Allwood, Julian M. and Cullen, Jonathan M. and Milford, Rachel L.},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {44},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1888--1894},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/es902909k},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\SLXJD4EQ\Allwood et al. - 2010 - Options for Achieving a 50% Cut in Industrial Carb.pdf}
}

@article{arvesen2018,
  title = {Deriving Life Cycle Assessment Coefficients for Application in Integrated Assessment Modelling},
  author = {Arvesen, Anders and Luderer, Gunnar and Pehl, Michaja and Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {111--125},
  issn = {13648152},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.09.010},
  urldate = {2023-02-13},
  abstract = {The fields of life cycle assessment (LCA) and integrated assessment (IA) modelling today have similar interests in assessing macro-level transformation pathways with a broad view of environmental concerns. Prevailing IA models lack a life cycle perspective, while LCA has traditionally been static- and micro-oriented. We develop a general method for deriving coefficients from detailed, bottom-up LCA suitable for application in IA models, thus allowing IA analysts to explore the life cycle impacts of technology and scenario alternatives. The method decomposes LCA coefficients into life cycle phases and energy carrier use by industries, thus facilitating attribution of life cycle effects to appropriate years, and consistent and comprehensive use of IA model-specific scenario data when the LCA coefficients are applied in IA scenario modelling. We demonstrate the application of the method for global electricity supply to 2050 and provide numerical results (as supplementary material) for future use by IA analysts. {\copyright} 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {IAM},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\8HAY2UXY\\Arvesen et al. - 2018 - Deriving life cycle assessment coefficients for ap.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\PB2XUACQ\\1-s2.0-S1364815216304005-mmc1.docx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\WLHPFDZW\\1-s2.0-S1364815216304005-mmc2.xlsx}
}

@article{azarijafari2018,
  title = {Assessing the Individual and Combined Effects of Uncertainty and Variability Sources in Comparative {{LCA}} of Pavements},
  author = {AzariJafari, Hessam and Yahia, Ammar and Amor, Ben},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {23},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1888--1902},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-017-1400-1},
  urldate = {2024-03-29},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\AHNQFYGK\AzariJafari et al. - 2018 - Assessing the individual and combined effects of u.pdf}
}

@misc{baader2023,
  title = {Streamlining {{Energy Transition Scenarios}} to {{Key Policy Decisions}}},
  author = {Baader, Florian Joseph and Moret, Stefano and Wiesemann, Wolfram and Staffell, Iain and Bardow, Andr{\'e}},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {arXiv},
  doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2311.06625},
  urldate = {2024-12-18},
  abstract = {Uncertainties surrounding the energy transition often lead modelers to present large sets of scenarios that are challenging for policymakers to interpret and act upon. An alternative approach is to define a few qualitative storylines from stakeholder discussions, which can be affected by biases and infeasibilities. Leveraging decision trees, a popular machine-learning technique, we derive interpretable storylines from many quantitative scenarios and show how the key decisions in the energy transition are interlinked. Specifically, our results demonstrate that choosing a high deployment of renewables and sector coupling makes global decarbonization scenarios robust against uncertainties in climate sensitivity and demand. Also, the energy transition to a fossil-free Europe is primarily determined by choices on the roles of bioenergy, storage, and heat electrification. Our transferrable approach translates vast energy model results into a small set of critical decisions, guiding decision-makers in prioritizing the key factors that will shape the energy transition.},
  copyright = {arXiv.org perpetual, non-exclusive license},
  keywords = {FOS: Computer and information sciences,Machine Learning (cs.LG)}
}

@article{babonneau2021,
  title = {An {{Oligopoly Game}} of {{CDR Strategy Deployment}} in a {{Steady-State Net-Zero Emission Climate Regime}}},
  author = {Babonneau, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Bahn, Olivier and Haurie, Alain and Vielle, Marc},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Environmental Modeling \& Assessment},
  volume = {26},
  number = {6},
  pages = {969--984},
  issn = {1420-2026, 1573-2967},
  doi = {10.1007/s10666-020-09734-6},
  urldate = {2024-03-26},
  abstract = {In this paper, we propose a simple oligopoly game model to represent the interactions between coalitions of countries in deploying carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies in a steady-state net-zero emission climate regime that could take place by the end of the twenty-first century. The emission quotas and CDR activities obtained in the solution of this steady-state model could then be used as a target for end-of-period conditions in a dynamic integrated assessment analysis studying the transition to 2100. More precisely, we analyze a steady-state situation where m coalitions exist and behave as m players in a game of supplying emission rights on an international emission trading system. The quotas supplied by a coalition must correspond to the amount of CO2 captured through CDR activities in the corresponding world region. We use an extension of the computable general equilibrium model GEMINI-E3 to calibrate the payoff functions and compute an equilibrium solution in the noncooperative game.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\94TR3PF5\Babonneau et al. - 2021 - An Oligopoly Game of CDR Strategy Deployment in a .pdf}
}

@article{bach2018,
  title = {Product {{Environmental Footprint}} ({{PEF}}) {{Pilot Phase}}---{{Comparability}} over {{Flexibility}}?},
  author = {Bach, Vanessa and Lehmann, Annekatrin and G{\"o}rmer, Marcel and Finkbeiner, Matthias},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Sustainability},
  volume = {10},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2898},
  issn = {2071-1050},
  doi = {10.3390/su10082898},
  urldate = {2023-10-06},
  abstract = {The main goal of the European product environmental footprint (PEF) method is to increase comparability of environmental impacts of products within certain product categories by decreasing flexibility and therefore achieving reproducibility of results. Comparability is supposed to be further increased by developing product category specific rules (PEFCRs). The aim of this paper is to evaluate if the main goal of the PEF method has been achieved. This is done by a comprehensive analysis of the PEF guide, the current PEFCR guide, the developed PEFCRs, as well as the insights gained from participating in the pilot phase. The analysis reveals that the PEF method as well as its implementation in PEFCRs are not able to guarantee fair comparability due to shortcomings related to the (1) definition of product performance; (2) definition of the product category; (3) definition and determination of the representative product; (4) modeling of electricity; (5) requirements for the use of secondary data; (6) circular footprint formula; (7) life cycle impact assessment methods; and (8) approach to prioritize impact categories. For some of these shortcomings, recommendations for improvement are provided. This paper demonstrates that the PEF method has to be further improved to guarantee fair comparability.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\8JK49N8G\Bach et al. - 2018 - Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Pilot Phase—.pdf}
}

@article{bachmann2023,
  title = {Towards Circular Plastics within Planetary Boundaries},
  author = {Bachmann, Marvin and Zibunas, Christian and Hartmann, Jan and Tulus, Victor and Suh, Sangwon and {Guill{\'e}n-Gos{\'a}lbez}, Gonzalo and Bardow, Andr{\'e}},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Nature Sustainability},
  volume = {6},
  number = {5},
  pages = {599--610},
  issn = {2398-9629},
  doi = {10.1038/s41893-022-01054-9},
  urldate = {2024-09-23},
  abstract = {Abstract                            The rapid growth of plastics production exacerbated the triple planetary crisis of habitat loss, plastic pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Circular strategies have been proposed for plastics to achieve net-zero GHG emissions. However, the implications of such circular strategies on absolute sustainability have not been examined on a planetary scale. This study links a bottom-up model covering both the production and end-of-life treatment of 90\% of global plastics to the planetary boundaries framework. Here we show that even a circular, climate-optimal plastics industry combining current recycling technologies with biomass utilization transgresses sustainability thresholds by up to four times. However, improving recycling technologies and recycling rates up to at least 75\% in combination with biomass and CO               2               utilization in plastics production can lead to a scenario in which plastics comply with their assigned safe operating space in 2030. Although being the key to sustainability and in improving the unquantified effect of novel entities on the biosphere, even enhanced recycling cannot cope with the growth in plastics demand predicted until 2050. Therefore, achieving absolute sustainability of plastics requires a fundamental change in our methods of both producing and using plastics.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\66DBK43H\Bachmann et al. - 2023 - Towards circular plastics within planetary boundar.pdf}
}

@article{bahn2005,
  title = {Mathematical {{Modeling}} and {{Simulation Methods}} in {{Energy Systems}}},
  author = {Bahn, O. and Haurie, A. and Zachary, Daniel S.},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {Mathematical Models, from Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)},
  abstract = {This paper presents an overview of the modeling approaches that are used to represent, understand and control the interactions between the economy of a region, its energy production / consumption system, and the environmental impact of these activities.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\HNBLXABL\httpgreenplanet.eolss.netEolssLognsearchdt.as.pdf}
}

@article{bahn2006,
  title = {The Coupling of Optimal Economic Growth and Climate Dynamics},
  author = {Bahn, Olivier and Drouet, Laurent and Edwards, Neil R. and Haurie, Alain and Knutti, Reto and Kypreos, Socrates and Stocker, Thomas F. and Vial, Jean-Philippe},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  volume = {79},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {103--119},
  issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480},
  doi = {10.1007/s10584-006-9108-4},
  urldate = {2024-03-26},
  copyright = {http://www.springer.com/tdm},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\TVCF59WQ\Bahn et al. - 2006 - The coupling of optimal economic growth and climat.pdf}
}

@article{bahn2015,
  title = {Is There Room for Geoengineering in the Optimal Climate Policy Mix?},
  author = {Bahn, Olivier and Chesney, Marc and Gheyssens, Jonathan and Knutti, Reto and Pana, Anca Claudia},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {67--76},
  issn = {14629011},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2014.12.014},
  urldate = {2024-03-26},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\I7UBF9QU\Bahn et al. - 2015 - Is there room for geoengineering in the optimal cl.pdf}
}

@article{bahn2018,
  title = {The {{Contribution}} of {{Mathematical Models}} to {{Climate Policy Design}}: A {{Researcher}}'s {{Perspective}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Contribution}} of {{Mathematical Models}} to {{Climate Policy Design}}},
  author = {Bahn, O.},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Environmental Modeling \& Assessment},
  volume = {23},
  number = {6},
  pages = {691--701},
  issn = {1420-2026, 1573-2967},
  doi = {10.1007/s10666-018-9637-z},
  urldate = {2024-03-26},
  abstract = {Energy and the environment are closely interconnected. In particular, energy-related carbon dioxide emissions are major contributors to climate change. To analyze options within the energy sector to curb greenhouse gas emissions, or to study alternative climate strategies such as adaptation and geoengineering measures, policy-makers can rely on mathematical decision support models, in particular E3 (economy/energy/environment) models and integrated assessment models (IAMs). This paper reviews some of my recent contributions to climate policy design using different types of E3 models and IAMs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\D37RYPQY\Bahn - 2018 - The Contribution of Mathematical Models to Climate.pdf}
}

@article{bahn2019,
  title = {Will {{Adaptation Delay}} the {{Transition}} to {{Clean Energy Systems}}? {{An Analysis}} with {{AD-MERGE}}},
  shorttitle = {Will {{Adaptation Delay}} the {{Transition}} to {{Clean Energy Systems}}?},
  author = {Bahn, Olivier and Bruin, Kelly De and Fertel, Camille},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {The Energy Journal},
  volume = {40},
  number = {4},
  pages = {207--234},
  issn = {0195-6574, 1944-9089},
  doi = {10.5547/01956574.40.4.obah},
  urldate = {2024-03-26},
  abstract = {Climate change is one of the greatest environmental challenges facing our planet in the foreseeable future, yet, despite international environmental agreements, global GHG emissions are still increasing. In this context, adaptation measures can play an important role in reducing climate impacts. These measures involve adjustments to economic or social structures to limit the impact of climate change without limiting climate change itself. To assess the interplay of adaptation and mitigation, we develop AD-MERGE, an integrated assessment model that includes both reactive (`flow') and proactive (`stock') adaptation strategies as well as a range of mitigation (energy) technologies. We find that applying adaptation optimally delays but does not prevent the transition to clean energy systems (carbon capture and sequestration systems, nuclear, and renewables). Moreover, applying both adaptation and mitigation is more effective than using just one.},
  copyright = {http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZTCVD25J\Bahn et al. - 2019 - Will Adaptation Delay the Transition to Clean Ener.pdf}
}

@article{bailey2020,
  title = {Daily {{Tutor Scheduling Support}} at {{Hopeful Journeys Educational Center}}},
  author = {Bailey, Matthew D. and Waddell, Lucas A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics},
  volume = {50},
  number = {5},
  pages = {287--297},
  issn = {2644-0865, 2644-0873},
  doi = {10.1287/inte.2020.1039},
  urldate = {2023-11-11},
  abstract = {Hopeful Journeys Educational Center faces a daily task of assigning tutors to students subject to myriad complex rules and restrictions. The organization's mission, which is to provide individualized education to students with autism spectrum disorders and other developmental disabilities, as well as its limited operating budget and day-today resource/demand variability, makes this a uniquely challenging scheduling problem. When we first communicated with Hopeful Journeys, the organization was in critical need of an efficient methodology for producing daily schedules to replace its existing timeconsuming and error-prone manual approach. This paper describes the fully open-source, Excel-based optimization tool we developed to support Hopeful Journeys' mission. Our work illustrates the potential to use freely available operations research tools within a ``rapid prototyping'' approach to provide immediate impact to organizations that lack the resources to utilize commercial software or professional consultants.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\AVHTIYBA\Bailey and Waddell - 2020 - Daily Tutor Scheduling Support at Hopeful Journeys.pdf}
}

@article{barteczko-hibbert2014,
  title = {A Multi-Period Mixed-Integer Linear Optimisation of Future Electricity Supply Considering Life Cycle Costs and Environmental Impacts},
  author = {{Barteczko-Hibbert}, Christian and Bonis, Ioannis and Binns, Michael and Theodoropoulos, Constantinos and Azapagic, Adisa},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {133},
  pages = {317--334},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.066},
  urldate = {2023-02-16},
  abstract = {A multi-period mixed-integer linear programming model has been developed to help explore future pathways for electricity supply where costs and carbon reduction are a priority. The model follows a life cycle approach and can optimise on costs and on a number of environmental objectives. To illustrate the application, the model has been optimised on two objectives: whole system costs and global warming potential (GWP) using the UK as an example. Four different scenarios have been considered up to 2060, each assuming different electricity demand and carbon reduction targets. When optimising on system costs, they range from {\pounds}156.6 bn for the least carbon-constrained scenario with moderate increase in electricity demand to {\pounds}269.9 bn for the scenario with high demand and requiring 100\% decarbonisation of electricity supply by 2035. In optimisation on GWP, negative carbon emissions are achieved in all scenarios, ranging from {\`A}0.5 to {\`A}1.28 Gt CO2 eq. over the period, owing to biomass carbon capture and storage. Optimising on the GWP also reduces significantly other environmental impacts at costs comparable to optimised costs. This research shows that meeting carbon targets will require careful planning and consideration of objectives other than costs alone to ensure that optimal rather than suboptimal solutions are found for a more sustainable electricity supply.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {MOO},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\3GW3VGVN\Barteczko-Hibbert et al. - 2014 - A multi-period mixed-integer linear optimisation o.pdf}
}

@article{bastos2023,
  title = {Life-Cycle Assessment of Current and Future Electricity Supply Addressing Average and Marginal Hourly Demand: {{An}} Application to {{Italy}}},
  shorttitle = {Life-Cycle Assessment of Current and Future Electricity Supply Addressing Average and Marginal Hourly Demand},
  author = {Bastos, Joana and Prina, Matteo Giacomo and Garcia, Rita},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {399},
  pages = {136563},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136563},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {The increase in overall electricity demand in recent years, together with the rapid and significant changes in electricity generation has motivated increased research addressing environmental impacts of current and future electricity generation and supply systems. This article presents a comprehensive life-cycle assessment (LCA) of electricity generation and supply for the Italian current mix and future scenarios, for a wide set of environmental impacts and indicators, addressing intra-year variations, and including average and marginal demand impact perspectives. The generation mix was modelled for a 3-year period (2018--2020) with hourly and country-specific data, for the main generation technologies; and two future scenarios (for 2030) were modelled applying the EPLANopt energy system model. While future scenarios - with larger renewable energy shares - resulted in reduced environmental impacts in most categories, they were associated with burden shifts. In particular, increased shares of solar photovoltaic generation in future scenarios resulted in significant contributions to mineral and metal resource depletion and to land use impacts. The high penetration of renewable energy sources in future scenarios was also associated with important seasonal and hourly variations, demonstrating the importance of addressing intra-year temporal variations. Moreover, complementing an average with a marginal demand perspective provided insight on potential impacts of demand changes. When considering a marginal demand perspective, future scenarios offered no clear benefits in terms of global warming, for example. The research demonstrated the need for comprehensive and detailed environmental impact assessments with fine time resolution, which can assess seasonal and intra-daily variations, and the evaluation of environmental im\- pacts with both average and marginal demand perspectives highlighted the complementary nature of the two in providing insightful results. The approach is fully replicable to other countries and regions - it can improve LCAs of electricity generation and supply and provide robust results to adequately inform decision-making on elec\- tricity generation and demand management, toward more sustainable energy systems.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\63GLIKV7\Bastos et al. - 2023 - Life-cycle assessment of current and future electr.pdf}
}

@article{baumgartner2021,
  title = {Life-{{Cycle Assessment}} of {{Sector-Coupled National Energy Systems}}: {{Environmental Impacts}} of {{Electricity}}, {{Heat}}, and {{Transportation}} in {{Germany Till}} 2050},
  shorttitle = {Life-{{Cycle Assessment}} of {{Sector-Coupled National Energy Systems}}},
  author = {Baumg{\"a}rtner, Nils and Deutz, Sarah and Reinert, Christiane and Nolzen, Niklas and Kuepper, Lucas Elias and Hennen, Maike and Hollermann, Dinah Elena and Bardow, Andr{\'e}},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Frontiers in Energy Research},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {621502},
  issn = {2296-598X},
  doi = {10.3389/fenrg.2021.621502},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  abstract = {National energy models provide decarbonization strategies. Most national energy models focus on costs and greenhouse gas emissions only. However, this focus carries the risk that burdens shift to other environmental impacts. Energy models have therefore been extended by life-cycle assessment (LCA). Furthermore, deep decarbonization is only possible by targeting all high-emission sectors. Thus, we present a holistic national energy model that includes high-emission sectors and LCA. The model provides detailed environmental impacts for electricity, heat, and transport processes in Germany for meeting the climate targets up to 2050. Our results show that renewable energies and storage are key technologies for decarbonized energy systems. Furthermore, sector coupling is crucial and doubles electricity demand. Our LCA shows that environmental impacts shift from operation to infrastructure highlighting the importance of an impact assessment over the full life cycle. Decarbonization leads to many environmental cobenefits; however, it also increases freshwater ecotoxicity and depletion of metal and mineral resources. Thus, holistic planning of decarbonization strategies should also consider other environmental impacts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\4WHEZTRP\\Baumgärtner et al. - 2021 - Life-Cycle Assessment of Sector-Coupled National E.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\A7GSMSC2\\Data Sheet 1.pdf}
}

@article{baumstark2021,
  title = {{{REMIND2}}.1: Transformation and Innovation Dynamics of the Energy-Economic System within Climate and Sustainability Limits},
  shorttitle = {{{REMIND2}}.1},
  author = {Baumstark, Lavinia and Bauer, Nico and Benke, Falk and Bertram, Christoph and Bi, Stephen and Gong, Chen Chris and Dietrich, Jan Philipp and Dirnaichner, Alois and Giannousakis, Anastasis and Hilaire, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Klein, David and Koch, Johannes and Leimbach, Marian and Levesque, Antoine and Madeddu, Silvia and Malik, Aman and Merfort, Anne and Merfort, Leon and Odenweller, Adrian and Pehl, Michaja and Pietzcker, Robert C. and Piontek, Franziska and Rauner, Sebastian and Rodrigues, Renato and Rottoli, Marianna and Schreyer, Felix and Schultes, Anselm and Soergel, Bjoern and Soergel, Dominika and Strefler, Jessica and Ueckerdt, Falko and Kriegler, Elmar and Luderer, Gunnar},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  volume = {14},
  number = {10},
  pages = {6571--6603},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
  issn = {1991-9603},
  doi = {10.5194/gmd-14-6571-2021},
  urldate = {2024-09-17},
  abstract = {Abstract. This paper presents the new and now open-source version2.1 of the REgional Model of INvestments and Development (REMIND). REMIND,as an integrated assessment model (IAM), provides an integrated view of theglobal energy--economy--emissions system and explores self-consistenttransformation pathways. It describes a broad range of possible futures andtheir relation to technical and socio-economic developments as well aspolicy choices. REMIND is a multiregional model incorporating the economyand a detailed representation of the energy sector implemented in theGeneral Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). It uses non-linear optimization toderive welfare-optimal regional transformation pathways of theenergy-economic system subject to climate and sustainability constraints forthe time horizon from 2005 to 2100. The resulting solution corresponds to thedecentralized market outcome under the assumptions of perfect foresight ofagents and internalization of external effects. REMIND enables the analyses oftechnology options and policy approaches for climate change mitigation withparticular strength in representing the scale-up of new technologies,including renewables and their integration in power markets. The REMIND codeis organized into modules that gather code relevant for specific topics.Interaction between different modules is made explicit via clearly definedsets of input and output variables. Each module can be represented by differentrealizations, enabling flexible configuration and extension. The spatialresolution of REMIND is flexible and depends on the resolution of the inputdata. Thus, the framework can be used for a variety of applications in acustomized form, balancing requirements for detail and overall runtime andcomplexity.},
  copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\YM54S44L\Baumstark et al. - 2021 - REMIND2.1 transformation and innovation dynamics .pdf}
}

@article{baustert2022,
  title = {Integration of Future Water Scarcity and Electricity Supply into Prospective {{LCA}}: {{Application}} to the Assessment of Water Desalination for the Steel Industry},
  shorttitle = {Integration of Future Water Scarcity and Electricity Supply into Prospective {{LCA}}},
  author = {Baustert, Paul and Igos, Elorri and Schaubroeck, Thomas and Chion, Laurent and Mendoza Beltran, Angelica and Stehfest, Elke and {van Vuuren}, Detlef and Biemans, Hester and Benetto, Enrico},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1182--1194},
  issn = {1530-9290},
  doi = {10.1111/jiec.13272},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {The urgency of tackling global environmental issues calls for radical technological and behavioral changes. New prospective (or ex ante) methods are needed to assess the impacts of these changes. Prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) can contribute by detailed analysis of environmental consequences. A new stream of research has taken up the challenge to create prospective life cycle inventory (LCI) databases, building on projections of integrated assessment models to describe future changes in technology use and their underlying environmental performance. The present work extends on this by addressing the research question on how to project life cycle impact assessment methods for water scarcity consistent with prospective LCI modeling. Water scarcity characterization factors are projected from 2010--2050 using the AWARE method, based on SSP-RCP scenario results of the integrated assessment model IMAGE. This work is coupled with prospective LCI databases, where electricity datasets are adapted based on the energy component of IMAGE for the same scenario. Based on this, an LCA case study of water desalination for the steel industry in Spain is presented. The resulting regional characterization factors show that some regions (i.e., the Iberian Peninsula) could experience an increase in water scarcity in the future. Results of the case study show how this can lead to trade-offs between climate change and water scarcity impacts and how disregarding such trends could lead to biased assessments. The relevance and limitations are finally discussed, highlighting further research needs, such as the temporalization of the impacts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {desalination,industrial ecology,integrated assessment model,new technology,prospective LCA,water scarcity},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\LZVVPP4J\\Baustert et al. - 2022 - Integration of future water scarcity and electrici.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\LT4XTW7F\\jiec.html}
}

@article{bergesen2014,
  title = {Thin-{{Film Photovoltaic Power Generation Offers Decreasing Greenhouse Gas Emissions}} and {{Increasing Environmental Co-benefits}} in the {{Long Term}}},
  author = {Bergesen, Joseph D. and Heath, Garvin A. and Gibon, Thomas and Suh, Sangwon},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {48},
  number = {16},
  pages = {9834--9843},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/es405539z},
  urldate = {2023-04-17},
  abstract = {Thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technologies have improved significantly recently, and similar improvements are projected into the future, warranting reevaluation of the environmental implications of PV to update and inform policy decisions. By conducting a hybrid life cycle assessment using the most recent manufacturing data and technology roadmaps, we compare present and projected environmental, human health, and natural resource implications of electricity generated from two common thin-film PV technologiescopper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe)in the United States (U.S.) to those of the current U.S. electricity mix. We evaluate how the impacts of thin films can be reduced by likely costreducing technological changes: (1) module efficiency increases, (2) module dematerialization, (3) changes in upstream energy and materials production, and (4) end-of-life recycling of balance of system (BOS). Results show comparable environmental and resource impacts for CdTe and CIGS. Compared to the U.S. electricity mix in 2010, both perform at least 90\% better in 7 of 12 and at least 50\% better in 3 of 12 impact categories, with comparable land use, and increased metal depletion unless BOS recycling is ensured. Technological changes, particularly efficiency increases, contribute to 35-80\% reductions in all impacts by 2030.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\UNEC4PXV\Bergesen et al. - 2014 - Thin-Film Photovoltaic Power Generation Offers Dec.pdf}
}

@article{berrill2016,
  title = {Environmental Impacts of High Penetration Renewable Energy Scenarios for {{Europe}}},
  author = {Berrill, Peter and Arvesen, Anders and Scholz, Yvonne and Gils, Hans Christian and Hertwich, Edgar G},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {014012},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/11/1/014012},
  urldate = {2023-02-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\7F9MG9T7\\DLR_Energy_System_Model_REMix_short_description_2016.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\KGZE8A23\\Berrill et al. - 2016 - Environmental impacts of high penetration renewabl.pdf}
}

@book{bhattacharyya2009,
  title = {Energy {{Demand Models For Policy Formulation}}: {{A Comparative Study Of Energy Demand Models}}},
  shorttitle = {Energy {{Demand Models For Policy Formulation}}},
  author = {Bhattacharyya, Subhes C. and Timilsina, Govinda R.},
  year = {2009},
  month = mar,
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-4866},
  urldate = {2023-04-28},
  abstract = {This paper critically reviews existing energy demand forecasting methodologies highlighting the methodological diversities and developments over the past four decades in order to investigate whether the existing energy demand models are appropriate for capturing the specific features of developing countries. The study finds that two types of approaches, econometric and end-use accounting, are used in the existing energy demand models. Although energy demand models have greatly evolved since the early 1970s, key issues such as the poor-rich and urban-rural divides, traditional energy resources, and differentiation between commercial and non-commercial energy commodities are often poorly reflected in these models.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\G5EUDIRN\Bhattacharyya and Timilsina - 2009 - Energy Demand Models For Policy Formulation A Com.pdf}
}

@article{bhattacharyya2010,
  title = {A Review of Energy System Models},
  author = {Bhattacharyya, Subhes C. and Timilsina, Govinda R.},
  year = {2010},
  month = nov,
  journal = {International Journal of Energy Sector Management},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {494--518},
  issn = {1750-6220},
  doi = {10.1108/17506221011092742},
  urldate = {2023-02-27},
  abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative overview of existing energy system models to see whether they are suitable for analysing energy, environment and climate change policies of developing countries.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\I2PNHPJ7\Bhattacharyya and Timilsina - 2010 - A review of energy system models.pdf}
}

@article{biganzioli2018,
  title = {Supporting Information to the Characterisation Factors of Recommended {{EF Life Cycle Impact Assessment}} Methods},
  author = {Biganzioli, S and Laurentiis, F De and Diaconu, S},
  year = {2018},
  abstract = {In 2013, the Environmental Footprint methodology has been established with a specific Recommendation (2013/179/EU), within the framework of the ``Single Market for Green Products'' communication (COM/2013/0196). The International Life Cycle Data system, developed since 2007, released in 2010 and continuously maintained by JRC, has been adopted in the EF framework. ILCD format and nomenclature were adopted as requirements for EF.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {EF 3.0},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\8PUSIL53\Biganzioli et al. - Supporting information to the characterisation factors of recommended EF Life Cycle Impact Assessmen.pdf}
}

@article{bisinella2021,
  title = {Environmental Assessment of Carbon Capture and Storage ({{CCS}}) as a Post-Treatment Technology in Waste Incineration},
  author = {Bisinella, Valentina and Hulgaard, Tore and Riber, Christian and Damgaard, Anders and Christensen, Thomas H.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Waste Management},
  volume = {128},
  pages = {99--113},
  issn = {0956053X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.046},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {The effects of amending municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) with carbon capture and storage (CCS) via MEA (Monoethanolamine) technology differ according to the air pollution control technologies and energy recovery systems. Electricity output reduces by one-third for power-only plants and halves for combined heat-and-power plants, while variations in heat recovery depend on the presence of flue gas condensation. MSWI with CCS can capture roughly 800 kg of compressed CO2 per tonne of waste treated. Life cycle assessment (LCA) modelling of MSWI, with and without CCS, illustrates that despite energy penalties, CCS lowers its climate change impact. The difference in climate change impacts as a result of CCS amendment depends on the energy system in which MSWI operates. In a near-future energy system, MSWI with CCS reduces climate change impacts by 700 kg CO2-eq/tonne wet waste compared to MSWI without CCS. The climate change saving of CCS became increasingly larger as the energy system became ``greener''; the climate change saving ultimately approached the capture efficiency (85\% of CO2 in the flue gas) multiplied by the carbon content of the waste converted to CO2. Sensitivity analysis showed that capture efficiency was the main factor affecting the overall results, with increasing importance in nonfossil fuel-based energy systems. Likely changes in residual waste composition, as source segregation and collection systems improve, had only minor effects on the environmental benefits of CCS. The effects of CCS amendments on 13 other impact categories were marginal compared to the effects of different MSWI configurations.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\QAF4U4PK\Bisinella et al. - 2021 - Environmental assessment of carbon capture and sto.pdf}
}

@article{bjorklund2012,
  title = {Life Cycle Assessment as an Analytical Tool in Strategic Environmental Assessment. {{Lessons}} Learned from a Case Study on Municipal Energy Planning in {{Sweden}}},
  author = {Bj{\"o}rklund, Anna},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Environmental Impact Assessment Review},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {82--87},
  issn = {01959255},
  doi = {10.1016/j.eiar.2011.04.001},
  urldate = {2023-02-02},
  abstract = {Life cycle assessment (LCA) is explored as an analytical tool in strategic environmental assessment (SEA), illustrated by case where a previously developed SEA process was applied to municipal energy planning in Sweden. The process integrated decision-making tools for scenario planning, public participation and environmental assessment. This article describes the use of LCA for environmental assessment in this context, with focus on methodology and practical experiences. While LCA provides a systematic framework for the environmental assessment and a wider systems perspective than what is required in SEA, LCA cannot address all aspects of environmental impact required, and therefore needs to be complemented by other tools. The integration of LCA with tools for public participation and scenario planning posed certain methodological challenges, but provided an innovative approach to designing the scope of the environmental assessment and defining and assessing alternatives.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\2C7AWBQQ\Björklund - 2012 - Life cycle assessment as an analytical tool in str.pdf}
}

@article{bjorn2020,
  title = {Review of Life-Cycle Based Methods for Absolute Environmental Sustainability Assessment and Their Applications},
  author = {Bj{\o}rn, Anders and Chandrakumar, Chanjief and Boulay, Anne-Marie and Doka, Gabor and Fang, Kai and Gondran, Natacha and Hauschild, Michael Zwicky and Kerkhof, Annemarie and King, Henry and Margni, Manuele and McLaren, Sarah and Mueller, Carina and Owsianiak, Miko{\l}aj and Peters, Greg and Roos, Sandra and Sala, Serenella and Sandin, Gustav and Sim, Sarah and {Vargas-Gonzalez}, Marcial and Ryberg, Morten},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  volume = {15},
  number = {8},
  pages = {083001},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab89d7},
  urldate = {2024-05-30},
  abstract = {In many regions and at the planetary scale, human pressures on the environment exceed levels that natural systems can sustain. These pressures are caused by networks of human activities, which often extend across countries and continents due to global trade. This has led to an increasing requirement for methods that enable absolute environmental sustainability assessment (AESA) of anthropogenic systems and which have a basis in life cycle assessment (LCA). Such methods enable the comparison of environmental impacts of products, companies, nations, etc, with an assigned share of environmental carrying capacity for various impact categories. This study is the first systematic review of LCA-based AESA methods and their applications. After developing a framework for LCA-based AESA methods, we identified 45 relevant studies through an initial survey, database searches and citation analysis. We characterized these studies according to their intended application, impact categories, basis of carrying capacity estimates, spatial differentiation of environmental model and principles for assigning carrying capacity. We then characterized all method applications and synthesized their results. Based on this assessment, we present recommendations to practitioners on the selection and use of existing LCA-based AESA methods, as well as ways to perform assessments and communicate results to decision-makers. Furthermore, we identify future research priorities intended to extend coverage of all components of the proposed method framework, improve modeling and increase the applicability of methods.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9M4IEEJR\Bjørn et al. - 2020 - Review of life-cycle based methods for absolute en.pdf}
}

@article{blanco2020,
  title = {Life Cycle Assessment Integration into Energy System Models: {{An}} Application for {{Power-to-Methane}} in the {{EU}}},
  shorttitle = {Life Cycle Assessment Integration into Energy System Models},
  author = {Blanco, Herib and Codina, Victor and Laurent, Alexis and Nijs, Wouter and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois and Faaij, Andr{\'e}},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {259},
  pages = {114160},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114160},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  abstract = {As the EU energy system transitions to low carbon, the technology choices should consider a broader set of criteria. The use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) prevents burden shift across life cycle stages or impact categories, while the use of Energy System Models (ESM) allows evaluating alternative policies, capacity evolution and covering all the sectors. This study does an ex-post LCA analysis of results from JRC-EU-TIMES and estimates the environmental impact indicators across 18 categories in scenarios that achieve 80--95\% CO2 emission reduction by 2050. Results indicate that indirect CO2 emissions can be as large as direct ones for an 80\% CO2 reduction target and up to three times as large for 95\% CO2 reduction. Impact across most categories decreases by 20--40\% as the CO2 emission target becomes stricter. However, toxicity related impacts can become 35--100\% higher. The integrated framework was also used to evaluate the Power-to-Methane (PtM) system to relate the electricity mix and various CO2 sources to the PtM environmental impact. To be more attractive than natural gas, the climate change impact of the electricity used for PtM should be 123--181 gCO2eq/kWh when the CO2 comes from air or biogenic sources and 4--62 gCO2eq/kWh if the CO2 is from fossil fuels. PtM can have an impact up to 10 times larger for impact categories other than climate change. A system without PtM results in {\textasciitilde}4\% higher climate change impact and 9\% higher fossil depletion, while having 5--15\% lower impact for most of the other categories. This is based on a scenario where 9 parameters favor PtM deployment and establishes the upper bound of the environmental impact PtM can have. Further studies should work towards integrating LCA feedback into ESM and standardizing the methodology.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\BFS8WFAD\Blanco et al. - 2020 - Life cycle assessment integration into energy syst.pdf}
}

@article{boero2001,
  title = {Water at Supercritical Conditions: {{A}} First Principles Study},
  shorttitle = {Water at Supercritical Conditions},
  author = {Boero, Mauro and Terakura, Kiyoyuki and Ikeshoji, Tamio and Liew, Chee Chin and Parrinello, Michele},
  year = {2001},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
  volume = {115},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2219--2227},
  issn = {0021-9606, 1089-7690},
  doi = {10.1063/1.1379767},
  urldate = {2024-01-23},
  abstract = {We analyze, via first principles molecular dynamics, the structural and electronic properties of water close to and above the critical point. Contrary to the ordinary liquid state, at supercritical conditions the hydrogen bond network is destabilized to various extents and the continuous breaking and reformation of hydrogen bonded structures allow large density and dipole fluctuations that, in turn, can significantly affect the dielectric properties of the solvent. Close to the critical point, where the density is very low, small clusters, mainly dimers and trimers, are the dominant features, but many molecules exhibit no H-bond. On the other hand, at higher densities, more extended structures appear, but still a continuous network cannot form. In both cases, H-bond configurations that are anomalous with respect to the normal liquid phase appear. These features strongly affect the solvent properties of supercritical water with respect to those of ambient water. They most likely vary continuously as a function of temperature, pressure and density and, hence, can be tuned to optimize the desired chemical process.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{bohringer2008,
  title = {Combining Bottom-up and Top-Down},
  author = {B{\"o}hringer, Christoph and Rutherford, Thomas F.},
  year = {2008},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Energy Economics},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {574--596},
  issn = {01409883},
  doi = {10.1016/j.eneco.2007.03.004},
  urldate = {2023-03-02},
  abstract = {We motivate the formulation of market equilibrium as a mixed complementarity problem which explicitly represents weak inequalities and complementarity between decision variables and equilibrium conditions. The complementarity format permits an energy-economy model to combine technological detail of a bottomup energy system with a second-best characterization of the over-all economy. Our primary objective is pedagogic. We first lay out the complementarity features of economic equilibrium and demonstrate how we can integrate bottom-up activity analysis into a top-down representation of the broader economy. We then provide a stylized numerical example of an integrated model --- within both static and dynamic settings. Finally, we present illustrative applications to three themes figuring prominently on the energy policy agenda of many industrialized countries: nuclear phase-out, green quotas, and environmental tax reforms.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bottom-up,Top-down},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\LN3NE7D6\Böhringer and Rutherford - 2008 - Combining bottom-up and top-down.pdf}
}

@misc{bond-lamberty2023,
  title = {{{JGCRI}}/Gcam-Core: {{GCAM}} 7.0},
  shorttitle = {{{JGCRI}}/Gcam-Core},
  author = {{Bond-Lamberty}, Ben and {Pralit Patel} and Lurz, Joshua and {Pkyle} and {Kvcalvin} and Smith, Steve and {Abigailsnyder} and Dorheim, Kalyn R. and {Mbins} and Link, Robert and {Skim301} and {Nealtg} and {Kanishka Narayan} and Aaron, S. and {Leyang Feng} and {Enlochner} and {Cwroney} and Lynch, Cary and {Jhoring} and {Zarrar Khan} and {Siddarthd96} and {Orourkepr} and {JonathanHuster} and {Haewon} and Waite, Taryn and Ou, Yang and {Gokul Iyer} and {Mwisepnnl} and Zhao, Xin and {Marideeweber}},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.8010145},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {New features include the following. For details see the updates page on our documentation site. Fix Extrapolation in Residue Biomass Add Land Use History Output Miscellaneous Bug Fixes Part 1 Add Exogenous Shutdown Decider Miscellaneous Bug Fixes Part 2 GCAM v6.0 transportation bugfix Adding fugitive CO2 emissions from fossil resources AgLU data and method updates (connecting land hectares to food calories) GCAM-USA nonCO2 GHG emissions in industrial and urban processes Detailed Natural Gas Trade [Natural Gas Final Grade Cost and Miscellaneous Solution Improvements Global Iron and Steel Trade GCAM Macro-Economic Module (KLEM Version) gcamdata chunk re-name Update to Hector v3 Bugfix before 7.0 Release},
  copyright = {Open Access},
  howpublished = {Zenodo}
}

@article{bos2016,
  title = {{{LANCA}}{\textregistered} - {{Characterization Factors}} for {{Life Cycle Impact Assessment}}. {{Version}} 2.0.},
  author = {Bos, Ulrike and Horn, Rafael and Beck, Tabea and Lindner, Jan Paul and Fischer, Matthias},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft},
  doi = {10.24406/PUBLICA-FHG-297633},
  urldate = {2025-01-09},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\GC6RTGL2\\N-379310-1.xlsx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\Z9JST5R2\\N-379310.pdf}
}

@article{boubault2019,
  title = {Closing the {{TIMES Integrated Assessment Model}} ({{TIAM}}-{{FR}}) {{Raw Materials Gap}} with {{Life Cycle Inventories}}},
  author = {Boubault, Antoine and Kang, Seungwoo and Ma{\"i}zi, Nadia},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
  volume = {23},
  number = {3},
  pages = {587--600},
  issn = {1088-1980, 1530-9290},
  doi = {10.1111/jiec.12780},
  urldate = {2023-02-13},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {IAM},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\4JUQ96BY\\J of Industrial Ecology - 2018 - Boubault - Closing the TIMES Integrated Assessment Model  TIAM‐FR  Raw Materials Gap with.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\CI82YNI2\\jiec12780-sup-0002-suppmat.xls;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\LWXUMCJU\\jiec12780-sup-0001-suppmat.pdf}
}

@article{boulay2018,
  title = {The {{WULCA}} Consensus Characterization Model for Water Scarcity Footprints: Assessing Impacts of Water Consumption Based on Available Water Remaining ({{AWARE}})},
  shorttitle = {The {{WULCA}} Consensus Characterization Model for Water Scarcity Footprints},
  author = {Boulay, Anne-Marie and Bare, Jane and Benini, Lorenzo and Berger, Markus and Lathuilli{\`e}re, Michael J. and Manzardo, Alessandro and Margni, Manuele and Motoshita, Masaharu and N{\'u}{\~n}ez, Montserrat and Pastor, Amandine Valerie and Ridoutt, Bradley and Oki, Taikan and Worbe, Sebastien and Pfister, Stephan},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {368--378},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-017-1333-8},
  urldate = {2025-01-09},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\DZ4E9AG3\\AWARE_other_indicators_country_regions-world_20230113-1.xlsx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\JZRKNJWE\\Boulay et al. - 2018 - The WULCA consensus characterization model for water scarcity footprints assessing impacts of water.pdf}
}

@article{brand2014,
  title = {Multi-Criteria Analysis of Electricity Generation Mix Scenarios in {{Tunisia}}},
  author = {Brand, Bernhard and Missaoui, Rafik},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {251--261},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.069},
  urldate = {2023-10-12},
  abstract = {The diversification of the national electricity generation mix has risen to the top of Tunisia's energy planning agenda. Presently, natural gas provides 96\% of the primary energy for electric power generation, but declining domestic gas reserves and a soaring electricity demand are urgently calling for alternative fuel strategies. Currently discussed diversification options include the introduction of coal and nuclear power plants and/or an increased use of renewable energies. This article presents a methodology to assess different electricity system transformation strategies. By combining an electricity market model with a subsequent multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), we evaluate five power mix scenarios regarding power generation costs as well as non-economic dimensions such as energy security, environmental impact and social welfare effects. Based on criteria valuations obtained during consultations with Tunisian stakeholders, a final, bestranking electricity scenario was selected, consisting of 15\% wind, 15\% solar and 70\% natural gas-generated electricity in the national power mix by 2030.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {multi-criteria analysis},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\CLLFR37R\Brand and Missaoui - 2014 - Multi-criteria analysis of electricity generation .pdf}
}

@article{brown2017,
  title = {How Accounting for Climate and Health Impacts of Emissions Could Change the {{US}} Energy System},
  author = {Brown, Kristen E. and Henze, Daven K. and Milford, Jana B.},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  volume = {102},
  pages = {396--405},
  issn = {03014215},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.052},
  urldate = {2023-02-16},
  abstract = {This study aims to determine how incorporating damages into energy costs would impact the US energy system. Damages from health impacting pollutants (NOx, SO2, particulate matter -- PM, and volatile organic compounds -- VOCs) as well as greenhouse gases (GHGs) are accounted for by applying emissions fees equal to estimated external damages associated with life-cycle emissions. We determine that in a least-cost framework, fees reduce emissions, including those not targeted by the fees. Emissions reductions are achieved through the use of control technologies, energy efficiency, and shifting of fuels and technologies used in energy conversion. The emissions targeted by fees decrease, and larger fees lead to larger reductions. Compared to the base case with no fees, in 2045, SO2 emissions are reduced up to 70\%, NOx emissions up to 30\%, PM2.5 up to 45\%, and CO2 by as much as 36\%. Emissions of some pollutants, particularly VOCs and methane, sometimes increase when fees are applied. The co-benefit of reduction in non-targeted pollutants is not always larger for larger fees. The degree of co-reduced emissions depends on treatment of life-cycle emissions and the technology pathway used to achieve emissions reductions, including the mix of efficiency, fuel switching, and emissions control technologies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\92QMMJVS\Brown et al. - 2017 - How accounting for climate and health impacts of e.pdf}
}

@mastersthesis{brun2022,
  title = {Reducing {{Greenhouse Gas}} Emissions Is Not the Only Solution},
  author = {Brun, Justine},
  year = {2022},
  collaborator = {Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois and Margni, Manuele and Schnidrig, Jonas},
  langid = {english},
  school = {EPFL},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\PE4D3ZCA\Brun et al. - Reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions is not the only .pdf}
}

@article{bulle2019,
  title = {{{IMPACT World}}+: A Globally Regionalized Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method},
  shorttitle = {{{IMPACT World}}+},
  author = {Bulle, C{\'e}cile and Margni, Manuele and Patouillard, Laure and Boulay, Anne-Marie and Bourgault, Guillaume and De Bruille, Vincent and Cao, Vi{\^e}t and Hauschild, Michael and Henderson, Andrew and Humbert, Sebastien and {Kashef-Haghighi}, Sormeh and Kounina, Anna and Laurent, Alexis and Levasseur, Annie and Liard, Gladys and Rosenbaum, Ralph K. and Roy, Pierre-Olivier and Shaked, Shanna and Fantke, Peter and Jolliet, Olivier},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {24},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1653--1674},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-019-01583-0},
  urldate = {2023-09-21},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\FIWD7A32\Bulle et al. - 2019 - IMPACT World+ a globally regionalized life cycle .pdf}
}

@article{cajot2019,
  title = {Interactive {{Optimization With Parallel Coordinates}}: {{Exploring Multidimensional Spaces}} for {{Decision Support}}},
  shorttitle = {Interactive {{Optimization With Parallel Coordinates}}},
  author = {Cajot, S{\'e}bastien and Sch{\"u}ler, Nils and Peter, Markus and Koch, Andreas and Mar{\'e}chal, Francois},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Frontiers in ICT},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {32},
  issn = {2297-198X},
  doi = {10.3389/fict.2018.00032},
  urldate = {2022-10-27},
  abstract = {Interactive optimization methods are particularly suited for letting human decision makers learn about a problem, while a computer learns about their preferences to generate relevant solutions. For interactive optimization methods to be adopted in practice, computational frameworks are required, which can handle and visualize many objectives simultaneously, provide optimal solutions quickly and representatively, all while remaining simple and intuitive to use and understand by practitioners. Addressing these issues, this work introduces SAGESSE (Systematic Analysis, Generation, Exploration, Steering and Synthesis Experience), a decision support methodology, which relies on interactive multiobjective optimization. Its innovative aspects reside in the combination of (i) parallel coordinates as a means to simultaneously explore and steer the underlying alternative generation process, (ii) a Sobol sequence to efficiently sample the points to explore in the objective space, and (iii) on-the-fly application of multiattribute decision analysis, cluster analysis and other data visualization techniques linked to the parallel coordinates. An illustrative example demonstrates the applicability of the methodology to a large, complex urban planning problem.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\98LJXYGP\Cajot et al. - 2019 - Interactive Optimization With Parallel Coordinates.pdf}
}

@article{calderon2024,
  title = {Critical Mineral Demand Estimates for Low-Carbon Technologies: {{What}} Do They Tell Us and How Can They Evolve?},
  shorttitle = {Critical Mineral Demand Estimates for Low-Carbon Technologies},
  author = {Calderon, J.L. and Smith, N.M. and Bazilian, M.D. and Holley, E.},
  year = {2024},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {189},
  pages = {113938},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2023.113938},
  urldate = {2024-01-29},
  abstract = {The transition to low-carbon energy systems will increase demand for a range of critical minerals and metals. As a result, several quantitative demand models have been developed to help understand the projected scale of growth and if, and to what extent, material shortages may become an obstacle to the deployment of clean energy technologies. This research presents one of the first comparative reviews of mineral demand estimates for clean energy technologies and provides a meta-analysis of assumptions, model parameters, and key results. Drawing from academic and gray literature to highlight the variability of mineral demand estimates, we conclude that mineral demand models should be interrogated more critically, and more attention should be paid to recycling industries, creating a more sustainable mining industry, and creating more material-efficient energy technologies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZCFWU5JZ\Calderon et al. - 2024 - Critical mineral demand estimates for low-carbon t.pdf}
}

@article{calvin2019,
  title = {{{GCAM}} v5.1: Representing the Linkages between Energy, Water, Land, Climate, and Economic Systems},
  shorttitle = {{{GCAM}} v5.1},
  author = {Calvin, Katherine and Patel, Pralit and Clarke, Leon and Asrar, Ghassem and {Bond-Lamberty}, Ben and Cui, Ryna Yiyun and Di Vittorio, Alan and Dorheim, Kalyn and Edmonds, Jae and Hartin, Corinne and Hejazi, Mohamad and Horowitz, Russell and Iyer, Gokul and Kyle, Page and Kim, Sonny and Link, Robert and McJeon, Haewon and Smith, Steven J. and Snyder, Abigail and Waldhoff, Stephanie and Wise, Marshall},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {677--698},
  issn = {1991-9603},
  doi = {10.5194/gmd-12-677-2019},
  urldate = {2024-09-02},
  abstract = {Abstract. This paper describes GCAM v5.1, an open source model that represents the linkages between energy, water, land, climate, and economic systems. GCAM is a market equilibrium model, is global in scope, and operates from 1990 to 2100 in 5-year time steps. It can be used to examine, for example, how changes in population, income, or technology cost might alter crop production, energy demand, or water withdrawals, or how changes in one region's demand for energy affect energy, water, and land in other regions. This paper describes the model, including its assumptions, inputs, and outputs. We then use 11 scenarios, varying the socioeconomic and climate policy assumptions, to illustrate the results from the model. The resulting scenarios demonstrate a wide range of potential future energy, water, and land uses. We compare the results from GCAM v5.1 to historical data and to future scenario simulations from earlier versions of GCAM and from other models. Finally, we provide information on how to obtain the model.},
  copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\BHZUES8T\Calvin et al. - 2019 - GCAM v5.1 representing the linkages between energ.pdf}
}

@misc{canadaenergyregulator,
  title = {Canada's {{Energy Future Data Appendices}}},
  author = {{Canada Energy Regulator}},
  doi = {10.35002/zjr8-8x75}
}

@techreport{canadaenergyregulator2021,
  title = {Canada's {{Energy Future}} 2021: {{Energy Supply}} and {{Demand Projections}} to 2050},
  author = {{Canada Energy Regulator}},
  year = {2021},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\4HE3TFXC\2021 - Canada’s Energy Future 2021.pdf}
}

@techreport{canadaenergyregulator2023,
  title = {Canada's {{Energy Future}} 2023: {{Energy Supply}} and {{Demand Projections}} to 2050},
  author = {{Canada Energy Regulator}},
  year = {2023},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\EI7CMP4E\canada-energy-futures-2023.pdf}
}

@techreport{canadiansmallmodularreactorroadmapsteeringcommittee2018,
  title = {A {{Call}} to {{Action}}: {{A Canadian Roadmap}} for {{Small Modular Reactors}}},
  author = {{Canadian Small Modular Reactor Roadmap Steering Committee}},
  year = {2018},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\XTJKNX8L\A Call to Action A Canadian Roadmap for Small Mod.pdf}
}

@techreport{capellan-perez2017,
  title = {D4.1 ({{D13}}) {{Global Model}}: {{MEDEAS-World Model}} and {{IOA}} Implementation at Global Geographical Level},
  author = {{Capell{\'a}n-P{\'e}rez}, I{\~n}igo and {de Blas}, Ignacio and Nieto, Jaime and {de Castro}, Carlos and Javier Miguel, Luis and Mediavilla, Margarita and Carpintero, {\'O}scar and Rodrigo, Paula and Frechoso, Fernando and C{\'a}ceres, Santiago},
  year = {2017},
  institution = {MEDEAS Project},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\7E93R2I8\Deliverable 4.1 (D13)_Global Model.pdf}
}

@article{capellan-perez2020,
  title = {{{MEDEAS}}: A New Modeling Framework Integrating Global Biophysical and Socioeconomic Constraints},
  shorttitle = {{{MEDEAS}}},
  author = {{Capell{\'a}n-P{\'e}rez}, I{\~n}igo and De Blas, Ignacio and Nieto, Jaime and De Castro, Carlos and Miguel, Luis Javier and Carpintero, {\'O}scar and Mediavilla, Margarita and Lobej{\'o}n, Luis Fernando and {Ferreras-Alonso}, Noelia and Rodrigo, Paula and Frechoso, Fernando and {\'A}lvarez-Antelo, David},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {986--1017},
  issn = {1754-5692, 1754-5706},
  doi = {10.1039/C9EE02627D},
  urldate = {2024-01-31},
  abstract = {Description of the open-source MEDEAS integrated assessment modeling framework, which focuses on the biophysical and economic dimensions, restrictions and interactions arising during energy transitions.           ,              A diversity of integrated assessment models (IAMs) coexists due to the different approaches developed to deal with the complex interactions, high uncertainties and knowledge gaps within the environment and human societies. This paper describes the open-source MEDEAS modeling framework, which has been developed with the aim of informing decision-making to achieve the transition to sustainable energy systems with a focus on biophysical, economic, social and technological restrictions and tackling some of the limitations identified in the current IAMs. MEDEAS models include the following relevant characteristics: representation of biophysical constraints to energy availability; modeling of the mineral and energy investments for the energy transition, allowing a dynamic assessment of the potential mineral scarcities and computation of the net energy available to society; consistent representation of climate change damages with climate assessments by natural scientists; integration of detailed sectoral economic structure (input--output analysis) within a system dynamics approach; energy shifts driven by physical scarcity; and a rich set of socioeconomic and environmental impact indicators. The potentialities and novel insights that this framework brings are illustrated by the simulation of four variants of current trends with the MEDEAS-world model: the consideration of alternative plausible assumptions and methods, combined with the feedback-rich structure of the model, reveal dynamics and implications absent in classical models. Our results suggest that the continuation of current trends will drive significant biophysical scarcities and impacts which will most likely derive in regionalization (priority to security concerns and trade barriers), conflict, and ultimately, a severe global crisis which may lead to the collapse of our modern civilization. Despite depicting a much more worrying future than conventional projections of current trends, we however believe it is a more realistic counterfactual scenario that will allow the design of improved alternative sustainable pathways in future work.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\U5LL9ZGQ\Capellán-Pérez et al. - 2020 - MEDEAS a new modeling framework integrating globa.pdf}
}

@misc{ceedc,
  title = {{{CEEDC Data Center}}},
  author = {{CEEDC}},
  howpublished = {https://cieedacdb.rem.sfu.ca/}
}

@article{cervantesbarron2022,
  title = {Mat-Dp: {{An}} Open-Source {{Python}} Model for Analysingmaterial Demand Projections and Their Environmental Implications, Whichresult from Building Low-Carbon Systems.},
  shorttitle = {Mat-Dp},
  author = {Cervantes Barron, Karla and Cullen, Jonathan M},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {7},
  number = {76},
  pages = {4460},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.04460},
  urldate = {2025-01-10},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\A2KFH8NT\Cervantes Barron and Cullen - 2022 - Mat-dp An open-source Python model for analysingmaterial demand projections and their environmental.pdf}
}

@article{cervantesbarron2024,
  title = {Using Open-Source Tools to Project Bulk and Critical Material Demand and Assess Implications for Low-Carbon Energy and Transport Systems: {{Introducing Mat-dp}} Model Tools},
  shorttitle = {Using Open-Source Tools to Project Bulk and Critical Material Demand and Assess Implications for Low-Carbon Energy and Transport Systems},
  author = {Cervantes Barron, Karla and Cullen, Jonathan M},
  year = {2024},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
  volume = {209},
  pages = {107803},
  issn = {09213449},
  doi = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107803},
  urldate = {2025-01-10},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{chatterjee2022,
  title = {Existing Tools, User Needs and Required Model Adjustments for Energy Demand Modelling of a Carbon-Neutral {{Europe}}},
  author = {Chatterjee, Souran and Stavrakas, Vassilis and Oreggioni, Gabriel and S{\"u}sser, Diana and Staffell, Iain and Lilliestam, Johan and Molnar, Gergely and Flamos, Alexandros and {\"U}rge-Vorsatz, Diana},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
  volume = {90},
  pages = {102662},
  issn = {22146296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2022.102662},
  urldate = {2023-04-28},
  abstract = {To achieve the European Union's target for climate neutrality by 2050 reduced energy demand will make the transition process faster and cheaper. The role of policies that support energy efficiency measures and demandside management practices will be critical and to ensure that energy demand models are relevant to policymakers and other end-users, understanding how to further improve the models and whether they are tailored to user needs to support efficient decision-making processes is crucial. So far though, no scientific studies have examined the key user needs for energy demand modelling in the context of the climate neutrality targets. In this article we address this gap using a multi-method approach based on empirical and desk research. Through survey and stakeholder meetings and workshops we identify user needs of different stakeholder groups, and we highlight the direction in which energy demand models need to be improved to be relevant to their users. Through a detailed review of existing energy demand models, we provide a full understanding of the key characteristics and ca\- pabilities of existing tools, and we identify their limitations and gaps. Our findings show that classical demandrelated questions remain important to model users, while most of the existing models can answer these questions. Furthermore, we show that some of the user needs related to sectoral demand modelling, dictated by the latest policy developments, are under-researched and are not addressed by existing tools.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\HLEFPHFK\Chatterjee et al. - 2022 - Existing tools, user needs and required model adju.pdf}
}

@article{chen2022,
  title = {Multi-Objective Optimization of an Integrated Energy System against Energy, Supply-Demand Matching and Exergo-Environmental Cost over the Whole Life-Cycle},
  author = {Chen, Yuzhu and Xu, Zhicheng and Wang, Jun and Lund, Peter D. and Han, Yifeng and Cheng, Tanghua},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
  volume = {254},
  pages = {115203},
  issn = {01968904},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enconman.2021.115203},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {An integrated energy system (IES) can yield several benefits in energy, environmental impacts, cost, and flexi\- bility over a separate system, although the initial cost may be higher. An IES using gas turbine, solar photo\- voltaics (PV), heat pumps, electrical cooling, and energy storage units is proposed here to satisfy the electricity, cooling, and heating demands of a residential building. A multi-objective optimization approach is used to find the best solutions considering energy, supply-demand matching and exergo-environmental economic indices with life cycle assessment (LCA) in following electric mode. The maximum benefit from the IES studied is reached with a system yielding 53.08\% for energy savings, 99.88\% matching, and 43.50\% cost savings. The ideal scheme selected by the TOPSIS method has a higher annual total cost than the cost with conventional method, but has a better cost saving ratio, 41.81\%. A sensitivity analysis shows that a higher PV use would decrease the fuel consumption, but it would reduce the matching and economic performance. Similar to the effect of natural gas price, the off-grid electricity price has higher impact on the cost saving ratio, but lower influence on the specific exergo-environmental cost.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\LGEI847B\Chen et al. - 2022 - Multi-objective optimization of an integrated ener.pdf}
}

@article{chen2022a,
  title = {The Roles of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage in the Transition to a Low-Carbon Energy System Using a Stochastic Optimal Scheduling Approach},
  author = {Chen, Xianhao and Wu, Xiao},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {366},
  pages = {132860},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132860},
  urldate = {2023-09-29},
  abstract = {Decarbonizing energy sector through deploying the technology of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is required to keep global temperature rise below 1.5 {\textopenbullet}C by 2060. The true roles of CCUS have to be validated from the perspective of integrated energy system with features of high penetration of uncertain renewable power and strong interactions among multiple energy generation, conversion and storage technologies. To this end, this paper proposes a stochastic power-heat-gas-carbon scheduling approach for the wind-solar-thermal-battery en\- ergy mix integrated with CCUS (WSTB-CCUS) to manage the operation of energy conversion devices and CCUS in a coordinated manner. Coal/biomass co-fired and natural gas fired cogeneration units integrated with carbon capture system are built to reflect complex relationship between fuel, power, heat and carbon. A stochastic optimization model based on chance-constrained programming is presented to fully consider the uncertainties of renewable power and load demands. Case study shows that the stochastic scheduling can reduce 7.25\% of average total operating costs compared with the deterministic scheduling by providing a more robust solution for the WSTB-CCUS. Discussions are then carried out to explore the roles of CCUS in carbon reduction, flexibility enhancement, negative emission and robustness improvement from the perspective of energy system operation through stochastic scheduling. The influences of other low carbon technologies on the operation of carbon capture are further discussed to provide more insight on the low carbon transformation of energy system.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\QZDBSISJ\Chen and Wu - 2022 - The roles of carbon capture, utilization and stora.pdf}
}

@article{cherubini2018,
  title = {Uncertainty in {{LCA}} Case Study Due to Allocation Approaches and Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods},
  author = {Cherubini, Edivan and Franco, Davide and Zanghelini, Guilherme Marcelo and Soares, Sebasti{\~a}o Roberto},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {23},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2055--2070},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-017-1432-6},
  urldate = {2024-03-29},
  abstract = {Purpose Uncertainty is present in many forms in life cycle assessment (LCA). However, little attention has been paid to analyze the variability that methodological choices have on LCA outcomes. To address this variability, common practice is to conduct a sensitivity analysis, which is sometimes treated only at a qualitative level. Hence, the purpose of this paper was to evaluate the uncertainty and the sensitivity in the LCA of swine production due to two methodological choices: the allocation approach and the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method. Methods We used a comparative case study of swine production to address uncertainty due to methodological choices. First, scenario variation through a sensitivity analysis of the approaches used to address the multi-functionality problem was conducted for the main processes of the system product, followed by an impact assessment using five LCIA methods at the midpoint level. The results from the sensitivity analysis were used to generate 10,000 independent simulations using the Monte Carlo method and then compared using comparison indicators in histogram graphics. Results and discussion Regardless of the differences between the absolute values of the LCA obtained due to the allocation approach and LCIA methods used, the overall ranking of scenarios did not change. The use of the substitution method to address the multifunctional processes in swine production showed the highest values for almost all of the impact categories, except for freshwater ecotoxicity; therefore, this method introduced the greater variations into our analysis. Regarding the variation of the LCIA method, for acidification, eutrophication, and freshwater ecotoxicity, the results were very sensitive. The uncertainty analysis with the Monte Carlo simulations showed a wide range of results and an almost equal probability of all the scenarios be the preferable option to decrease the impacts on acidification, eutrophication, and freshwater ecotoxicity. Considering the aggregate result variation across allocation approaches and LCIA methods, the uncertainty is too high to identify a statistically significant alternative. Conclusions The uncertainty analysis showed that performing only a sensitivity analysis could mislead the decision-maker with respect to LCA results; our analysis with the Monte Carlo simulation indicates no significant difference between the alternatives compared. Although the uncertainty in the LCA outcomes could not be decreased due to the wide range of possible results, to some extent, the uncertainty analysis can lead to a less uncertain decision-making by demonstrating the uncertainties between the compared alternatives.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\W3SGCAFJ\Cherubini et al. - 2018 - Uncertainty in LCA case study due to allocation ap.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{chuat2023,
  title = {Identification of {{Typical District Configurations}}: {{A Two-Step Global Sensitivity Analysis Framework}}},
  shorttitle = {Identification of {{Typical District Configurations}}},
  booktitle = {36th {{International Conference}} on {{Efficiency}}, {{Cost}}, {{Optimization}}, {{Simulation}} and {{Environmental Impact}} of {{Energy Systems}} ({{ECOS}} 2023)},
  author = {Chuat, Arthur and Schnidrig, Jonas and Terrier, C{\'e}dric and Marechal, Francois},
  year = {2023},
  pages = {2532--2543},
  publisher = {ECOS 2023},
  address = {Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Spain},
  doi = {10.52202/069564-0228},
  urldate = {2023-08-22},
  abstract = {The recent geopolitical conflicts in Europe highlighted the sensibility of the current energy system to the volatility of energy carrier prices. In the prospect of defining robust energy system configurations to ensure energy supply stability, it is necessary to understand which parameters modulate the system configuration. This paper presents a framework that identifies a panel of technological solutions at the district level. First, a global sensitivity analysis is performed on a mixed integer linear programming model which optimally size and operate the system. The sensitivity analysis determines the most influential parameters of the model and provides a representative sampling of the solution space. The latter is then clustered using a density-based algorithm to identify typical solutions. Finally, the framework is applied to a suburban and residential Swiss neighborhood. The main outcome of the research is the high sensitivity of the model to energy carrier prices. As a result, the sampling space separates itself into two system types. The ones based on a natural gas boiler, and the ones relying on a combination of electrical heater and heat pump. For both types, the electricity demand is either fulfilled by PV panels or by electricity imports.},
  isbn = {978-1-71387-492-8 978-1-71387-481-2},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\KERGVKNX\Chuat et al. - 2023 - Identification of Typical District Configurations.pdf}
}

@article{chuat2024,
  title = {Identification of Typical District Configurations: {{A}} Two-Step Global Sensitivity Analysis Framework},
  shorttitle = {Identification of Typical District Configurations},
  author = {Chuat, Arthur and Terrier, C{\'e}dric and Schnidrig, Jonas and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2024},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {296},
  pages = {131116},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2024.131116},
  urldate = {2024-05-15},
  abstract = {The recent geopolitical conflicts in Europe have underscored the vulnerability of the current energy system to the volatility of energy carrier prices. In the prospect of defining robust energy systems ensuring sustainable energy supply in the future, the imperative of leveraging renewable indigenous energy sources becomes evident. However, as such technologies are integrated into the existing system, it is necessary to shift from the current centralized infrastructure to a decentralized production strategy. This paper presents a method to identify a panel of technological solutions at the district level, intended to reduce complexity for the integration of decentralized models into a national-scale model. The framework's novelty lies in combining a global sensitivity analysis for solution generation with clustering to identify typical configurations. The global sensitivity analysis is performed on a mixed integer linear programming model, which optimally sizes and operates district energy systems. The sensitivity analysis determines the most influential parameters of the model using the Morris method and provides a representative sampling of the solution space by leveraging the Sobol sampling strategy. The latter is then clustered using a density-based algorithm to identify typical solutions. The framework is applied to a suburban and residential Swiss neighborhood. The first outcome of the research is the high sensitivity of the model to energy carrier prices. As a result, Sobol's sampling space separates itself into two system types: those based on a natural gas boiler and those relying on a combination of electrical heaters and heat pumps. For both types, the electricity demand is either fulfilled by PV panels or electricity imports. The identified configurations showcase that the framework successfully generates a panel of solutions composed of various system configurations and operations being representative of the overall solution space.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\IQNJCQFA\Chuat et al. - 2024 - Identification of typical district configurations.pdf}
}

@techreport{ciraig2016,
  title = {Analyse {{Du Cycle De Vie Comparative Des Impacts Environnementaux Potentiels Du V{\'e}hicule {\'E}lectrique Et Du V{\'e}hicule Conventionnel Dans Un Contexte D}}'utilisation {{Qu{\'e}b{\'e}cois}}},
  author = {{CIRAIG}},
  year = {2016},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\NPHICCGG\analyse-comparaison-vehicule-electrique-vehicule-conventionnel.pdf}
}

@techreport{ciraig2022,
  title = {{Analyse {\'E}conomique De Sc{\'e}narios De Mobilit{\'e} Au Qu{\'e}bec}},
  author = {{CIRAIG}},
  year = {2022},
  langid = {french},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\5BRV5VI2\Comazzi - 2022 - Secteur de l’innovation et de la transition énergé.pdf}
}

@techreport{ciraig2022a,
  title = {{Analyse Du Cycle De Vie De Fili{\`e}res {\'E}nerg{\'e}tiques Et De Leur Utilisation Pour Le Transport Routier Au Qu{\'e}bec -- Partie 2: Utilisation}},
  author = {{CIRAIG}},
  year = {2022},
  langid = {french},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\B2736DM9\\Annexe C_Sources de données_Partie2_2022-09-29.xlsx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\DU3MSRSQ\\Comazzi - 2022 - Bureau du développement de l’hydrogène vert et des.pdf}
}

@techreport{ciraig2022b,
  title = {{Analyse Du Cycle De Vie De Fili{\`e}res {\'E}nerg{\'e}tiques Et De Leur Utilisation Pour Le Transport Routier Au Qu{\'e}bec -- Partie 1: Fili{\`e}res}},
  author = {{CIRAIG}},
  year = {2022},
  langid = {french},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\7C3SKRET\\CIRAIG_ACV_transport_routier_partie 1 filières_2022_pour_publication.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\DHGGZ44V\\Annexe C_Sources de données_Partie1_2022-09-29.xlsx}
}

@article{ciroth2016,
  title = {Empirically Based Uncertainty Factors for the Pedigree Matrix in Ecoinvent},
  author = {Ciroth, Andreas and Muller, St{\'e}phanie and Weidema, Bo and Lesage, Pascal},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {21},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1338--1348},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-013-0670-5},
  urldate = {2023-06-29},
  abstract = {Purpose Ecoinvent applies a method for estimation of default standard deviations for flow data from characteristics of these flows and the respective processes that are turned into uncertainty factors in a pedigree matrix, starting from qualitative assessments. The uncertainty factors are aggregated to the standard deviation. This approach allows calculating uncertainties for all flows in the ecoinvent database. In ecoinvent 2 the uncertainty factors were provided based on expert judgment, without (documented) empirical foundation. This paper presents (1) a procedure to obtain an empirical foundation for the uncertainty factors that are used in the pedigree approach and (2) a proposal for new uncertainty factors, received by applying the developed procedure. Both the factors and the procedure are a result of a first phase of an ecoinvent project to refine the pedigree matrix approach. A separate paper in the same edition, also the result of the aforementioned project, deals with extending the developed approach to other probability distributions than lognormal (Muller et al.).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\MLKEVK39\Ciroth et al. - 2016 - Empirically based uncertainty factors for the pedi.pdf}
}

@article{clavreul2013,
  title = {Stochastic and Epistemic Uncertainty Propagation in {{LCA}}},
  author = {Clavreul, Julie and Guyonnet, Dominique and Tonini, Davide and Christensen, Thomas H.},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {18},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1393--1403},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-013-0572-6},
  urldate = {2024-03-29},
  abstract = {Purpose When performing uncertainty propagation, most LCA practitioners choose to represent uncertainties by single probability distributions and to propagate them using stochastic methods. However, the selection of single probability distributions appears often arbitrary when faced with scarce information or expert judgement (epistemic uncertainty). The possibility theory has been developed over the last decades to address this problem. The objective of this study is to present a methodology that combines probability and possibility theories to represent stochastic and epistemic uncertainties in a consistent manner and apply it to LCA. A case study is used to show the uncertainty propagation performed with the proposed method and compare it to propagation performed using probability and possibility theories alone.},
  copyright = {http://www.springer.com/tdm},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\PBYBVQTA\Clavreul et al. - 2013 - Stochastic and epistemic uncertainty propagation i.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{codinagirones2018,
  title = {Scenario Modelling and Optimisation of Renewable Energy Integration for the Energy Transition},
  author = {Codina Giron{\`e}s, Victor},
  year = {2018},
  langid = {english},
  school = {EPFL},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\FLNKNXPA\Gironès - Scenario modelling and optimisation of renewable e.pdf}
}

@misc{coppitters2024,
  title = {Towards Importing Renewable Hydrogen within Planetary Boundaries},
  author = {Coppitters, Diederik and Ghuys, Nicolas and Verleysen, Kevin and Limpens, Gauthier and Jeanmart, Herv{\'e} and Contino, Francesco},
  year = {2024},
  month = mar,
  doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-3920745/v1},
  urldate = {2024-03-20},
  abstract = {In pursuit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the European Union plans to annually import ten million tonnes of renewable hydrogen. While the economic viability of hydrogen importation is established, environmental assessments are limited to comparisons and lack an evaluation of absolute sustainability. Therefore, we conducted a multi-objective optimization and absolute sustainability assessment with respect to planetary boundaries under current conditions and future scenarios, considering hydrogen, ammonia, and methane as energy carriers. Under current conditions, absolute sustainability is achievable under utilitarian sharing principles, utilizing hydrogen or ammonia as energy carrier, and relying on wind energy and storage at the source location. Looking ahead, cost-effective import pathways, powered by wind and solar energy, can achieve absolute sustainability from 2030 onward, when the world follows an optimistic sustainability pathway with ambitious climate mitigation targets. To attain absolute sustainability in other scenarios, improved practices and new materials in photovoltaic array design should be prioritized.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\6PIH9NLW\Coppitters et al. - 2024 - Towards importing renewable hydrogen within planet.pdf}
}

@article{cousse2021,
  title = {Still in Love with Solar Energy? {{Installation}} Size, Affect, and the Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy Technologies},
  shorttitle = {Still in Love with Solar Energy?},
  author = {Cousse, Julia},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {145},
  pages = {111107},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2021.111107},
  urldate = {2023-11-23},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\FLGBKTKB\Cousse - 2021 - Still in love with solar energy Installation size.pdf}
}

@article{cox2020,
  title = {Life Cycle Environmental and Cost Comparison of Current and Future Passenger Cars under Different Energy Scenarios},
  author = {Cox, Brian and Bauer, Christian and Mendoza Beltran, Angelica and Van Vuuren, Detlef P. and Mutel, Christopher L.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {269},
  pages = {115021},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115021},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\T4ZX34LI\Cox et al. - 2020 - Life cycle environmental and cost comparison of cu.pdf}
}

@article{creutzig2024,
  title = {Demand-Side Strategies Key for Mitigating Material Impacts of Energy Transitions},
  author = {Creutzig, Felix and Simoes, Sofia G. and Leipold, Sina and Berrill, Peter and Azevedo, Isabel and Edelenbosch, Oreane and Fishman, Tomer and Haberl, Helmut and Hertwich, Edgar and Krey, Volker and Lima, Ana Teresa and Makov, Tamar and Mastrucci, Alessio and {Milojevic-Dupont}, Nikola and Nachtigall, Florian and Pauliuk, Stefan and Silva, Mafalda and Verdolini, Elena and Van Vuuren, Detlef and Wagner, Felix and Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Wilson, Charlie},
  year = {2024},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {561--572},
  issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
  doi = {10.1038/s41558-024-02016-z},
  urldate = {2024-10-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\EBA34NUD\Creutzig et al. - 2024 - Demand-side strategies key for mitigating material impacts of energy transitions.pdf}
}

@article{daly2015,
  title = {Indirect {{CO}} {\textsubscript{2}} {{Emission Implications}} of {{Energy System Pathways}}: {{Linking IO}} and {{TIMES Models}} for the {{UK}}},
  shorttitle = {Indirect {{CO}} {\textsubscript{2}} {{Emission Implications}} of {{Energy System Pathways}}},
  author = {Daly, Hannah E. and Scott, Kate and Strachan, Neil and Barrett, John},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {49},
  number = {17},
  pages = {10701--10709},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b01020},
  urldate = {2023-10-12},
  abstract = {Radical changes to current national energy systems-including energy efficiency and the decarbonization of electricity-will be required in order to meet challenging carbon emission reduction commitments. Technology explicit energy system optimization models (ESOMs) are widely used to define and assess such low-carbon pathways, but these models only account for the emissions associated with energy combustion and either do not account for or do not correctly allocate emissions arising from infrastructure, manufacturing, construction and transport associated with energy technologies and fuels. This paper addresses this shortcoming, through a hybrid approach that estimates the upstream CO2 emissions across current and future energy technologies for the UK using a multiregional environmentally extended input-output model, and explicitly models the direct and indirect CO2 emissions of energy supply and infrastructure technologies within a national ESOM (the UK TIMES model). Results indicate the large significance of nondomestic indirect emissions, particularly coming from fossil fuel imports, and finds that the marginal abatement cost of mitigating all emissions associated with UK energy supply is roughly double that of mitigating only direct emissions in 2050.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {i/o},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\8XBUL8I5\\es5b01020_si_001.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\EC9PJKMI\\es5b01020_si_002.xlsx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\L6FEEVDM\\Daly et al. - 2015 - Indirect CO 2 Emission Implications of .pdf}
}

@article{dandres2011,
  title = {Assessing Non-Marginal Variations with Consequential {{LCA}}: {{Application}} to {{European}} Energy Sector},
  shorttitle = {Assessing Non-Marginal Variations with Consequential {{LCA}}},
  author = {Dandres, Thomas and Gaudreault, Caroline and {Tirado-Seco}, Pablo and Samson, R{\'e}jean},
  year = {2011},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {15},
  number = {6},
  pages = {3121--3132},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2011.04.004},
  urldate = {2023-04-17},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ex-post},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\8QYM9KGK\Dandres et al. - 2011 - Assessing non-marginal variations with consequenti.pdf}
}

@article{decarolis2017,
  title = {Formalizing Best Practice for Energy System Optimization Modelling},
  author = {DeCarolis, Joseph and Daly, Hannah and Dodds, Paul and Keppo, Ilkka and Li, Francis and McDowall, Will and Pye, Steve and Strachan, Neil and Trutnevyte, Evelina and Usher, Will and Winning, Matthew and Yeh, Sonia and Zeyringer, Marianne},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {194},
  pages = {184--198},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.001},
  urldate = {2023-02-27},
  abstract = {Energy system optimization models (ESOMs) are widely used to generate insight that informs energy and environmental policy. Using ESOMs to produce policy-relevant insight requires significant modeler judgement, yet little formal guidance exists on how to conduct analysis with ESOMs. To address this shortcoming, we draw on our collective modelling experience and conduct an extensive literature review to formalize best practice for energy system optimization modelling. We begin by articulating a set of overarching principles that can be used to guide ESOM-based analysis. To help operationalize the guiding principles, we outline and explain critical steps in the modelling process, including how to formulate research questions, set spatio-temporal boundaries, consider appropriate model features, conduct and refine the analysis, quantify uncertainty, and communicate insights. We highlight the need to develop and refine formal guidance on ESOM application, which comes at a critical time as ESOMs are being used to inform national climate targets.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Best practice,Optimization},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\CC2YMHAX\DeCarolis et al. - 2017 - Formalizing best practice for energy system optimi.pdf}
}

@article{dekker2023,
  title = {Identifying Energy Model Fingerprints in Mitigation Scenarios},
  author = {Dekker, Mark M. and Daioglou, Vassilis and Pietzcker, Robert and Rodrigues, Renato and De Boer, Harmen-Sytze and Dalla Longa, Francesco and Drouet, Laurent and Emmerling, Johannes and Fattahi, Amir and Fotiou, Theofano and Fragkos, Panagiotis and Fricko, Oliver and Gusheva, Ema and Harmsen, Mathijs and Huppmann, Daniel and Kannavou, Maria and Krey, Volker and Lombardi, Francesco and Luderer, Gunnar and Pfenninger, Stefan and Tsiropoulos, Ioannis and Zakeri, Behnam and Van Der Zwaan, Bob and Usher, Will and Van Vuuren, Detlef},
  year = {2023},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Nature Energy},
  issn = {2058-7546},
  doi = {10.1038/s41560-023-01399-1},
  urldate = {2023-12-07},
  abstract = {Abstract             Energy models are used to study emissions mitigation pathways, such as those compatible with the Paris Agreement goals. These models vary in structure, objectives, parameterization and level of detail, yielding differences in the computed energy and climate policy scenarios. To study model differences, diagnostic indicators are common practice in many academic fields, for example, in the physical climate sciences. However, they have not yet been applied systematically in mitigation literature, beyond addressing individual model dimensions. Here we address this gap by quantifying energy model typology along five dimensions: responsiveness, mitigation strategies, energy supply, energy demand and mitigation costs and effort, each expressed through several diagnostic indicators. The framework is applied to a diagnostic experiment with eight energy models in which we explore ten scenarios focusing on Europe. Comparing indicators to the ensemble yields comprehensive `energy model fingerprints', which describe systematic model behaviour and contextualize model differences for future multi-model comparison studies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\QZBSGZL2\Dekker et al. - 2023 - Identifying energy model fingerprints in mitigatio.pdf}
}

@article{dekoning2018,
  title = {Metal Supply Constraints for a Low-Carbon Economy?},
  author = {De Koning, Arjan and Kleijn, Ren{\'e} and Huppes, Gjalt and Sprecher, Benjamin and Van Engelen, Guus and Tukker, Arnold},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
  volume = {129},
  pages = {202--208},
  issn = {09213449},
  doi = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.10.040},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\6E6T2GUW\De Koning et al. - 2018 - Metal supply constraints for a low-carbon economy.pdf}
}

@article{delannoy2023,
  title = {Emerging Consensus on Net Energy Paves the Way for Improved Integrated Assessment Modeling},
  author = {Delannoy, Louis and Auzanneau, Matthieu and Andrieu, Baptiste and Vidal, Olivier and Longaretti, Pierre-Yves and Prados, Emmanuel and J.~Murphy, David and W.~Bentley, Roger and {Carbajales-Dale}, Michael and Raugei, Marco and H{\"o}{\"o}k, Mikael and Court, Victor and W.~King, Carey and Fizaine, Florian and Jacques, Pierre and Kuperus~Heun, Matthew and Jackson, Andrew and {Guay-Boutet}, Charles and Aramendia, Emmanuel and Wang, Jianliang and Boulzec, Hugo Le and A.S.~Hall, Charles},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science},
  publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
  doi = {10.1039/D3EE00772C},
  urldate = {2023-12-05},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\95CJMEBS\Delannoy et al. - 2023 - Emerging consensus on net energy paves the way for.pdf}
}

@article{dimnik2024,
  title = {Impacts of {{High PV Penetration}} on {{Slovenia}}'s {{Electricity Grid}}: {{Energy Modeling}} and {{Life Cycle Assessment}}},
  shorttitle = {Impacts of {{High PV Penetration}} on {{Slovenia}}'s {{Electricity Grid}}},
  author = {Dimnik, Jo{\v z}e and Topi{\'c} Bo{\v z}i{\v c}, Jelena and {\v C}iki{\'c}, Ante and Muhi{\v c}, Simon},
  year = {2024},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Energies},
  volume = {17},
  number = {13},
  pages = {3170},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en17133170},
  urldate = {2024-07-22},
  abstract = {The complexities of high PV penetration in the electricity grid in Slovenia based on targets proposed in national energy and climate plan were explored. Scenarios modeled an increase in installation power from 1800 MW in 2030 to 8000 MW in 2050. They were analyzed using energy modeling and life cycle assessment to assess the technical and environmental aspects of high PV grid penetration. The results showed that the increase in PV production from 2200 GWh (2030) to 11,090 GWh (2050) showed an unfavorable course of excess electricity in the system, resulting in the need for short-term and long-term storage strategies and exports of electricity. LCA analysis showed that penetration of a high share of PV results in a decrease in the impact category of global warming, which is higher in 2050 green scenarios that phase out coal and lignite electricity sources (80.5\% decrease) compared to the 2020 baseline scenario. The increase in mineral resource scarcity can be observed with an increase in PV share when comparing the 2030 (50\%) and 2050 (150\%) BAU scenarios with the baseline scenario (2020). Factors such as environmental impacts, technical challenges, and the impact on the grid must be considered when implementing a decarbonization strategy.},
  copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\6VRUC7AW\Dimnik et al. - 2024 - Impacts of High PV Penetration on Slovenia’s Elect.pdf}
}

@article{dolter2018,
  title = {The Cost of Decarbonizing the {{Canadian}} Electricity System},
  author = {Dolter, Brett and Rivers, Nicholas},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  volume = {113},
  pages = {135--148},
  issn = {03014215},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.040},
  urldate = {2023-10-13},
  abstract = {Canada's electricity sector is predominantly low-carbon, but includes coal, natural gas, and diesel fuelled power plants. We use a new linear programming optimization model to identify least-cost pathways to decarbonize Canada's electricity sector. We co-optimize investments in new generation, storage and transmission capacity, and the hourly dispatch of available assets over the course of a year. Our model includes hourly wind speed data for 2281 locations in Canada, hourly solar irradiation data from 199 Canadian meteorological stations, hourly demand data for each province, and inter- and intra-provincial transmission line data. We model the capacity of hydropower plants to store potential energy and respond to variations in renewable energy output and demand. We find that new transmission connections between provinces and a substantial expansion of wind power in high wind locations such as southern Saskatchewan and Alberta would allow Canada to reduce electricity sector emissions at the lowest cost. We find that hydropower plants and inter-provincial trade can provide important balancing services that allow for greater integration of variable wind power. We test the impact of carbon pricing on Canada's optimal electricity system and find that prices of \$80/tonne CO2e render the majority of Canada's coal-fired plants uneconomic.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\4B5CUX82\Dolter and Rivers - 2018 - The cost of decarbonizing the Canadian electricity.pdf}
}

@book{doukas2019,
  title = {Understanding {{Risks}} and {{Uncertainties}} in {{Energy}} and {{Climate Policy}}: {{Multidisciplinary Methods}} and {{Tools}} for a {{Low Carbon Society}}},
  shorttitle = {Understanding {{Risks}} and {{Uncertainties}} in {{Energy}} and {{Climate Policy}}},
  editor = {Doukas, Haris and Flamos, Alexandros and Lieu, Jenny},
  year = {2019},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  address = {Cham},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-03152-7},
  urldate = {2024-09-25},
  copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0},
  isbn = {978-3-030-03151-0 978-3-030-03152-7},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\UC7XBN77\Doukas et al. - 2019 - Understanding Risks and Uncertainties in Energy an.pdf}
}

@article{douziech2021,
  title = {How {{Far Can Life Cycle Assessment Be Simplified}}? {{A Protocol}} to {{Generate Simple}} and {{Accurate Models}} for the {{Assessment}} of {{Energy Systems}} and {{Its Application}} to {{Heat Production}} from {{Enhanced Geothermal Systems}}},
  shorttitle = {How {{Far Can Life Cycle Assessment Be Simplified}}?},
  author = {Douziech, M{\'e}lanie and Ravier, Guillaume and Jolivet, Rapha{\"e}l and {P{\'e}rez-L{\'o}pez}, Paula and Blanc, Isabelle},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {55},
  number = {11},
  pages = {7571--7582},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.0c06751},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Life cycle assessments (LCAs) quantify environmental impacts of systems and support decision-making processes. LCAs are however time-consuming and difficult to conduct for nonexperts, thus calling for simplified approaches for multicriteria environmental assessments. In this paper, a five-step protocol is presented to generate simplified arithmetic equations from a reference parametrized LCA model of an energy system and its application illustrated for an enhanced geothermal system for heat generation with very low direct emissions in continental Europe. The simplified models estimate seven environmental impacts (climate change, freshwater ecotoxicity, human health, minerals and metals, and fossil resources depletion, and acidification) based on six technological parameters: number of injection and production wells, power of the production and injection pump, average well length, thermal power output, and eight background parameters defining the European electricity mix. A global sensitivity analysis identified these parameters as influencing the variance of the environmental impacts the most. Ensuring the representativeness of the reference LCA model and the validity of the simplified models requires thorough assessment. This protocol allows to develop relevant alternatives to detailed LCAs for quick and multicriteria environmental impact assessments of energy systems, showing that LCAs can be simplified to system-specific equations based on few, easily quantified, parameters.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\YMUB5RIH\Douziech et al. - 2021 - How Far Can Life Cycle Assessment Be Simplified A.pdf}
}

@article{duchin2011,
  title = {Sectors {{May Use Multiple Technologies Simultaneously}}: {{The Rectangular Choice-of-Technology Model}} with {{Binding Factor Constraints}}},
  shorttitle = {Sectors {{May Use Multiple Technologies Simultaneously}}},
  author = {Duchin, Faye and Levine, Stephen H.},
  year = {2011},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Economic Systems Research},
  volume = {23},
  number = {3},
  pages = {281--302},
  issn = {0953-5314, 1469-5758},
  doi = {10.1080/09535314.2011.571238},
  urldate = {2024-03-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\M5YBNF3A\Duchin and Levine - 2011 - SECTORS MAY USE MULTIPLE TECHNOLOGIES SIMULTANEOUS.pdf}
}

@misc{ecoinvent,
  title = {Overview of the Ecoinvent {{Database}}},
  author = {{ecoinvent}},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\V956AM4C\Database-Overview-for-ecoinvent-v3.10_29.04.24.xlsx}
}

@article{ekvall2016,
  title = {Attributional and Consequential {{LCA}} in the {{ILCD}} Handbook},
  author = {Ekvall, Tomas and Azapagic, Adisa and Finnveden, G{\"o}ran and Rydberg, Tomas and Weidema, Bo P. and Zamagni, Alessandra},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {21},
  number = {3},
  pages = {293--296},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-015-1026-0},
  urldate = {2023-04-26},
  abstract = {Purpose This discussion article aims to highlight two problematic aspects in the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook: its guidance to the choice between attributional and consequential modeling and to the choice between average and marginal data as input to the life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis. Methods We analyze the ILCD guidance by comparing different statements in the handbook with each other and with previous research in this area. Results and discussion We find that the ILCD handbook is internally inconsistent when it comes to recommendations on how to choose between attributional and consequential modeling. We also find that the handbook is inconsistent with much of previous research in this matter, and also in the recommendations on how to choose between average and marginal data in the LCI. Conclusions Because of the inconsistencies in the ILCD handbook, we recommend that the handbook be revised.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\5QCZVXWW\Ekvall et al. - 2016 - Attributional and consequential LCA in the ILCD ha.pdf}
}

@article{elshkaki2018,
  title = {Resource {{Demand Scenarios}} for the {{Major Metals}}},
  author = {Elshkaki, Ayman and Graedel, T. E. and Ciacci, Luca and Reck, Barbara K.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {52},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2491--2497},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.7b05154},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\UPIUXNK4\Elshkaki et al. - 2018 - Resource Demand Scenarios for the Major Metals.pdf}
}

@article{elshkaki2023,
  title = {The Implications of Material and Energy Efficiencies for the Climate Change Mitigation Potential of Global Energy Transition Scenarios},
  author = {Elshkaki, Ayman},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {267},
  pages = {126596},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2022.126596},
  urldate = {2024-01-29},
  abstract = {Limiting global warming well below 2 {\textopenbullet}C requires substantial increase in the installation of low-carbon electricity generation technologies (EGTs). EGTs however require several critical materials and materials associated with considerable energy, water and CO2 emissions. This paper assesses the implications of materials and energy efficiencies for climate change mitigation potential of global energy transition scenarios (GETS). The analysis is carried out using a dynamic material flow-stock model for 21 materials and 15 scenarios combining GETS developed by international organizations including International Energy Agency (IEA) and Greenpeace (GP), materials scenarios, and energy, water, and emissions intensities scenarios. Materials related CO2 emissions are expected to constitute between 4\% and 14\% the emissions reported in the IEA Sustainable Development scenario, while expected to be between 10\% and 28\% in GP Advanced Revolution scenario. Increasing material efficiency and reducing emissions intensities (driven by increasing energy efficiency, renewable technologies in energy supply mix, and recycling) reduce cumulative emissions by 73.2\% and 26.3\% respectively, while both reduce emissions by 79.5\%. Increasing materials efficiency in EGT, energy and water efficiency in mining activities mainly for iron, aluminium, and nickel, and recycling, combined with careful selection of EGTs are significant to realize the full potential of GETS in climate change mitigation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\BF7Z3966\Elshkaki - 2023 - The implications of material and energy efficienci.pdf}
}

@techreport{energir2024,
  title = {Rapport Sur La R{\'e}silience Climatique 2023},
  author = {{Energir}},
  year = {2024},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\HJ734XQY\Rapport-climat-2023-VF.pdf}
}

@book{europeancommission.directorategeneralforinternalmarketindustryentrepreneurshipandsmes.2020,
  title = {Study on the {{EU}}'s List of Critical Raw Materials (2020): Critical Raw Materials Factsheets.},
  shorttitle = {Study on the {{EU}}'s List of Critical Raw Materials (2020)},
  author = {{European Commission. Directorate General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs.}},
  year = {2020},
  publisher = {Publications Office},
  address = {LU},
  urldate = {2024-01-31},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{europeancommission.jointresearchcentre.2018,
  title = {Supporting Information to the Characterisation Factors of Recommended {{EF Life Cycle Impact Assessment}} Methods: New Methods and Differences with {{ILCD}}.},
  shorttitle = {Supporting Information to the Characterisation Factors of Recommended {{EF Life Cycle Impact Assessment}} Methods},
  author = {{European Commission. Joint Research Centre.}},
  year = {2018},
  publisher = {Publications Office},
  address = {LU},
  urldate = {2024-10-08},
  abstract = {In 2013, the Environmental Footprint methodology has been established with a specific Recommendation (2013/179/EU), within the framework of the ``Single Market for Green Products'' communication (COM/2013/0196). The International Life Cycle Data system, developed since 2007, released in 2010 and continuously maintained by JRC, has been adopted in the EF framework. ILCD format and nomenclature were adopted as requirements for EF.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {EF 2.0},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9HSYCXKF\European Commission. Joint Research Centre. - 2018 - Supporting information to the characterisation factors of recommended EF Life Cycle Impact Assessmen.pdf}
}

@book{europeancommission.jointresearchcentre.2022,
  title = {Understanding {{Product Environmental Footprint}} and {{Organisation Environmental Footprint}} Methods.},
  author = {{European Commission. Joint Research Centre.}},
  year = {2022},
  publisher = {Publications Office},
  address = {LU},
  urldate = {2023-10-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\XVLLX38I\Understanding Product Environmental Footprint and Organisation Environmental Footprint methods.pdf}
}

@book{europeancommission.jointresearchcentre.instituteforenvironmentandsustainability.2010,
  title = {International {{Reference Life Cycle Data System}} ({{ILCD}}) {{Handbook}}. {{General}} Guide for Life Cycle Assessment : Detailed Guidance.},
  shorttitle = {International {{Reference Life Cycle Data System}} ({{ILCD}}) {{Handbook}}},
  author = {{European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Institute for Environment and Sustainability.}},
  year = {2010},
  publisher = {Publications Office},
  address = {LU},
  urldate = {2023-10-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\TISTPLDF\European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Institute for Environment and Sustainability. - 2010 - International Reference Life Cycle Data System (IL.pdf}
}

@article{fattahi2020,
  title = {A Systemic Approach to Analyze Integrated Energy System Modeling Tools: {{A}} Review of National Models},
  shorttitle = {A Systemic Approach to Analyze Integrated Energy System Modeling Tools},
  author = {Fattahi, A. and Sijm, J. and Faaij, A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {133},
  pages = {110195},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2020.110195},
  urldate = {2023-02-28},
  abstract = {We reviewed the literature focusing on nineteen integrated Energy System Models (ESMs) to: (i) identify the capabilities and shortcomings of current ESMs to analyze adequately the transition towards a low-carbon energy system; (ii) assess the performance of the selected models by means of the derived criteria, and (iii) discuss some potential solutions to address the ESM gaps.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bottom-up,Linking,Review,Top-down},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\QPRHY7ZH\Fattahi et al. - 2020 - A systemic approach to analyze integrated energy s.pdf}
}

@techreport{fauroux2024,
  type = {Master {{Thesis Report}}},
  title = {Prospective {{Life Cycle Assessment}} of {{Metal Supply}} for the {{Energy Transition}}},
  author = {Fauroux, Marguerite and {de Bortoli}, Anne and Margni, Manuele and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2024},
  month = mar,
  institution = {EPFL},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\LGXWBIRY\Fauroux - Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Metal Supply .pdf}
}

@article{fernandezastudillo2019,
  title = {Human {{Health}} and {{Ecosystem Impacts}} of {{Deep Decarbonization}} of the {{Energy System}}},
  author = {Fern{\'a}ndez Astudillo, Miguel and Vaillancourt, Kathleen and Pineau, Pierre-Olivier and Amor, Ben},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {53},
  number = {23},
  pages = {14054--14062},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.9b04923},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {Global warming mitigation strategies are likely to affect human health and biodiversity through diverse cause-effect mechanisms. To analyze these effects, we implement a methodology to link TIMES energy models with life cycle assessment using open-source software. The proposed method uses a cutoff to identify the most relevant processes. These processes have their efficiencies, fuel mixes, and emission factors updated to be consistent with the TIMES model. The use of a cutoff criterion reduces exponentially the number of connection points between models, facilitating the analysis of scenarios with a large number of technologies involved. The method is used to assess the potential effects of deploying low-carbon technologies to reduce combustion emissions in the province of Quebec (Canada). In the case of Quebec, the reduction of combustion emissions is largely achieved through electrification of energy services. Global warming mitigation efforts reduce the impact on human health and ecosystem quality, mainly because of lower global warming, water scarcity, and metal contamination impacts. The TIMES model alone underestimated the reduction of CO2eq by 21\% with respect to a full account of emissions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\UFCQU4MG\\es9b04923_si_001.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\V5UCA7PW\\Fernández Astudillo et al. - 2019 - Human Health and Ecosystem Impacts of Deep Decarbo.pdf}
}

@article{ferrari2021,
  title = {Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment ({{LCA}}) Integrating Life Cycle Inventory ({{LCI}}) and {{Enterprise}} Resource Planning ({{ERP}}) in an Industry 4.0 Environment},
  author = {Ferrari, Anna Maria and Volpi, Lucrezia and {Settembre-Blundo}, Davide and {Garc{\'i}a-Mui{\~n}a}, Fernando E.},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {286},
  pages = {125314},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125314},
  urldate = {2023-11-11},
  abstract = {With the advent of Industry 4.0, new technologies have been made available to companies in order to monitor, integrate and trace processes through integrated digital systems; thanks to a combination of sensors and control systems, manufacturing information are collected and processed so that a detailed database helpful for the monitoring and continuous improvement of the production plant can be built. The potentiality of this comprehensive data collection may be exploited also from an environmental point of view, with the aim to enhance the sustainability of processes; in fact, a large part of this data provides the basis for the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), the most energy and time-consuming phase of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which in this way could become quicker and dynamic. Based on a case study related to an Italian ceramic tile manufacturer, the aim of this paper is to describe the architecture and the application of the Dynamic LCA system that integrates the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system with a customized LCA tool through a Business Intelligence (BI) software. The model was tested on different levels of validation in order to verify first the proper functioning of the IT architecture and then the environmental impact results provided, both in a static and dynamic way. The validation processes were successful, and the Dynamic LCA system has proved to be a valuable tool for the evaluation and monitoring of environmental impacts related to the production process.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\H7EWGVPC\Ferrari et al. - 2021 - Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) integrating li.pdf}
}

@mastersthesis{fischer2024,
  title = {Enhancing {{Data Management}} and {{Transparency}} in {{Energy System Modeling}} -  {{Application}} to {{EnergyScope}} within the {{Quebec Context}}},
  author = {Fischer, Lo{\"i}c and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois and Souttre, Matthieu and Schnidrig, Jonas},
  year = {2024},
  school = {EPFL},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\V9ZRRLLV\Master_Thesis_Loic_Fischer.pdf}
}

@techreport{fitzgibbon2024,
  title = {Projet de Loi No 69, {{Loi}} Assurant La Gouvernance Responsable Des Ressources {\'E}nerg{\'e}tiques et Modifiant Diverses Dispositions L{\'e}gislatives},
  author = {Fitzgibbon, Pierre},
  year = {2024},
  institution = {Minist{\`e}re de l'{\'E}conomie, de l'Innovation et de l'{\'E}nergie},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\UAAT37ZB\24-069f.pdf}
}

@techreport{frontcommunpourlatransitionenergetique2020,
  title = {Projet {{Qu{\'e}bec Z{\'e}N}} (Z{\'e}ro {\'E}mission Nette). {{Feuille}} de Route Pour La Transition Du {{Qu{\'e}bec}} Vers La Carboneutralite},
  author = {{Front commun pour la transition {\'e}nerg{\'e}tique}},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\PERRNKSA\QcZeN-Feuillederoute_v2.pdf}
}

@article{fthenakis2009,
  title = {Land Use and Electricity Generation: {{A}} Life-Cycle Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Land Use and Electricity Generation},
  author = {Fthenakis, Vasilis and Kim, Hyung Chul},
  year = {2009},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {13},
  number = {6-7},
  pages = {1465--1474},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.017},
  urldate = {2023-10-11},
  abstract = {Renewable-energy sources often are regarded as dispersed and difficult to collect, thus requiring substantial land resources in comparison to conventional energy sources. In this review, we present the normalized land requirements during the life cycles of conventional- and renewable-energy options, covering coal, natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, photovoltaics, wind, and biomass. We compared the land transformation and occupation matrices within a life-cycle framework across those fuel cycles. Although the estimates vary with regional and technological conditions, the photovoltaic (PV) cycle requires the least amount of land among renewable-energy options, while the biomass cycle requires the largest amount. Moreover, we determined that, in most cases, ground-mount PV systems in areas of high insolation transform less land than the coal-fuel cycle coupled with surface mining. In terms of land occupation, the biomass-fuel cycle requires the greatest amount, followed by the nuclear-fuel cycle. Although not detailed in this review, conventional electricity-generation technologies also pose secondary effects on land use, including contamination and disruptions of the ecosystems of adjacent lands, and land disruptions by fuel-cycle-related accidents.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\PM3HYJYF\Fthenakis and Kim - 2009 - Land use and electricity generation A life-cycle .pdf}
}

@book{fujimori2017,
  title = {Post-2020 {{Climate Action}}: {{Global}} and {{Asian Perspectives}}},
  shorttitle = {Post-2020 {{Climate Action}}},
  editor = {Fujimori, Shin'ichir{\=o} and Kainuma, Mikiko and Masui, Toshihiko},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {Singapore},
  isbn = {978-981-10-3869-3 978-981-10-3868-6},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{gagnon2002,
  title = {Life-Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options: {{The}} Status of Research in Year 2001},
  author = {Gagnon, Luc and Be, Camille},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  abstract = {This article presents the environmental impacts of electricity generation systems, based on life-cycle assessments (LCAs). These assessments normally include impacts from extraction, processing and transportation of fuels, building of power plants and generation of electricity.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\DIWV5SGM\Gagnon and Be - 2002 - Life-cycle assessment of electricity generation op.pdf}
}

@article{galan-martin2018,
  title = {Time for Global Action: An Optimised Cooperative Approach towards Effective Climate Change Mitigation},
  shorttitle = {Time for Global Action},
  author = {{Gal{\'a}n-Mart{\'i}n}, A. and Pozo, C. and Azapagic, A. and Grossmann, I. E. and Mac Dowell, N. and {Guill{\'e}n-Gos{\'a}lbez}, G.},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {572--581},
  issn = {1754-5692, 1754-5706},
  doi = {10.1039/C7EE02278F},
  urldate = {2023-02-24},
  abstract = {An optimised cooperative approach for climate change mitigation where savings are fairly shared to bring significant economic and environmental benefits.           ,              The difficulties in climate change negotiations together with the recent withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement call for new cooperative mechanisms to enable a resilient international response. In this study we propose an approach to aid such negotiations based on quantifying the benefits of interregional cooperation and distributing them among the participants in a fair manner. Our approach is underpinned by advanced optimisation techniques that automate the screening of millions of alternatives for differing levels of cooperation, ultimately identifying the most cost-effective solutions for meeting emission targets. We apply this approach to the Clean Power Plan, a related act in the U.S. aiming at curbing carbon emissions from electricity generation, but also being withdrawn. We find that, with only half of the states cooperating, the cost of electricity generation could be reduced by US\$41 billion per year, while simultaneously cutting carbon emissions by 68\% below 2012 levels. These win--win scenarios are attained by sharing the emission targets and trading electricity among the states, which allows exploiting regional advantages. Fair sharing of dividends may be used as a key driver to spur cooperation since the global action to mitigate climate change becomes beneficial for all participants. Even if global cooperation remains elusive, it is worth trying since the mere cooperation of a few states leads to significant benefits for both the U.S. economy and the climate. These findings call on the U.S. to reconsider its withdrawal but also boost individual states to take initiative even in the absence of federal action.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\DNWRFLYM\\Galán-Martín et al. - 2018 - Time for global action an optimised cooperative a.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\PZCA8X4X\\c7ee02278f1.pdf}
}

@article{garcia-gusano2016,
  title = {Prospective {{Analysis}} of {{Life-Cycle Indicators}} through {{Endogenous Integration}} into a {{National Power Generation Model}}},
  author = {{Garc{\'i}a-Gusano}, Diego and {Mart{\'i}n-Gamboa}, Mario and Iribarren, Diego and Dufour, Javier},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Resources},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {39},
  issn = {2079-9276},
  doi = {10.3390/resources5040039},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  abstract = {Given the increasing importance of sustainability aspects in national energy plans, this article deals with the prospective analysis of life-cycle indicators of the power generation sector through the case study of Spain. A technology-rich, optimisation-based model for power generation in Spain is developed and provided with endogenous life-cycle indicators (climate change, resources, and human health) to assess their evolution to 2050. Prospective performance indicators are analysed under two energy scenarios: a business-as-usual one, and an alternative scenario favouring the role of carbon dioxide capture in the electricity production mix by 2050. Life-cycle impacts are found to decrease substantially when existing fossil technologies disappear in the mix (especially coal thermal power plants). In the long term, the relatively high presence of natural gas arises as the main source of impact. When the installation of new fossil options without CO2 capture is forbidden by 2030, both renewable technologies and---to a lesser extent---fossil technologies with CO2 capture are found to increase their contribution to electricity production. The endogenous integration of life-cycle indicators into energy models proves to boost the usefulness of both life cycle assessment and energy systems modelling in order to support decision- and policy-making.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\CHDA4Q5W\García-Gusano et al. - 2016 - Prospective Analysis of Life-Cycle Indicators thro.pdf}
}

@article{garcia-gusano2016a,
  title = {Integration of Life-Cycle Indicators into Energy Optimisation Models: The Case Study of Power Generation in {{Norway}}},
  shorttitle = {Integration of Life-Cycle Indicators into Energy Optimisation Models},
  author = {{Garc{\'i}a-Gusano}, Diego and Iribarren, Diego and {Mart{\'i}n-Gamboa}, Mario and Dufour, Javier and Espegren, Kari and Lind, Arne},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {112},
  pages = {2693--2696},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.075},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  abstract = {This work presents methodological advances in the integration of life-cycle indicators into energy system optimisation models. Challenges in hybridising energy modelling and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodologies are summarised, which includes imbalances in electricity trade processes and double counting of emissions. A robust framework for the soft-linking of LCA and TIMES is proposed for application to the case study of power generation in Norway. The TIMES-Norway model is used, taking into account the base-case scenario with a time frame from 2010 to 2050. Results show that the life-cycle indicators implemented (climate change, ecosystem quality, and human health) evolve in accordance with the appearance of new power generation technologies. Thus, life-cycle impacts are linked to the entrance of new wind turbines from 2014 to 2035 and, from then on, to the new hydropower run-ofriver plants.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\DTCD9HKD\García-Gusano et al. - 2016 - Integration of life-cycle indicators into energy o.pdf}
}

@article{garcia-gusano2017,
  title = {Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of the {{Spanish}} Electricity Production},
  author = {{Garc{\'i}a-Gusano}, Diego and Garra{\'i}n, Daniel and Dufour, Javier},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {21--34},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.045},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {This paper presents a set of prospective LCA studies of electricity production technologies of the Spanish mix from 2014 to 2050. The projection of the power system has been done by using the TIMES-Spain energy model, in which two prospective scenarios have been implemented, a Business as Usual (BaU) and other with a target of 80\% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050 with respect to 2005 levels. Accordingly, projections of ten LCA impact categories have been obtained. Concerning the evolution of the electricity mix, the coal power plants retirement by 2020 has been observed in both scenarios. The main differences befall on the natural gas contribution, higher in the BaU scenario than in 80\% scenario and connected to the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants usage. In addition, LCA categories selected show overall reductions in the long term reaching from 21\% in Ozone Depletion to 85\% in Acidification in the BaU scenario, and from 56\% in Ecosystems to 87\% in Acidification in the 80\% scenario. However, Abiotic Depletion potential grows up to 5-times by 2050 due to the metal requirements of the solar photovoltaic technologies, significantly present in the mix. Likewise, the analysis of the endpoint categories (Human Health and Ecosystems) concludes that their evolution is much affected by the presence of the natural gas CHPs and, furthermore, existing fossil options are the main cause of damage by far. Hence a fossil-renewable transition is needed in terms of sustainability. In summary, it is recommended to use energy systems modelling frameworks to develop comprehensive prospective LCA studies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZK3UU5L5\García-Gusano et al. - 2017 - Prospective life cycle assessment of the Spanish e.pdf}
}

@article{garcia-gusano2018,
  title = {Life-Cycle Consequences of Internalising Socio-Environmental Externalities of Power Generation},
  author = {{Garc{\'i}a-Gusano}, Diego and Istrate, I. Robert and Iribarren, Diego},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
  volume = {612},
  pages = {386--391},
  issn = {00489697},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.231},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Current national energy sectors are generally unsustainable. Within this context, energy policy-makers face the need to move from economy- to sustainability-oriented schemes. Beyond the integration of the sustainability concept into energy policies through the implementation of techno-economic, environmental and/or social restrictions, other approaches propose the use of externalities --based on life-cycle emissions-- to deeply take into account sustainability in the design of the future energy system. In this sense, this work evaluates the consequences of internalising socio-environmental externalities associated with power generation. Besides the calculation of external costs of power generation technologies and their implementation in an energy systems optimisation model for Spain, the life-cycle consequences of this internalisation are explored. This involves the prospective analysis of the evolution of the sustainability indicators on which the externalities are founded, i.e. climate change and human health. For the first time, this is done by endogenously integrating the life-cycle indicators into the energy systems optimisation model. The results show that the internalisation of externalities highly influences the evolution of the electricity production mix as well as the corresponding life-cycle profile, hastening the decarbonisation of the power generation system and thus leading to a significant decrease in life-cycle impacts. This effect is observed both when internalising only climate change externalities and when internalising additionally human health external costs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\2XLPWE5F\García-Gusano et al. - 2018 - Life-cycle consequences of internalising socio-env.pdf}
}

@article{garcia-gusano2018a,
  title = {Is Coal Extension a Sensible Option for Energy Planning? {{A}} Combined Energy Systems Modelling and Life Cycle Assessment Approach},
  shorttitle = {Is Coal Extension a Sensible Option for Energy Planning?},
  author = {{Garc{\'i}a-Gusano}, Diego and Iribarren, Diego and Dufour, Javier},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  volume = {114},
  pages = {413--421},
  issn = {03014215},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.038},
  urldate = {2023-02-02},
  abstract = {As in many countries, coal-fired power plants in Spain account for a significant contribution to the electricity mix. Nevertheless, renewable energy options and natural gas are paving the way for coal retirement. Alternatively, it is possible to reduce the emissions (especially SO2 and NOx) associated with coal combustion through technology retrofits focused on desulphurisation and denitrification in line with the EU Industrial Emissions Directive. Within a context of low coal and CO2 prices, lifetime extension of coal-fired plants emerges as an option for power plant owners. This article prospectively evaluates the announced retrofit for 3560 MW of the Spanish coal power capacity under three alternative energy scenarios. In addition to prospective electricity production mixes, the evolution of key life-cycle sustainability indicators (climate change, human health, energy security) is assessed with time horizon 2050 using an enhanced energy systems optimisation model of power generation. When compared to the reference scenario, the results show that coal extension could favour the penetration of renewables in the long term. Notwithstanding, this would come at the expense of undesirable increases in climate change and human health impacts. Consequently, the implementation of the sustainability dimension in energy plans could avoid a ``coal conundrum'' situation in Spain.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\IF8QAIGT\García-Gusano et al. - 2018 - Is coal extension a sensible option for energy pla.pdf}
}

@article{garcia-gusano2018b,
  title = {Prospective Energy Security Scenarios in {{Spain}}: {{The}} Future Role of Renewable Power Generation Technologies and Climate Change Implications},
  shorttitle = {Prospective Energy Security Scenarios in {{Spain}}},
  author = {{Garc{\'i}a-Gusano}, Diego and Iribarren, Diego},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Renewable Energy},
  volume = {126},
  pages = {202--209},
  issn = {09601481},
  doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.044},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Energy security is a complex issue that arises as one of the main concerns for most of the countries when regarding the future. In this sense, given the acknowledged lack of future-oriented studies in this field, this article performs a prospective analysis of the energy security of a national energy system. This is done through a novel methodological framework combining Life Cycle Assessment and Energy Systems Modelling. In particular, the recently proposed Renewable Energy Security Index (RESI) is endogenously integrated into a national power generation model in order to prospectively evaluate the energy security of the Spanish electricity production mix. This facilitates the exploration of alternative energy security scenarios based on RESI targets and focused on the penetration of renewables. The results show that, despite the relatively high renewable contribution reached in a business-as-usual scenario, a significantly higher and faster renewable penetration is attained when implementing RESI targets of 70\%, 80\% and 90\% by 2030 in Spain. This is found to be associated with a large deployment of (onshore and offshore) wind power generation technology. Finally, a favourable life-cycle climate change performance is found when pursuing ambitious energy security targets.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\Y5U27ZGS\García-Gusano and Iribarren - 2018 - Prospective energy security scenarios in Spain Th.pdf}
}

@article{gargiulo2013,
  title = {Long-Term Energy Models: {{Principles}}, Characteristics, Focus, and Limitations},
  shorttitle = {Long-Term Energy Models},
  author = {Gargiulo, Maurizio and Gallach{\'o}ir, Brian {\'O}},
  year = {2013},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {158--177},
  issn = {20418396},
  doi = {10.1002/wene.62},
  urldate = {2023-03-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\Y5CTECGP\WIREs Energy   Environment - 2013 - Gargiulo - Long‐term energy models  Principles  characteristics  focus  and limitations.pdf}
}

@article{gargiulo2020,
  title = {Life {{Cycle Assessment}} of {{Italian Electricity Scenarios}} to 2030},
  author = {Gargiulo, Alessia and Carvalho, Maria Leonor and Girardi, Pierpaolo},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Energies},
  volume = {13},
  number = {15},
  pages = {3852},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en13153852},
  urldate = {2023-10-13},
  abstract = {The study presents a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Italian electricity scenarios, devised in the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (INECP). A fully representative LCA of the national electricity system was carried out, taking into consideration a great number of different power plant typologies for current (2016 and 2017) and future (2030) electricity mixes. The study confirms that LCA can be a powerful tool for supporting energy planning and strategies assessment. Indeed the results put in evidence not only the improvement of the environmental profile from the current to the future mix (the impacts decrease from 2016 to 2030 due to the transition towards renewables, mainly wind and photovoltaic), but also underline the difference between two scenarios at 2030 (being the scenario that includes the strategic objectives of the INECP to 2030 the one showing best environmental profile), providing an evaluation of the effect of different energy policies. For example, in the INECP scenario CO2 eq/kWh is 46\% lower than current scenario and 37\% lower than business as usual scenario for 2030. Moreover, considering different impact categories allowed to identify potential environmental trade-offs. The results suggest also the need of future insight on data related to photovoltaic technologies and materials and their future development.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\3WCBD8EG\Gargiulo et al. - 2020 - Life Cycle Assessment of Italian Electricity Scena.pdf}
}

@techreport{gaucher-loksts2024,
  title = {Assessing the Photovoltaic Potential of the {{Canadian}} Building Stock},
  author = {{Gaucher-Loksts}, Erin and Pelland, Sophie},
  year = {2024},
  institution = {Natural Resources Canada},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\64II9A7C\Gaucher-Loksts and Pelland - Assessing the photovoltaic potential of the Canadi.pdf}
}

@article{gerber2013,
  title = {A Systematic Methodology for the Environomic Design and Synthesis of Energy Systems Combining Process Integration, {{Life Cycle Assessment}} and Industrial Ecology},
  author = {Gerber, L{\'e}da and Fazlollahi, Samira and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Computers \& Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {2--16},
  issn = {00981354},
  doi = {10.1016/j.compchemeng.2013.05.025},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\LE66NYBV\Gerber et al. - 2013 - A systematic methodology for the environomic desig.pdf}
}

@article{gibon2015,
  title = {A {{Methodology}} for {{Integrated}}, {{Multiregional Life Cycle Assessment Scenarios}} under {{Large-Scale Technological Change}}},
  author = {Gibon, Thomas and Wood, Richard and Arvesen, Anders and Bergesen, Joseph D. and Suh, Sangwon and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {49},
  number = {18},
  pages = {11218--11226},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b01558},
  urldate = {2023-10-04},
  abstract = {Climate change mitigation demands large-scale technological change on a global level and, if successfully implemented, will significantly affect how products and services are produced and consumed. In order to anticipate the life cycle environmental impacts of products under climate mitigation scenarios, we present the modeling framework of an integrated hybrid life cycle assessment model covering nine world regions. Life cycle assessment databases and multiregional input-output tables are adapted using forecasted changes in technology and resources up to 2050 under a 2 {$^\circ$}C scenario. We call the result of this modeling ``technology hybridized environmental-economic model with integrated scenarios'' (THEMIS). As a case study, we apply THEMIS in an integrated environmental assessment of concentrating solar power. Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions for this plant range from 33 to 95 g CO2 eq./kWh across different world regions in 2010, falling to 30-87 g CO2 eq./kWh in 2050. Using regional life cycle data yields insightful results. More generally, these results also highlight the need for systematic life cycle frameworks that capture the actual consequences and feedback effects of large-scale policies in the long term.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\3IKAIJQM\\es5b01558_si_001.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\9KL9QQN2\\es5b01558_si_002.xlsx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\XDBFGPLZ\\Gibon et al. - 2015 - A Methodology for Integrated, Multiregional Life C.pdf}
}

@article{gibon2017,
  title = {Health Benefits, Ecological Threats of Low-Carbon Electricity},
  author = {Gibon, Thomas and Hertwich, Edgar G and Arvesen, Anders and Singh, Bhawna and Verones, Francesca},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {034023},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa6047},
  urldate = {2023-02-16},
  abstract = {Stabilizing global temperature will require a shift to renewable or nuclear power from fossil power and the large-scale deployment of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) for remaining fossil fuel use. Non-climate co-benefits of low-carbon energy technologies, especially reduced mortalities from air pollution and decreased ecosystem damage, have been important arguments for policies to reduce CO2 emissions. Taking into account a wide range of environmental mechanisms and the complex interactions of the supply chains of different technologies, we conducted the first life cycle assessment of potential human health and ecological impacts of a global low-carbon electricity scenario. Our assessment indicates strong human health benefits of low-carbon electricity. For ecosystem quality, there is a significant trade-off between reduced pollution and climate impacts and potentially significant ecological impacts from land use associated with increased biopower utilization. Other renewables, nuclear power and CCS show clear ecological benefits, so that the climate mitigation scenario with a relatively low share of biopower has lower ecosystem impacts than the baseline scenario. Energy policy can maximize co-benefits by supporting other renewable and nuclear power and developing biomass supply from sources with low biodiversity impact.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\3JSTKQHS\Gibon et al. - 2017 - Health benefits, ecological threats of low-carbon .pdf}
}

@article{gibon2017a,
  title = {Life Cycle Assessment Demonstrates Environmental Co-Benefits and Trade-Offs of Low-Carbon Electricity Supply Options},
  author = {Gibon, Thomas and Arvesen, Anders and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {76},
  pages = {1283--1290},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.078},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {The targeted transition towards an electricity system with low or even negative greenhouse gas emissions affords a chance to address other environmental concerns as well, but may potentially have to adjust to the limited availability of assorted non-fossil resources. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is widely recognized as a method appropriate to assess and compare product systems taking into account a wide range of environmental impacts. Yet, LCA could not inform the latest assessment of co-benefits and trade-offs of climate change mitigation by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change due to the lack of comparative assessments of different electricity generation technologies addressing a wide range of environmental impacts and using a consistent set of methods. This paper contributes to filling this gap. A consistent set of life cycle inventories of a wide range of electricity generation technologies is assessed using the Recipe midpoint methods. The life-cycle inventory modeling addresses the production and deployment of the technologies in nine different regions. The analysis shows that even though low-carbon power requires a larger amount of metals than conventional fossil power, renewable and nuclear power leads to a reduction of a wide range of environmental impacts, while CO2 capture and storage leads to increased non-GHG impacts. Biomass has relatively modest co-benefits, if at all. The manufacturing of low-carbon technologies is important compared to their operation, indicating that it is important to choose the most desirable technologies from the outset.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\CC5UT9RH\Gibon et al. - 2017 - Life cycle assessment demonstrates environmental c.pdf}
}

@article{giordano2018,
  title = {Life Cycle Assessment of Post-Combustion {{CO2}} Capture: {{A}} Comparison between Membrane Separation and Chemical Absorption Processes},
  shorttitle = {Life Cycle Assessment of Post-Combustion {{CO2}} Capture},
  author = {Giordano, Lorena and Roizard, Denis and Favre, Eric},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control},
  volume = {68},
  pages = {146--163},
  issn = {1750-5836},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.11.008},
  urldate = {2023-08-15},
  abstract = {Carbon capture technologies are regarded as promising options to mitigate CO2 emissions from large point sources, such as power generation facilities and energy intensive industries. However, CO2 capture technologies have several environmental impacts, from the system infrastructure production stage to the end of their lifetime, because of the consumption of resources in the form of materials and energy, as well as the formation of chemical by-products. All these aspects should be taken into account in order to assess and compare the real environmental sustainability of the CO2 capture processes. It is well established that life cycle assessment (LCA) represents a powerful tool to evaluate the most significant environmental impacts of CO2 capture technologies throughout their lifetimes. Using LCA methodology, this study aimed to compare life cycle emissions of membrane separation and chemical absorption processes for the post-combustion capture of one tonne of CO2 from a subcritical coal-fired power plant. Environmental impacts were evaluated considering a hybrid approach for the life cycle inventory, combining physical and economic input data. Simulation results highlighted that life cycle emissions of CO2 capture based on membrane separation process were strongly related to membrane material and thickness of the dense active layer, influencing the net power consumption and membrane area requirement. Membrane configurations investigated allowed to reduce to such an extent environmental impacts compared to CO2 capture based on monoethanoalmine (MEA) absorption. The greatest reduction potential was observed for human toxicity and impacts on freshwater and marine ecosystems, because of the elimination of environmental concerns related to solvent manufacturing and disposal of amine reclaimer wastes.},
  keywords = {Carbon capture,Chemical absorption,Environmental impacts,Life cycle assessment,Membrane separation},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\KI5SBU9G\\Giordano et al. - 2018 - Life cycle assessment of post-combustion CO2 captu.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\ISPZ6APK\\S1750583617304875.html}
}

@article{glenk2019,
  title = {Economics of Converting Renewable Power to Hydrogen},
  author = {Glenk, Gunther and Reichelstein, Stefan},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Nature Energy},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {216--222},
  issn = {2058-7546},
  doi = {10.1038/s41560-019-0326-1},
  urldate = {2021-11-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\YMWJWPY5\Glenk and Reichelstein - 2019 - Economics of converting renewable power to hydroge.pdf}
}

@misc{goedkoop2013,
  title = {{{ReCiPE}} 2008: {{A}} Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method Which Comprises Harmonised Category Indicators at the Midpoint and the Endpoint Level - {{First}} Edition (Version 1.08) - {{Report I}}: {{Characterisation}}},
  author = {Goedkoop, Mark and Heijungs, Reinout and Huijbregts, Mark and De Schryver, An and Struijs, Jaap and {van Zelm}, Rosalie},
  year = {2013},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\2ATLMAA4\Goedkoop et al. - First edition (version 1.08).pdf}
}

@techreport{gonzales-calienes2022,
  title = {Life {{Cycle Assessment}} of {{Hydrogen Production Pathways}} in {{Canada}}},
  author = {{Gonzales-Calienes}, Giovanna and Kannangara, Miyuru and Yang, Jianjun and Shadbahr, Jalil and {Deces-Petit}, Cyrille and Bensebaa, Farid},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {National Research Council Canada},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\92KXDPTF\NR16-399-2022-eng.pdf}
}

@techreport{gouvernementduquebec2018,
  title = {Plan Directeur En Transition, Innovation et Efficacit{\'e} {\'E}nerg{\'e}tiques Du {{Qu{\'e}bec}} 2018 - 2023},
  author = {{Gouvernement du Qu{\'e}bec}},
  year = {2018},
  institution = {Minist{\`e}re de l'{\'E}nergie et des Ressources naturelles},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\SCXQUXEJ\TEQ_PlanDirecteur_web.pdf}
}

@techreport{gouvernementduquebec2022,
  title = {{Plan pour une {\'e}conomie verte 2030 -- Plan de mise en {\oe}uvre 2022-2027 -- Analyse d'impact sur les {\'e}missions de GES et l'{\'e}conomie}},
  author = {{Gouvernement du Qu{\'e}bec}},
  year = {2022},
  langid = {french},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\28IUJ6PC\Plan pour une économie verte 2030 – Plan de mise e.pdf}
}

@techreport{gouvernementduquebec2022a,
  title = {Mise {\`a} Niveau 2026 - {{Plan}} Directeur En Transition, Innovation et Efficacit{\'e} {\'E}nerg{\'e}tiques Du {{Qu{\'e}bec}}},
  author = {{Gouvernement du Qu{\'e}bec}},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {Minist{\`e}re de l'{\'E}nergie et des Ressources naturelles},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\PLREJENM\MERN-Mise-niveau-2026-plan-directeur-transition-energetique.pdf}
}

@article{granacher2021,
  title = {Increasing {{Superstructure Optimization Capacity Through Self-Learning Surrogate Models}}},
  author = {Granacher, Julia and Kantor, Ivan Daniel and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Frontiers in Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {778876},
  issn = {2673-2718},
  doi = {10.3389/fceng.2021.778876},
  urldate = {2022-10-27},
  abstract = {Simulation-based optimization models are widely applied to find optimal operating conditions of processes. Often, computational challenges arise from model complexity, making the generation of reliable design solutions difficult. We propose an algorithm for replacing non-linear process simulation models integrated in multi-level optimization of a process and energy system superstructure with surrogate models, applying an active learning strategy to continuously enrich the database on which the surrogate models are trained and evaluated. Surrogate models are generated and trained on an initial data set, each featuring the ability to quantify the uncertainty with which a prediction is made. Until a defined prediction quality is met, new data points are continuously labeled and added to the training set. They are selected from a pool of unlabeled data points based on the predicted uncertainty, ensuring a rapid improvement of surrogate quality. When applied in the optimization superstructure, the surrogates can only be used when the prediction quality for the given data point reaches a specified threshold, otherwise the original simulation model is called for evaluating the process performance and the newly obtained data points are used to improve the surrogates. The method is tested on three simulation models, ranging in size and complexity. The proposed approach yields mean squared errors of the test prediction below 2\% for all cases. Applying the active learning approach leads to better predictions compared to random sampling for the same size of database. When integrated in the optimization framework, simpler surrogates are favored in over 60\% of cases, while the more complex ones are enabled by using simulation results generated during optimization for improving the surrogates after the initial generation. Significant time savings are recorded when using complex process simulations, though the advantage gained for simpler processes is marginal. Overall, we show that the proposed method saves time and adds flexibility to complex superstructure optimization problems that involve optimizing process operating conditions. Computational time can be greatly reduced without penalizing result quality, while the continuous improvement of surrogates when simulation is used in the optimization leads to a natural refinement of the model.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\N98R3W7B\Granacher et al. - 2021 - Increasing Superstructure Optimization Capacity Th.pdf}
}

@article{grandell2016,
  title = {Role of Critical Metals in the Future Markets of Clean Energy Technologies},
  author = {Grandell, Leena and Lehtil{\"a}, Antti and Kivinen, Mari and Koljonen, Tiina and Kihlman, Susanna and Lauri, Laura S.},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Renewable Energy},
  volume = {95},
  pages = {53--62},
  issn = {09601481},
  doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.102},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\FLFQUVG4\Grandell et al. - 2016 - Role of critical metals in the future markets of c.pdf}
}

@article{gupta2021,
  title = {Countrywide {{PV}} Hosting Capacity and Energy Storage Requirements for Distribution Networks: {{The}} Case of {{Switzerland}}},
  shorttitle = {Countrywide {{PV}} Hosting Capacity and Energy Storage Requirements for Distribution Networks},
  author = {Gupta, Rahul and Sossan, Fabrizio and Paolone, Mario},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {281},
  pages = {116010},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116010},
  urldate = {2023-01-31},
  abstract = {Distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation is typically connected to power distribution grids, which are not designed to host a large amount of production if it is significantly larger than their nominal electricity demand. Given the prominent role of PV in energy transition pathways, modeling the existing power distribution infrastructure's constraints and limitations is key for its reliable techno-economical analysis and expansion.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\7ZPVZICG\Gupta et al. - 2021 - Countrywide PV hosting capacity and energy storage.pdf}
}

@article{hacatoglu2012,
  title = {Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen and Other Selected Fuels},
  author = {Hacatoglu, Kevork and Rosen, Marc A. and Dincer, Ibrahim},
  year = {2012},
  month = jul,
  journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
  volume = {37},
  number = {13},
  pages = {9933--9940},
  issn = {03603199},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.020},
  urldate = {2023-10-06},
  abstract = {A streamlined life cycle assessment (LCA) is reported of a nuclear-based copperechlorine (CueCl) hydrogen production cycle, including estimates of fossil fuel energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Calculations revealed that the process requires 474 kJ of fossil fuel energy per MJ of hydrogen, which is less than for other hydrogen production processes. Moreover, GHG emissions are estimated to be 27 gCO2e per MJ of hydrogen, which is only slightly higher than the corresponding value for wind-based hydrogen production. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the performance of the system could be further improved at higher yields of hydrogen. Although the system significantly outperformed fossil-based gasoline and hydrogen production pathways, the integrated nuclear and thermochemical cycle still requires significant research and development before commercialization is possible.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\WX7GEESH\Hacatoglu et al. - 2012 - Comparative life cycle assessment of hydrogen and .pdf}
}

@book{hafner2020,
  title = {The {{Geopolitics}} of the {{Global Energy Transition}}},
  editor = {Hafner, Manfred and Tagliapietra, Simone},
  year = {2020},
  series = {Lecture {{Notes}} in {{Energy}}},
  volume = {73},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  address = {Cham},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-39066-2},
  urldate = {2024-02-05},
  isbn = {978-3-030-39065-5 978-3-030-39066-2},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\93ZKRB2T\Hafner and Tagliapietra - 2020 - The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition.pdf}
}

@article{halada2008,
  title = {Forecasting of the {{Consumption}} of {{Metals}} up to 2050},
  author = {Halada, Kohmei and Shimada, Masanori and Ijima, Kiyoshi},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS},
  volume = {49},
  number = {3},
  pages = {402--410},
  issn = {1345-9678, 1347-5320},
  doi = {10.2320/matertrans.ML200704},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZUNYEW35\Halada et al. - 2008 - Forecasting of the Consumption of Metals up to 205.pdf}
}

@article{hammond2013,
  title = {The Energy and Environmental Implications of {{UK}} More Electric Transition Pathways: {{A}} Whole Systems Perspective},
  shorttitle = {The Energy and Environmental Implications of {{UK}} More Electric Transition Pathways},
  author = {Hammond, Geoffrey P. and Howard, Hayley R. and Jones, Craig I.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {103--116},
  issn = {03014215},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.071},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {Electricity generation contributes a large proportion of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the United Kingdom (UK), due to the predominant use of fossil fuel (coal and natural gas) inputs. Indeed, the various power sector technologies [fossil fuel plants with and without carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power stations, and renewable energy technologies (available on a large and small \{or domestic\} scale)] all involve differing environmental impacts and other risks. Three transition pathways for a more electric future out to 2050 have therefore been evaluated in terms of their lifecycle energy and environmental performance within a broader sustainability framework. An integrated approach is used here to assess the impact of such pathways, employing both energy analysis and environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA), applied on a `whole systems' basis: from `cradle-to-gate'. The present study highlights the significance of `upstream emissions', in contrast to power plant operational or `stack' emissions, and their (technological and policy) implications. Upstream environmental burdens arise from the need to expend energy resources in order to deliver, for example, fuel to a power station. They include the energy requirements for extraction, processing/refining, transport, and fabrication, as well as methane leakage that occurs in coal mining activities -- a major cotribution --and from natural gas pipelines. The impact of upstream emissions on the carbon performance of various low carbon electricity generators [such as large-scale combined heat and power (CHP) plant and CCS] and the pathways distinguish the present findings from those of other UK analysts. It suggests that CCS is likely to deliver only a 70\% reduction in carbon emissions on a whole system basis, in contrast to the normal presumption of a 90\% reduction. Similar results applied to other power generators.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {scenario analysis},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\G7TVSPQI\Hammond et al. - 2013 - The energy and environmental implications of UK mo.pdf}
}

@article{han2023,
  title = {Global Supply Sustainability Assessment of Critical Metals for Clean Energy Technology},
  author = {Han, Sun and Zhenghao, Meng and Meilin, Li and Xiaohui, Yang and Xiaoxue, Wang},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Resources Policy},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {103994},
  issn = {03014207},
  doi = {10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103994},
  urldate = {2024-01-29},
  abstract = {The enduring challenges posed by the supply sustainability of critical metals have long served as a barrier to the low carbon energy transition and the regulation of global climate issues. This study aims to determine whether the supply of essential minerals can keep pace with the global demand associated with the shift towards lowcarbon energy sources. In this study, critical metal minerals required by clean energy technology are taken as the research object, the supply and demand background of critical minerals are sorted and compared. By utilizing the genetic algorithm support vector regression (GA-SVR) predictive model, the research scrutinized the supply trends and developed twelve different supply and demand schemes under various development scenarios. These facilitated the assessment of the future supply sustainability of critical metals for clean energy technology. Re\- sults demonstrate that under a basic scenario, the global supply of lithium, cobalt, and nickel is projected to reach 200,000 tons, 300,000 tons, and 4 million tons, respectively, by 2030. Under a high supply scenario, these figures rise to 350,000 tons, 500,000 tons, and 5 million tons. From a global supply trend perspective, lithium, cobalt, and nickel resources are projected to grow by 2--4, 1--3, and 1.6--2 times, respectively. Examining supply and demand, the highest risk of supply shortages lies with lithium resources, followed by cobalt. Meanwhile, nickel faces no imminent risk of supply shortage. By 2030, if the compound annual growth rate of global demand for lithium and cobalt hits 15\%, supply sustainability will reach a critical juncture, leading to a supply deficit. Lithium resources may encounter this critical demand growth rate even earlier. Although the supply risks for cobalt and nickel currently appear minimal, questions around the long-term availability and sustainability of these resources persist. Ensuring the sustainable supply of these resources necessitates a well-structured and efficient system for recycling secondary resources, technological advancements in the mining industry, and improvements in material strength.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\GI8K7AMG\Han et al. - 2023 - Global supply sustainability assessment of critica.pdf}
}

@article{harmsen2021,
  title = {Integrated Assessment Model Diagnostics: Key Indicators and Model Evolution},
  shorttitle = {Integrated Assessment Model Diagnostics},
  author = {Harmsen, Mathijs and Kriegler, Elmar and Van Vuuren, Detlef P and Van Der Wijst, Kaj-Ivar and Luderer, Gunnar and Cui, Ryna and Dessens, Olivier and Drouet, Laurent and Emmerling, Johannes and Morris, Jennifer Faye and Fosse, Florian and Fragkiadakis, Dimitris and Fragkiadakis, Kostas and Fragkos, Panagiotis and Fricko, Oliver and Fujimori, Shinichiro and Gernaat, David and Guivarch, C{\'e}line and Iyer, Gokul and Karkatsoulis, Panagiotis and Keppo, Ilkka and Keramidas, Kimon and K{\"o}berle, Alexandre and Kolp, Peter and Krey, Volker and Kr{\"u}ger, Christoph and Leblanc, Florian and Mittal, Shivika and Paltsev, Sergey and Rochedo, Pedro and Van Ruijven, Bas J and Sands, Ronald D and Sano, Fuminori and Strefler, Jessica and Arroyo, Eveline Vasquez and Wada, Kenichi and Zakeri, Behnam},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  volume = {16},
  number = {5},
  pages = {054046},
  publisher = {IOP Publishing},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/abf964},
  urldate = {2024-09-17},
  abstract = {Abstract               Integrated assessment models (IAMs) form a prime tool in informing about climate mitigation strategies. Diagnostic indicators that allow comparison across these models can help describe and explain differences in model projections. This increases transparency and comparability. Earlier, the IAM community has developed an approach to diagnose models (Kriegler (2015 Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change                   90 45--61)). Here we build on this, by proposing a selected set of well-defined indicators as a community standard, to systematically and routinely assess IAM behaviour, similar to metrics used for other modeling communities such as climate models. These indicators are the relative abatement index, emission reduction type index, inertia timescale, fossil fuel reduction, transformation index and cost per abatement value. We apply the approach to 17 IAMs, assessing both older as well as their latest versions, as applied in the IPCC 6th Assessment Report. The study shows that the approach can be easily applied and used to indentify key differences between models and model versions. Moreover, we demonstrate that this comparison helps to link model behavior to model characteristics and assumptions. We show that together, the set of six indicators can provide useful indication of the main traits of the model and can roughly indicate the general model behavior. The results also show that there is often a considerable spread across the models. Interestingly, the diagnostic values often change for different model versions, but there does not seem to be a distinct trend.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\SA3W6TRT\Harmsen et al. - 2021 - Integrated assessment model diagnostics key indic.pdf}
}

@article{harpprecht2024,
  title = {Future Environmental Impacts of Metals: {{A}} Systematic Review of Impact Trends, Modelling Approaches, and Challenges},
  shorttitle = {Future Environmental Impacts of Metals},
  author = {Harpprecht, Carina and Miranda Xicotencatl, Brenda and Van Nielen, Sander and Van Der Meide, Marc and Li, Chen and Li, Zhijie and Tukker, Arnold and Steubing, Bernhard},
  year = {2024},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
  volume = {205},
  pages = {107572},
  issn = {09213449},
  doi = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107572},
  urldate = {2024-04-15},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{hatton2024,
  title = {The Global and National Energy Systems Techno-Economic ({{GNESTE}}) Database: {{Cost}} and Performance Data for Electricity Generation and Storage Technologies},
  shorttitle = {The Global and National Energy Systems Techno-Economic ({{GNESTE}}) Database},
  author = {Hatton, Luke and Johnson, Nathan and Dixon, Lara and Mosongo, Bosi and De Kock, Savanha and Marquard, Andrew and Howells, Mark and Staffell, Iain},
  year = {2024},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Data in Brief},
  pages = {110669},
  issn = {23523409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2024.110669},
  urldate = {2024-06-28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\RSPUBWKV\Hatton et al. - 2024 - The global and national energy systems techno-econ.pdf}
}

@book{heijungs2024,
  title = {Probability, {{Statistics}} and {{Life Cycle Assessment}}: {{Guidance}} for {{Dealing}} with {{Uncertainty}} and {{Sensitivity}}},
  shorttitle = {Probability, {{Statistics}} and {{Life Cycle Assessment}}},
  author = {Heijungs, Reinout},
  year = {2024},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  address = {Cham},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-49317-1},
  urldate = {2024-05-27},
  copyright = {https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining},
  isbn = {978-3-031-49316-4 978-3-031-49317-1},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\AE984ZFE\Heijungs - 2024 - Probability, Statistics and Life Cycle Assessment.pdf}
}

@article{hekkenberg2009,
  title = {Dynamic Temperature Dependence Patterns in Future Energy Demand Models in the Context of Climate Change},
  author = {Hekkenberg, M. and Moll, H.C. and Uiterkamp, A.J.M. Schoot},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {34},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1797--1806},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2009.07.037},
  urldate = {2023-04-28},
  abstract = {Energy demand depends on outdoor temperature in a `u' shaped fashion. Various studies have used this temperature dependence to investigate the effects of climate change on energy demand. Such studies contain implicit or explicit assumptions to describe expected socio-economic changes that may affect future energy demand.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\22IGMJSG\Hekkenberg et al. - 2009 - Dynamic temperature dependence patterns in future .pdf}
}

@techreport{helgesen2013,
  title = {Top-down and {{Bottom-up}}: {{Combining}} Energy System Models and Macroeconomic General Equilibrium Models},
  author = {Helgesen, Ivar},
  year = {2013},
  institution = {NTNU},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\UAH5WX2P\2013-12-11 Linking models_444.pdf}
}

@article{hellweg2023,
  title = {Life-Cycle Assessment to Guide Solutions for the Triple Planetary Crisis},
  author = {Hellweg, Stefanie and Benetto, Enrico and Huijbregts, Mark A. J. and Verones, Francesca and Wood, Richard},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Nature Reviews Earth \& Environment},
  volume = {4},
  number = {7},
  pages = {471--486},
  issn = {2662-138X},
  doi = {10.1038/s43017-023-00449-2},
  urldate = {2023-07-11},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9GTPDCTP\Hellweg et al. - 2023 - Life-cycle assessment to guide solutions for the t.pdf}
}

@article{herbst2012,
  title = {Introduction to {{Energy Systems Modelling}}},
  author = {Herbst, Andrea and Toro, Felipe and Reitze, Felix and Jochem, Eberhard},
  year = {2012},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {148},
  number = {2},
  pages = {111--135},
  issn = {2235-6282},
  doi = {10.1007/BF03399363},
  urldate = {2023-03-03},
  abstract = {Summary             The energy demand and supply projections of the Swiss government funded by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy and carried out by a consortium of institutes and consulting companies are based on two types of energy models: macroeconomic general equilibrium models and bottom-up models for each sector. While the macroeconomic models are used to deliver the economic, demographic and policy framework conditions as well as the macroeconomic impacts of particular scenarios, the bottom-up models simulate the technical developments in the final energy sectors and try to optimise electricity generation under the given boundary conditions of a particular scenario. This introductory article gives an overview of some of the energy models used in Switzerland and --- more importantly --- some insights into current advanced energy system modelling practice pointing to the characteristics of the two modelling types and their advantages and limitations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bottom-up,Top-down},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\F2VH5TLT\Herbst et al. - 2012 - Introduction to Energy Systems Modelling.pdf}
}

@article{herman2017,
  title = {{{SALib}}: {{An}} Open-Source {{Python}} Library for {{Sensitivity Analysis}}},
  shorttitle = {{{SALib}}},
  author = {Herman, Jon and Usher, Will},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {2},
  number = {9},
  pages = {97},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.00097},
  urldate = {2025-01-10},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\BX45JTU9\Herman and Usher - 2017 - SALib An open-source Python library for Sensitivity Analysis.pdf}
}

@article{hertwich2015,
  title = {Integrated Life-Cycle Assessment of Electricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit of Low-Carbon Technologies},
  author = {Hertwich, Edgar G. and Gibon, Thomas and Bouman, Evert A. and Arvesen, Anders and Suh, Sangwon and Heath, Garvin A. and Bergesen, Joseph D. and Ramirez, Andrea and Vega, Mabel I. and Shi, Lei},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {112},
  number = {20},
  pages = {6277--6282},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1312753111},
  urldate = {2023-02-13},
  abstract = {Significance             Life-cycle assessments commonly used to analyze the environmental costs and benefits of climate-mitigation options are usually static in nature and address individual power plants. Our paper presents, to our knowledge, the first life-cycle assessment of the large-scale implementation of climate-mitigation technologies, addressing the feedback of the electricity system onto itself and using scenario-consistent assumptions of technical improvements in key energy and material production technologies.           ,              Decarbonization of electricity generation can support climate-change mitigation and presents an opportunity to address pollution resulting from fossil-fuel combustion. Generally, renewable technologies require higher initial investments in infrastructure than fossil-based power systems. To assess the tradeoffs of increased up-front emissions and reduced operational emissions, we present, to our knowledge, the first global, integrated life-cycle assessment (LCA) of long-term, wide-scale implementation of electricity generation from renewable sources (i.e., photovoltaic and solar thermal, wind, and hydropower) and of carbon dioxide capture and storage for fossil power generation. We compare emissions causing particulate matter exposure, freshwater ecotoxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and climate change for the climate-change-mitigation (BLUE Map) and business-as-usual (Baseline) scenarios of the International Energy Agency up to 2050. We use a vintage stock model to conduct an LCA of newly installed capacity year-by-year for each region, thus accounting for changes in the energy mix used to manufacture future power plants. Under the Baseline scenario, emissions of air and water pollutants more than double whereas the low-carbon technologies introduced in the BLUE Map scenario allow a doubling of electricity supply while stabilizing or even reducing pollution. Material requirements per unit generation for low-carbon technologies can be higher than for conventional fossil generation: 11--40 times more copper for photovoltaic systems and 6--14 times more iron for wind power plants. However, only two years of current global copper and one year of iron production will suffice to build a low-carbon energy system capable of supplying the world's electricity needs in 2050.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\5FFXHRDK\\Hertwich et al. - 2015 - Integrated life-cycle assessment of electricity-su.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\KSJZQRHC\\pnas.1312753111.sapp.pdf}
}

@article{hofmann2021,
  title = {Atlite: {{A Lightweight Python Package}} for {{Calculating Renewable Power Potentials}} and {{Time Series}}},
  shorttitle = {Atlite},
  author = {Hofmann, Fabian and Hampp, Johannes and Neumann, Fabian and Brown, Tom and H{\"o}rsch, Jonas},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {6},
  number = {62},
  pages = {3294},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.03294},
  urldate = {2024-04-16},
  abstract = {Renewable energy sources are likely to build the backbone of the future global energy system. One important key to a successful energy transition is to analyse the weather-dependent energy outputs of existing and eligible renewable resources. atlite is an open Python software package for retrieving global historical weather data and converting it to power generation potentials and time series for renewable energy technologies like wind turbines or solar photovoltaic panels based on detailed mathematical models. It further provides weather-dependent output on the demand side like building heating demand and heat pump performance. The software is optimized to aggregate data over multiple large regions with user-defined weightings based on land use or energy yield.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\36XSMKSR\Hofmann et al. - 2021 - atlite A Lightweight Python Package for Calculati.pdf}
}

@article{holzapfel2023,
  title = {Electricity Accounting in Life Cycle Assessment: The Challenge of Double Counting},
  shorttitle = {Electricity Accounting in Life Cycle Assessment},
  author = {Holzapfel, Peter and Bach, Vanessa and Finkbeiner, Matthias},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {28},
  number = {7},
  pages = {771--787},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-023-02158-w},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {Purpose{\enspace} In grid electricity consumption models, the location-based method uses regional average emission factors to account for environmental impacts. The market-based method is based on contractual agreements, verifying the exclusive claim on electricity from specific energy sources. An inconsistent application of these methods in life cycle assessment (LCA) and GHG accounting can lead to double counting. Especially, double counting electricity associated with rather low environmental impacts, such as renewable energy, might lead to impact underestimations. The aim of this paper is to identify, describe and propose solutions to double counting challenges. Methods{\enspace} A four-step procedure is carried out. First, the specifications on grid electricity mix selection in frequently applied standards for LCA and GHG accounting are analysed. Besides the ISO norms for LCA (14040/44) and carbon footprinting (14064/67), the GHG Protocol and the Product and Organizational Environmental Footprint (PEF/OEF) are considered. Based on this analysis, challenges of double counting electricity from specific sources are identified. In the third step, potential solutions for avoiding double counting are proposed. The last research step consists of an illustrative case study to demonstrate the calculation of market-based electricity mixes and identify potential adjustments necessities for LCA application. Results and discussion{\enspace} A parallel application of the location-based and the market-based method poses the main doublecounting challenge. Thus, avoiding double counting demands consistent method application throughout the whole life cycle. Whereas this is relatively straightforward for the location-based method, consistent market-based method application is more challenging. LCAs rely on average life cycle inventory processes, which mostly include location-based electricity mixes. However, for consistent market-based method application throughout the life cycle, electricity-related environmental impacts in the inventory system also need to be market-based. This would demand a partial recalculation of LCI datasets using market-based residual electricity mixes. Besides illustrating the calculation of market-based electricity mixes, the case study is used to identify and propose solutions for two main challenges for residual mix application in LCA: countries without residual mix and electricity under a double marketing ban. Conclusion{\enspace} Double counting of electricity from specific energy sources is a challenge, since it can lead to under- or overestimations of environmental impacts. Both the location-based and market-based method can avoid double counting. However, parallel or inconsistent applications of both methods lead to double counting. In order to avoid double counting, there is a need to enable and use consistent electricity accounting rules in LCA and GHG accounting.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\DVHV3VEB\Holzapfel et al. - 2023 - Electricity accounting in life cycle assessment t.pdf}
}

@article{horschig2017,
  title = {Are Decisions Well Supported for the Energy Transition? {{A}} Review on Modeling Approaches for Renewable Energy Policy Evaluation},
  shorttitle = {Are Decisions Well Supported for the Energy Transition?},
  author = {Horschig, Thomas and Thr{\"a}n, Daniela},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Energy, Sustainability and Society},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5},
  issn = {2192-0567},
  doi = {10.1186/s13705-017-0107-2},
  urldate = {2023-03-23},
  abstract = {This study reviews energy policy evaluation approaches on their capability to estimate a successful implementation of renewable energy policies. This is predominantly done via energy system modeling and analysis. Although modeling the possible success and effects is not a precondition for policy making, it is a powerful tool to support decision makers in policy making. This awareness has led to the development of numerous modeling approaches with many case studies. Therefore, effort has to be made to evaluate recent modeling approaches that could be suitable for renewable energy policy evaluation. It is the aim of this paper to provide an overview on recent renewable energy policy modeling approaches that are capable in evaluating the success and side effects to other sectors of renewable energy policies. We will highlight advantages and drawbacks of these approaches and provide a framework assessing the suitability of the presented methodologies for the evaluation of renewable energy policies. We provide a tabular overview that enables the reader to quickly derive information on the suitability of the several modeling approaches to evaluate renewable energy policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Top-down},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\3NVDNWL9\Horschig and Thrän - 2017 - Are decisions well supported for the energy transi.pdf}
}

@article{hu2024,
  title = {Material-Energy {{Nexus}}: {{A}} Systematic Literature Review},
  author = {Hu, Xueyue},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  abstract = {A low-carbon future based on renewable energy systems is required to limit global warming to 1.5 {\textopenbullet}C above preindustrial levels by the end of this century. However, economy-wide decarbonisation is projected to be highly material and energy intensive. Understanding the material-energy nexus through existing research would offer valuable insights for comprehensive resource management to achieve sustainable climate mitigation. This study provides the first systematic review of material-energy nexus literature published between 2002 and 2022, emphasising the interconnections and feedback loops between material and energy systems. The global knowledge-stock is comprehensively assessed regarding research focus, sustainability challenges, and corre\- sponding circular economy strategies. Additionally, significant gaps in the research agenda and key policy im\- plications for both material consuming-developed countries and producing-developing countries are proposed. Findings of this study underscore the vital role of international cooperation in managing primary and secondary material supply chains, grounded in the ``common but differentiated responsibilities'' principle under the Paris Agreement. Consuming-developed countries should support producing-developing countries in building renewable energy capacity, optimising energy saving technologies and measures, and adhering to high envi\- ronmental standards for resources extraction and production. Meanwhile, both consuming-developed countries and producing-developing countries should take domestic mitigation measures. The former should focus on changing consumption behaviour, and the latter on increasing resource efficiency.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\XS6NQFCV\Hu - 2024 - Material-energy Nexus A systematic literature rev.pdf}
}

@article{huber2023,
  title = {Decentralized Energy in Flexible Energy System: {{Life}} Cycle Environmental Impacts in {{Belgium}}},
  shorttitle = {Decentralized Energy in Flexible Energy System},
  author = {Huber, Dominik and Costa, Daniele and Felice, Alex and Valkering, Pieter and Coosemans, Thierry and Messagie, Maarten},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
  volume = {886},
  pages = {163882},
  issn = {00489697},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163882},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\2N2AD554\\1-s2.0-S0048969723025032-mmc2.xlsx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\497WJC96\\1-s2.0-S0048969723025032-mmc1.docx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\E3PHVZJZ\\Huber et al. - 2023 - Decentralized energy in flexible energy system Li.pdf}
}

@article{huijbregts2017,
  title = {{{ReCiPe2016}}: A Harmonised Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method at Midpoint and Endpoint Level},
  shorttitle = {{{ReCiPe2016}}},
  author = {Huijbregts, Mark A. J. and Steinmann, Zoran J. N. and Elshout, Pieter M. F. and Stam, Gea and Verones, Francesca and Vieira, Marisa and Zijp, Michiel and Hollander, Anne and Van Zelm, Rosalie},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2},
  pages = {138--147},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-016-1246-y},
  urldate = {2025-01-14},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\7XUEQAMU\Huijbregts et al. - 2017 - ReCiPe2016 a harmonised life cycle impact assessment method at midpoint and endpoint level.pdf}
}

@article{hung2022,
  title = {{{ECOPT}} {\textsuperscript{2}} : {{An}} Adaptable Life Cycle Assessment Model for the Environmentally Constrained Optimization of Prospective Technology Transitions},
  shorttitle = {{{ECOPT}} {\textsuperscript{2}}},
  author = {Hung, Christine Roxanne and Kishimoto, Paul and Krey, Volker and Str{\o}mman, Anders Hammer and Majeau-Bettez, Guillaume},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
  volume = {26},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1616--1630},
  issn = {1088-1980, 1530-9290},
  doi = {10.1111/jiec.13331},
  urldate = {2023-03-21},
  abstract = {Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method to evaluate the environmental impacts of technologies from cradle to grave. However, LCAs are commonly defined in terms of the consumption of a single unit of a product and thus ignore scaling issues in large-scale deployment of technologies. Such product-level LCAs often do not consider capital manufacturing capacity and supply chain bottlenecks that may hinder the rapid, widespread uptake of emerging technologies entering the market; emerging technologies often require the expansion of existing supply chains or the development of entirely new supply chains, such as the manufacturing of novel materials. As a result, such LCA studies are limited in their ability to realistically assess impacts at the macro-scale and thus to guide large-scale decisions. In this work, we present ECOPT2, a generalized adaptable model that combines these constraints to the LCA approach using a mathematical programming approach and dynamic stock modeling. ECOPT2 combines LCA factors with transition scenarios from energy systems models to determine the environmentally optimal deployment of new technologies while accounting for material circularity constraints and barriers to uptake. We also introduce the structure of the software tool and demonstrate its features using a stylized vehicle electrification scenario.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\N7JJDQ2H\\Hung et al. - 2022 - ECOPT 2  An adaptable life cycle asses.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\TGQADU7W\\Hung et al. - 2022 - ECOPT 2  An adaptable life cycle asses.pdf}
}

@article{huppmann2019,
  title = {The {{MESSAGE Integrated Assessment Model}} and the Ix Modeling Platform (Ixmp): {{An}} Open Framework for Integrated and Cross-Cutting Analysis of Energy, Climate, the Environment, and Sustainable Development},
  shorttitle = {The {{MESSAGE Integrated Assessment Model}} and the Ix Modeling Platform (Ixmp)},
  author = {Huppmann, Daniel and Gidden, Matthew and Fricko, Oliver and Kolp, Peter and Orthofer, Clara and Pimmer, Michael and Kushin, Nikolay and Vinca, Adriano and Mastrucci, Alessio and Riahi, Keywan and Krey, Volker},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
  volume = {112},
  pages = {143--156},
  issn = {13648152},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.11.012},
  urldate = {2024-09-02},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZC5CMA6N\Huppmann et al. - 2019 - The MESSAGE Integrated Assessment Model and the ix.pdf}
}

@techreport{hydro-quebec2022,
  title = {Plan d'approvisionnement 2023-2032},
  author = {{Hydro-Qu{\'e}bec}},
  year = {2022},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\2K43HZPB\plan-dapprovisionnement-2023-2032.pdf}
}

@techreport{hydro-quebec2023,
  title = {Action {{Plan}} 2035 -- {{Towards}} a {{Decarbonized}} and {{Prosperous Qu{\'e}bec}}},
  author = {{Hydro-Qu{\'e}bec}},
  year = {2023},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\2RL6YLSF\Action Plan 2035 – Towards a Decarbonized and Pros.pdf}
}

@techreport{hydrogencouncil2020,
  title = {Path to Hydrogen Competitiveness - {{A}} Cost Perspective},
  author = {Hydrogen Council},
  year = {2020}
}

@misc{iea,
  title = {Monthly {{Electricity Statistics}}},
  author = {IEA},
  howpublished = {https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/monthly-electricity-statistics}
}

@article{iea2019,
  title = {The {{Future}} of {{Hydrogen}}},
  author = {IEA},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  pages = {203},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\NBK28B3K\The Future of Hydrogen.pdf}
}

@techreport{iea2021a,
  title = {Net {{Zero}} by 2050 - {{A Roadmap}} for the {{Global Energy Sector}}},
  author = {IEA},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {224},
  institution = {International Energy Agency},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\CLWEKIJL\Net Zero by 2050 - A Roadmap for the Global Energy.pdf}
}

@misc{iea2021c,
  title = {Hydrogen {{Projects Database}}},
  author = {IEA},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZD8SA2BM\IEA - 2021 - Hydrogen Projects Database.pdf}
}

@book{iea2021d,
  title = {Global {{Hydrogen Review}} 2021},
  author = {{IEA}},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  publisher = {OECD},
  doi = {10.1787/39351842-en},
  urldate = {2021-11-18},
  isbn = {978-92-64-51931-2},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\5KKDB6EQ\International Energy Agency - 2021 - Global Hydrogen Review 2021.pdf}
}

@techreport{iea2022a,
  title = {The {{Role}} of {{Critical Minerals}} in {{Clean Energy Transitions}}},
  author = {{IEA}},
  year = {2022},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\TKJSFNUA\The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Tran.pdf}
}

@book{iea2022b,
  title = {Canada 2022 {{Energy Policy Review}}},
  author = {{IEA}},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  series = {{{IEA Energy Policy Reviews}}},
  publisher = {OECD},
  doi = {10.1787/a440d879-en},
  urldate = {2022-10-27},
  isbn = {978-92-64-50508-7},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9YZWIVJ6\International Energy Agency - 2022 - Canada 2022 Energy Policy Review.pdf}
}

@misc{ieaa,
  title = {Canada's Data Browser},
  author = {IEA},
  urldate = {2023-04-28},
  howpublished = {https://www.iea.org/countries/canada}
}

@techreport{ieahydrogen-tcp2020,
  title = {Task 38 {{Final Report}} - {{Power-to-Hydrogen}} and {{Hydrogen-to-X}}: System Analysis of the Techno-Economic, Legal and Regulatory Conditions},
  author = {{IEA Hydrogen-TCP}},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\LAJBVR4M\25 power2hydrogen Final-Report-AF-web.pdf}
}

@article{igos2015,
  title = {Combination of Equilibrium Models and Hybrid Life Cycle - Input--Output Analysis to Predict the Environmental Impacts of Energy Policy Scenarios},
  author = {Igos, Elorri and Rugani, Benedetto and Rege, Sameer and Benetto, Enrico and Drouet, Laurent and Zachary, Daniel S.},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {145},
  pages = {234--245},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.007},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {Nowadays, many countries adopt an active agenda to mitigate the impact of greenhouse gas emissions by moving towards less polluting energy generation technologies. The environmental costs, directly or indirectly generated to achieve such a challenging objective, remain however largely underexplored. Until now, research has focused either on pure economic approaches such as Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) and partial equilibrium (PE) models, or on (physical) energy supply scenarios. These latter could be used to evaluate the environmental impacts of various energy saving or cleaner technologies via Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. These modelling efforts have, however, been pursued in isolation, without exploring the possible complementarities and synergies. In this study, we have undertaken a practical combination of these approaches into a common framework: on the one hand, by coupling a CGE with a PE model, and, on the other hand, by linking the outcomes from the coupling with a hybrid input--output{\`A}process based life cycle inventory. The methodological framework aimed at assessing the environmental consequences of two energy policy scenarios in Luxembourg between 2010 and 2025.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\EPH59J3Y\Igos et al. - 2015 - Combination of equilibrium models and hybrid life .pdf}
}

@misc{institutdelastatistiqueduquebec2022,
  title = {Mise {\`a} Jour 2022 Des Perspectives D{\'e}mographiques Du {{Qu{\'e}bec}} et Des R{\'e}gions, 2021-2066},
  author = {{Institut de la statistique du Qu{\'e}bec}},
  year = {2022},
  urldate = {2024-08-28},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\RHPPUFQ6\PopAS_Qc_majA2022.xlsx}
}

@misc{internationalinstituteforappliedsystemsanalysisiiasa,
  title = {Model {{GAINS}} - {{Greenhouse Gas}} and {{Air Pollution Interactions}} and {{Synergies}} ({{GAINS}})-{{Model}}},
  author = {{International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)}},
  urldate = {2024-02-05},
  abstract = {MIDAS documents models and their contributions to European Commission impact assessments in accordance with what is requested by the better regulation Guidelines},
  howpublished = {https://web.jrc.ec.europa.eu/policy-model-inventory/explore/models/model-gains/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\AHVM3SAX\model-gains.html}
}

@misc{internationalmonetaryfund,
  title = {Primary {{Commodity Price System}}},
  author = {{International Monetary Fund}},
  urldate = {2024-01-18},
  howpublished = {https://data.imf.org/?sk=471dddf8-d8a7-499a-81ba-5b332c01f8b9\&sid=1390030341854},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\HGGZC3JF\data.imf.org.html}
}

@article{ioannou2023,
  title = {Trade-Offs between {{Sustainable Development Goals}} in Carbon Capture and Utilisation},
  author = {Ioannou, Iasonas and {Gal{\'a}n-Mart{\'i}n}, {\'A}ngel and {P{\'e}rez-Ram{\'i}rez}, Javier and {Guill{\'e}n-Gos{\'a}lbez}, Gonzalo},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {113--124},
  issn = {1754-5692, 1754-5706},
  doi = {10.1039/D2EE01153K},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {We analyse the future transition towards a carbon-neutral chemical sector. Our study unfolds new avenues to include SDG-based metrics in science and engineering while quantifying the potential collateral damage of CCU on sustainable development.           ,                             Carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) provides an appealing framework to turn carbon emissions into valuable fuels and chemicals. However, given the vast energy required to activate the CO               2               molecule, CCU may have implications on sustainable development that are still poorly understood due to the narrow scope of current carbon footprint-oriented assessments lacking absolute sustainability thresholds. To bridge this gap, we developed a power-chemicals nexus model to look into the future and understand how we could produce 22 net-zero bulk chemicals of crucial importance in a sustainable manner by integrating fossil, CCU routes and power technologies, often assessed separately. We evaluated the environmental performance of these technologies in terms of their contribution to 5 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), using 16 life cycle assessment metrics and 9 planetary boundaries (PB) to quantify and interpret the impact values. We found that fossil chemicals could hamper the attainment of SDG 3 on good health and well-being and SDG 13 on climate change. CCU could help meet SDG 13 but would damage other SDGs due to burden-shifting to human health, water scarcity, and minerals and metals depletion impacts. The collateral damage could be mitigated by judiciously combining fossil and CCU routes with carbon-negative power sources guided by optimisation models incorporating SDGs-based performance criteria explicitly. Our work highlights the importance of embracing the SDGs in technology development to sensibly support the low-carbon energy and chemicals transition.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZRH29H5Q\Ioannou et al. - 2023 - Trade-offs between Sustainable Development Goals i.pdf}
}

@techreport{ipcc2014,
  title = {Annex~{{III}}: {{Technology-specific}} Cost and Performance Parameters. {{In}}: {{Climate Change}} 2014: {{Mitigation}} of {{Climate Change}}. {{Contribution}} of {{Working Group III}} to the {{Fifth Assessment Report}} of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}}},
  author = {{IPCC}},
  year = {2014},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\DWFUH38P\Schlömer et al. - Technology-specific Cost and Performance Parameter.pdf}
}

@techreport{ipcc2014a,
  title = {Annex~{{II}}: {{Metrics}} \& {{Methodology}}. {{In}}: {{Climate Change}} 2014: {{Mitigation}} of {{Climate Change}}. {{Contribution}} of {{Working Group III}} to the {{Fifth Assessment Report}} of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}}},
  author = {{IPCC}},
  year = {2014},
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}

@techreport{ipcc2023,
  title = {Summary for {{Policymakers}}. {{In}}: {{Climate Change}} 2023: {{Synthesis Report}}. {{Contribution}} of {{Working Groups I}}, {{II}} and {{III}} to the {{Sixth Assessment Report}} of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}} [{{Core Writing Team}}, {{H}}. {{Lee}} and {{J}}. {{Romero}} (Eds.)]},
  author = {{IPCC}},
  year = {2023},
  pages = {pp. 1-34},
  address = {Geneva, Switzerland},
  institution = {IPCC},
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}

@article{irena2020,
  title = {Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction: {{Scaling}} up Electrolysers to Meet the 1.{{5C}} Climate Goal},
  author = {IRENA},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {106},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\IHSV3BS7\Green hydrogen cost reduction Scaling up electrol.pdf}
}

@techreport{irena2020a,
  title = {Global {{Renewables Outlook}}: {{Energy Transformation}} 2050},
  author = {IRENA},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {291},
  institution = {International Renewable Energy Agency},
  langid = {english},
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}

@techreport{irena2022a,
  title = {Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2022},
  author = {{IRENA}},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {International Renewable Energy Agency},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\BSD97F4T\2022 - Renewable power generation costs in 2022.pdf}
}

@article{iribarren2020,
  title = {Influence of Climate Change Externalities on the Sustainability-Oriented Prioritisation of Prospective Energy Scenarios},
  author = {Iribarren, Diego and {Mart{\'i}n-Gamboa}, Mario and {Navas-Anguita}, Zaira and {Garc{\'i}a-Gusano}, Diego and Dufour, Javier},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {196},
  pages = {117179},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2020.117179},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {The implementation of externalities in energy policies is a potential measure for sustainability-oriented energy planning. Furthermore, decisions on energy policies and plans should be based on the analysis of a number of potential energy scenarios, considering the evolution of key techno-economic and life-cycle sustainability indicators. The joint interpretation of these multiple criteria should drive the choice of appropriate decisions for energy planning. Within this context, this work proposes efor the first timee the combined use of Life Cycle Assessment, externalities calculation, Energy Systems Modelling and dynamic Data Envelopment Analysis to prioritise prospective energy scenarios. For demonstration and illustrative purposes, the application of this methodological framework to the case study of electricity production in Spain leads to quantitatively discriminate between 15 prospective energy scenarios by taking into account the life-cycle profile of the transformation path of the power generation system with time horizon 2050. When compared to the application of the framework without implementation of external costs, the internalisation of climate change externalities is found to affect the ranking of energy scenarios but still showing the rejection of those scenarios based on the lifetime extension of coal power plants, as well as the preference for those scenarios leading to a high penetration of renewable technologies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\CUZSYSPY\Iribarren et al. - 2020 - Influence of climate change externalities on the s.pdf}
}

@misc{iso2006,
  title = {{{ISO}} 14044 - {{International}} Organization for Standardization. {{Environmental}} Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Requirements and Guidelines.},
  author = {{ISO}},
  year = {2006},
  address = {London, United Kingdom}
}

@misc{iso2006a,
  title = {{{ISO}} 14040 - {{International}} Organization for Standardization. {{Environmental}} Management: Life Cycle Assessment-Principles and Framework.},
  author = {{ISO}},
  year = {2006},
  address = {London, United Kingdom}
}

@article{iwanaga2022,
  title = {Toward {{SALib}} 2.0: {{Advancing}} the Accessibility and Interpretability of Global Sensitivity Analyses},
  shorttitle = {Toward {{SALib}} 2.0},
  author = {Iwanaga, Takuya and Usher, William and Herman, Jonathan},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {Socio-Environmental Systems Modelling},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {18155},
  issn = {2663-3027},
  doi = {10.18174/sesmo.18155},
  urldate = {2025-01-10},
  abstract = {Sensitivity analysis is now considered a standard practice in environmental modeling. Several open-source libraries, such as the Sensitivity Analysis Library (SALib), have been published in the recent past aimed at simplifying the application of sensitivity analyses. Still, there remain issues in software usability and accessibility, as well as a lack of guidance in the interpretation of sensitivity analysis results. This paper describes the changes made and planned to SALib to advance the ease with which modelers may conduct sensitivity analysis and interpret results. We further offer our perspectives from the past 7 years of maintaining SALib for the consideration of those aspiring to launch their own software for sensitivity analysis, develop methodology, or those otherwise interested in becoming involved in a project like SALib. These include the value of a community of practice to foster best practices for sensitivity analysis, the potential for collaboration across different software (for sensitivity analysis) platforms, and the need to specifically support the software development that underpins computational science.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\EQNXZKV2\Iwanaga et al. - 2022 - Toward SALib 2.0 Advancing the accessibility and interpretability of global sensitivity analyses.pdf}
}

@incollection{jin2011,
  title = {K-{{Medoids Clustering}}},
  booktitle = {Encyclopedia of {{Machine Learning}}},
  author = {Jin, Xin and Han, Jiawei},
  editor = {Sammut, Claude and Webb, Geoffrey I.},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {564--565},
  publisher = {Springer US},
  address = {Boston, MA},
  doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-30164-8_426},
  urldate = {2024-01-17},
  isbn = {978-0-387-30768-8 978-0-387-30164-8},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{jin2020,
  title = {Multidivisional Planning Model for Energy, Water and Environment Considering Synergies, Trade-Offs and Uncertainty},
  author = {Jin, S.W. and Li, Y.P. and Yu, L. and Suo, C. and Zhang, K.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {259},
  pages = {121070},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121070},
  urldate = {2024-03-29},
  abstract = {Energy, water, and the environment are intricately connected, and these relationships necessitate their simultaneous management to achieve sustainable development. In this study, a stochastic multidivisional hierarchy model (SMHM) is developed for use in planning an energy-water-environment nexus system (EWES). The SMHM is not only capable of addressing uncertainties expressed as interval and stochastic parameters within multidivisional and multi-level contexts, but also those accounting for the synergy and trade-off relationships between different stakeholders. Decisions are made through the SMHM in two stages: top management given the first choice followed by the concurrent responses of the divisions. SMHM is applied to a real-world case study of EWES in Shanxi, China. Results reveal that energy-intensive industry (i.e., electricity generation) consumes more water and emits more pollutants than others. In addition, uncertainties have significant effects on the planning strategies of EWES; compared with a high-risk scenario of electricity insufficiency, a low-risk scenario would consume additional amounts of [3.3, 5.7] {\^A} 109 tce energy and [1.8, 2.6] {\^A} 106 m3 water. Compared with singlelevel models, the SMHM schemes enable both resource savings and environmental sustainability. These findings could assist stakeholders in resolving conflicts and provide useful information for the integrated management of regional energy, water, and the environment.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ALYXB4X5\Jin et al. - 2020 - Multidivisional planning model for energy, water a.pdf}
}

@book{jointresearchcentre2013,
  title = {Critical Metals in the Path towards the Decarbonisation of the {{EU}} Energy Sector -- {{Assessing}} Rare Metals as Supply-Chain Bottlenecks in Low-Carbon Energy Technologies},
  author = {{Joint Research Centre} and {Institute for Energy and Transport} and Tercero, E and Bryson, R and Chapman, A and Tzimas, E and Moss, R and Ostertag, K and Thompson, P and Morley, N and Pearson, J and L{\"u}llmann, A and Sims, E and Soulier, M and {Marscheider-Weidemann}, F and Sartorius, C and Arendorf, J and Willis, P},
  year = {2013},
  publisher = {Publications Office},
  doi = {10.2790/46338}
}

@techreport{jovet2023,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Can {{Exergy Be}} an {{Indicator}} of {{Environmental Sustainability}} in the {{Context}} of {{Energy Transition}}?},
  author = {Jovet, Yoann and Lefevre, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Laurent, Alexis and Clausse, Marc},
  year = {2023},
  institution = {SSRN},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4363868},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {It has been established in several studies that the current environmental impact of humanity exceeds the carrying capacity of terrestrial systems, be it in terms of biodiversity loss or climate change impacts. A major source of impact is power generation, which faces the challenge of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions without shifting the burden to other environmental impacts. Exergy-based environmental indicators have proven to be effective to some extent in assessing the environmental impacts in the current energy mix but the robustness of this use as environmental proxies has barely been assessed in energy transition scenario. Hence, the objective of this study is to analyse their relevance in the context of the energy transition for power generation. To this end, we investigate the potential relationships between different energy indicators and environmental indicators using life cycle assessment, with French electricity generation as a case study. In the context of a transformation of the electricity system, this allows an assessment of the expected discrepancies between the energy change and the environmental impact. The results show that no general correlation can be found between the 16 studied environmental impacts and the energy indicators when shifting from one source of energy to another, even if some trends are observed for some impact categories. In consequence, a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impacts of electricity generation in the context of the energy transition cannot be based on a single or a selection of indicators alone, but requires a comprehensive assessment based on a multi-criteria approach. This holistic approach is the only way to uncover potential trade-offs occurring between energy, exergy and environmental indicators, when optimizing a specific indicator.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\EDLNR4QA\Jovet et al. - 2023 - Can Exergy Be an Indicator of Environmental Sustai.pdf}
}

@article{junne2020,
  title = {Critical Materials in Global Low-Carbon Energy Scenarios: {{The}} Case for Neodymium, Dysprosium, Lithium, and Cobalt},
  shorttitle = {Critical Materials in Global Low-Carbon Energy Scenarios},
  author = {Junne, Tobias and Wulff, Niklas and Breyer, Christian and Naegler, Tobias},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {211},
  pages = {118532},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2020.118532},
  urldate = {2024-02-01},
  abstract = {The requirements for neodymium, dysprosium, lithium, and cobalt in power generation, storage and transport technologies until 2050 under six global energy scenarios are assessed. We consider plausible developments in the subtechnology markets for lithium-ion batteries, wind power, and electric motors for road transport. Moreover, we include the uncertainties regarding the specific material content of these subtechnologies and the reserve and resource estimates. Furthermore, the development of the material demand in non-energy sectors is considered. The results show that the material requirements increase with the degree of ambition of the scenarios. The maximum annual primary material demand of the scenarios exceeds current extraction volumes by a factor of 3 to 9 (Nd), 7 to 35 (Dy), 12 to 143 (Li), and 2 to 22 (Co). The ratios of cumulative primary material demand to average reserve estimates range from 0.1 to 0.3 (Nd), 0.3 to 1.1 (Dy), 0.7 to 6.5 (Li), and 0.8 to 5.5 (Co). Average resource estimates of Li and Co are exceeded by up to a factor of 2.1 and 1.7, respectively. We recommend that future scenario studies on the energy system transformation consider the influence of possible material bottlenecks on technology prices and substitution technology options.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\NZKK5ITX\Junne et al. - 2020 - Critical materials in global low-carbon energy sce.pdf}
}

@article{junne2020a,
  title = {Environmental {{Sustainability Assessment}} of {{Multi-Sectoral Energy Transformation Pathways}}: {{Methodological Approach}} and {{Case Study}} for {{Germany}}},
  shorttitle = {Environmental {{Sustainability Assessment}} of {{Multi-Sectoral Energy Transformation Pathways}}},
  author = {Junne, Tobias and Simon, Sonja and Buchgeister, Jens and Saiger, Maximilian and Baumann, Manuel and Haase, Martina and Wulf, Christina and Naegler, Tobias},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Sustainability},
  volume = {12},
  number = {19},
  pages = {8225},
  issn = {2071-1050},
  doi = {10.3390/su12198225},
  urldate = {2023-02-08},
  abstract = {In order to analyse long-term transformation pathways, energy system models generally focus on economical and technical characteristics. However, these models usually do not consider sustainability aspects such as environmental impacts. In contrast, life cycle assessment enables an extensive estimate of those impacts. Due to these complementary characteristics, the combination of energy system models and life cycle assessment thus allows comprehensive environmental sustainability assessments of technically and economically feasible energy system transformation pathways. We introduce FRITS, a FRamework for the assessment of environmental Impacts of Transformation Scenarios. FRITS links bottom-up energy system models with life cycle impact assessment indicators and quantifies the environmental impacts of transformation strategies of the entire energy system (power, heat, transport) over the transition period. We apply the framework to conduct an environmental assessment of multi-sectoral energy scenarios for Germany. Here, a `Target' scenario reaching 80\% reduction of energy-related direct CO2 emissions is compared with a `Reference' scenario describing a less ambitious transformation pathway. The results show that compared to 2015 and the `Reference' scenario, the `Target' scenario performs better for most life cycle impact assessment indicators. However, the impacts of resource consumption and land use increase for the `Target' scenario. These impacts are mainly caused by road passenger transport and biomass conversion.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\8NRXS8SL\\sustainability-12-08225-s001.xlsx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\YY63R4JL\\Junne et al. - 2020 - Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Multi-S.pdf}
}

@article{katelhon2016,
  title = {Stochastic {{Technology Choice Model}} for {{Consequential Life Cycle Assessment}}},
  author = {K{\"a}telh{\"o}n, Arne and Bardow, Andr{\'e} and Suh, Sangwon},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {50},
  number = {23},
  pages = {12575--12583},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.6b04270},
  urldate = {2024-03-27},
  copyright = {http://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice\_termsofuse.html},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\M3G7CBWI\Kätelhön et al. - 2016 - Stochastic Technology Choice Model for Consequenti.pdf}
}

@article{keesing2021,
  title = {Impacts of Biodiversity and Biodiversity Loss on Zoonotic Diseases},
  author = {Keesing, Felicia and Ostfeld, Richard S.},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {118},
  number = {17},
  pages = {e2023540118},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2023540118},
  urldate = {2023-09-14},
  abstract = {Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of humans caused by pathogens that are shared between humans and other vertebrate animals. Previously, pristine natural areas with high biodiversity were seen as likely sources of new zoonotic pathogens, suggesting that biodiversity could have negative impacts on human health. At the same time, biodiversity has been recognized as potentially benefiting human health by reducing the transmission of some pathogens that have already established themselves in human populations. These apparently opposing effects of biodiversity in human health may now be reconcilable. Recent research demonstrates that some taxa are much more likely to be zoonotic hosts than others are, and that these animals often proliferate in human-dominated landscapes, increasing the likelihood of spillover. In less-disturbed areas, however, these zoonotic reservoir hosts are less abundant and nonreservoirs predominate. Thus, biodiversity loss appears to increase the risk of human exposure to both new and established zoonotic pathogens. This new synthesis of the effects of biodiversity on zoonotic diseases presents an opportunity to articulate the next generation of research questions that can inform management and policy. Future studies should focus on collecting and analyzing data on the diversity, abundance, and capacity to transmit of the taxa that actually share zoonotic pathogens with us. To predict and prevent future epidemics, researchers should also focus on how these metrics change in response to human impacts on the environment, and how human behaviors can mitigate these effects. Restoration of biodiversity is an important frontier in the management of zoonotic disease risk.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\W4A6ZZ98\Keesing and Ostfeld - 2021 - Impacts of biodiversity and biodiversity loss on z.pdf}
}

@article{keiner2023,
  title = {Energy Demand Estimation Using a Pre-Processing Macro-Economic Modelling Tool for 21st Century Transition Analyses},
  author = {Keiner, Dominik and Gulagi, Ashish and Breyer, Christian},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {272},
  pages = {127199},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2023.127199},
  urldate = {2023-04-28},
  abstract = {Energy systems research requires a variety of demand scenarios for possible futures. Comprehensive energy demand modelling is often made with a simplified approach or based on assumptions scattered among various sources, if it is published at all. There is no detailed discussion of the impact of various macro-economic scenarios on different levels of energy demand available. This study uses LUT-DEMAND, a novel modelling tool for energy demand, to create comprehensive demand input data in high spatial resolution globally and high temporal resolution until 2100. A multi-step approach is applied to estimate the energy demand. A variety of economic and demographic scenarios are explored, including the shared socio-economic pathways. The total primary energy demand is estimated for possible limitations caused by the overall energy demand and chosen technol\- ogies. The results for this century's energy supply for ambitious transition targets are presented, and they show a significant impact of macro-economic assumptions on scale and trajectory on all levels of energy demand. Among the explored scenarios, the total primary energy demand may rise to 399 PWh (1435 EJ) by 2100, with a maximum estimated solar photovoltaic capacity demand of about 200 TWp. LUT-DEMAND and its documen\- tation are available in an open-access online repository.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\NALQ5YXV\Keiner et al. - 2023 - Energy demand estimation using a pre-processing ma.pdf}
}

@article{kim2021,
  title = {Public {{Sentiment}} toward {{Solar Energy}}---{{Opinion Mining}} of {{Twitter Using}} a {{Transformer-Based Language Model}}},
  author = {Kim, Serena Y. and Ganesan, Koushik and Dickens, Princess and Panda, Soumya},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Sustainability},
  volume = {13},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2673},
  issn = {2071-1050},
  doi = {10.3390/su13052673},
  urldate = {2023-11-23},
  abstract = {Public acceptance and support for renewable energy are important determinants of the low-carbon energy transition. This paper examines public sentiment toward solar energy in the United States using data from Twitter, a micro-blogging platform on which people post messages, known as tweets. We filtered tweets specific to solar energy and performed a classification task using Robustly optimized Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (RoBERTa). Our RoBERTa-based sentiment classification model, fine-tuned with 6300 manually annotated tweets specific to solar energy, attains 80.2\% accuracy for ternary (positive, neutral, or negative) classification. Analyzing 266,686 tweets during the period of January to December 2020, we find public sentiment varies widely across states (Coefficient of Variation =164.66\%). Within the study period, the Northeast U.S. region shows more positive sentiment toward solar energy than did the South U.S. region. Public opinion on solar energy is more positive in states with a larger share of Democratic voters in the 2020 presidential election. Public sentiment toward solar energy is more positive in states with consumer-friendly net metering policies and a more mature solar market. States that wish to gain public support for solar energy might want to consider implementing consumer-friendly net metering policies and support the growth of solar businesses.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\Y93VZTBH\Kim et al. - 2021 - Public Sentiment toward Solar Energy—Opinion Minin.pdf}
}

@article{klimenko2021,
  title = {Constraints Imposed by Key-Material Resources on Renewable Energy Development},
  author = {Klimenko, V.V. and Ratner, S.V. and Tereshin, A.G.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {144},
  pages = {111011},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2021.111011},
  urldate = {2024-02-01},
  abstract = {To limit global warming well below 2 {\textopenbullet}C, or even 1.5 {\textopenbullet}C, a rapid transition toward renewable energies must occur within the next several decades. This study examines the problem of resource constraints in the development of clean energy and transportation technologies (namely wind turbines and batteries in electric vehicles) for different global energy-consumption scenarios. For this study, lithium and cobalt (demand from electric vehicles) and neodymium, praseodymium, and dysprosium (cumulative demand from electric vehicles and wind power) were considered as critical materials. The application of simple dynamic models allows for an integrated assessment, taking into account changes in energy demand, resource intensity of wind energy and electric ve\- hicles, and exploration and recycling technologies. The obtained results show that, irrespective of the considered scenario or the method used for estimating rare-earth element reserves, the demand for neodymium and pra\- seodymium remains within a maximum of 12\%--14\% of the total reserves even when the development in recycling technologies is not considered. Meanwhile, the demand for dysprosium is much more significant at 86\% in the absence of recycling technologies. There are strong indicators that clean-energy development can be threatened by the shortage of cobalt and lithium by the middle of this century unless we achieve rapid progress in technologies related to their exploration and reuse.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\TLU6QA7R\Klimenko et al. - 2021 - Constraints imposed by key-material resources on r.pdf}
}

@article{koiwanit2014,
  title = {A Life Cycle Assessment Study of a {{Canadian}} Post-Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture Process System},
  author = {Koiwanit, Jarotwan and Piewkhaow, Lakkana and Zhou, Qing and Manuilova, Anastassia and Chan, Christine W. and Wilson, Malcolm and Tontiwachwuthikul, Paitoon},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  pages = {357--369},
  issn = {1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-013-0649-2},
  urldate = {2023-08-09},
  abstract = {While carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) has been widely recognized as a useful technology for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental performance of CCS from a full life cycle perspective to comprehensively understand its environmental impacts. The primary research objective is to conduct a study on life cycle assessment of the post-combustion carbon dioxide capture process based on data from SaskPower's electricity generation station at the Boundary Dam in Saskatchewan, Canada. A secondary objective of this study is to identify the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methodology which is most suitable for the assessment of carbon dioxide capture technology integrated with the power generation system in the Canadian context.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Approche mediane,Carbon dioxide (CO2) post-combustion capture,CML2001,EDIP 97,IMPACT2002+,Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA),TRACI},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\PD7T6XKB\Koiwanit et al. - 2014 - A life cycle assessment study of a Canadian post-c.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{komesse2022,
  title = {Life {{Cycle Assessment}} of {{CCUS Scenarios}} in {{Three Promising European Regions}}},
  booktitle = {16th {{International Conference}} on {{Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies}}, {{GHGT-16}}},
  author = {Komesse, Helen Bewi and Bat{\^o}t, Guillaume and Orozco, Israel Herrera and Fraz{\~a}o, Rui and Chen, Li},
  year = {2022},
  address = {Lyon, France},
  abstract = {Putting the transition to net-zero emissions on track includes the effective implementation of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. Such technologies allow to remove, or avoid, CO2 emissions in carbonintensive key sectors, where reaching carbon neutrality is economically and technically unachievable. As stated by IEA, after years of slow progress, CCUS is gaining new momentum, but its deployment must continue.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\WUIPZHIE\Komesse et al. - Life Cycle Assessment of CCUS Scenarios in Three P.pdf}
}

@article{kouchaki-penchah2022,
  title = {The Contribution of Forest-Based Bioenergy in Achieving Deep Decarbonization: {{Insights}} for {{Quebec}} ({{Canada}}) Using a {{TIMES}} Approach},
  shorttitle = {The Contribution of Forest-Based Bioenergy in Achieving Deep Decarbonization},
  author = {{Kouchaki-Penchah}, Hamed and Bahn, Olivier and Vaillancourt, Kathleen and Levasseur, Annie},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
  volume = {252},
  pages = {115081},
  issn = {01968904},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enconman.2021.115081},
  urldate = {2024-02-14},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{kouchaki-penchah2023,
  title = {Impact of {{Biogenic Carbon Neutrality Assumption}} for {{Achieving}} a {{Net-Zero Emission Target}}: {{Insights}} from a {{Techno-Economic Analysis}}},
  shorttitle = {Impact of {{Biogenic Carbon Neutrality Assumption}} for {{Achieving}} a {{Net-Zero Emission Target}}},
  author = {{Kouchaki-Penchah}, Hamed and Bahn, Olivier and Vaillancourt, Kathleen and Moreau, Lucas and Thiffault, Evelyne and Levasseur, Annie},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {57},
  number = {29},
  pages = {10615--10628},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.3c00644},
  urldate = {2024-02-14},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\K6KY92L7\Kouchaki-Penchah et al. - 2023 - Impact of Biogenic Carbon Neutrality Assumption fo.pdf}
}

@article{kouchaki-penchah2024,
  title = {The Role of Hydrogen in a Net-Zero Emission Economy under Alternative Policy Scenarios},
  author = {{Kouchaki-Penchah}, Hamed and Bahn, Olivier and Bashiri, Hamed and Bedard, Serge and Bernier, Etienne and Elliot, Thomas and Hammache, Abdelaziz and Vaillancourt, Kathleen and Levasseur, Annie},
  year = {2024},
  month = jan,
  journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {173--187},
  issn = {03603199},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.07.196},
  urldate = {2024-02-14},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{kouloumpis2015,
  title = {Decarbonising Electricity Supply: {{Is}} Climate Change Mitigation Going to Be Carried out at the Expense of Other Environmental Impacts?},
  shorttitle = {Decarbonising Electricity Supply},
  author = {Kouloumpis, Victor and Stamford, Laurence and Azapagic, Adisa},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Sustainable Production and Consumption},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {1--21},
  issn = {23525509},
  doi = {10.1016/j.spc.2015.04.001},
  urldate = {2023-02-07},
  abstract = {As nations face the need to decarbonise their energy supply, there is a risk that attention will be focused solely on carbon and climate change, potentially at the expense of other environmental impacts. To explore the trade-offs between climate change mitigation and other environmental impacts, this work focuses on electricity and considers a number of scenarios up to 2070 in a UK context with different carbon reduction targets and electricity demand to estimate the related life cycle environmental impacts. In total, 16 scenarios are discussed, incorporating fossilfuel technologies with and without carbon capture and storage, nuclear power and a range of renewable options. A freely available model -- Electricity Technologies Life Cycle Assessment (ETLCA) -- developed by the authors has been used for these purposes. The results suggest that decarbonisation of electricity supply to meet carbon targets would lead to a reduction in the majority of the life cycle impacts by 2070. The exceptions to this are depletion of elements which would increase by 4--145 times and health impacts from radiation which would increase two- to four-fold if nuclear power were used. Ozone layer depletion would also go up in the short-term by between 2.5--3.7 times. If energy demand continued to grow, three other impacts would also increase while trying to meet the carbon targets: human toxicity (two times), photochemical smog (12\%) and terrestrial eco-toxicity (2.3 times). These findings demonstrate the importance of considering a broader range of environmental impacts alongside climate change to avoid decarbonising the economy at the expense of other environmental impacts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ex-post,scenario analysis},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\LIYJPPPG\Kouloumpis et al. - 2015 - Decarbonising electricity supply Is climate chang.pdf}
}

@article{krey2020,
  title = {{{MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM Documentation}} - 2020 Release},
  author = {Krey, V and Havlik, P and Kishimoto, {\relax PN} and Fricko, O and Zilliacus, J and Gidden, M and Strubegger, M and Kartasasmita, G and Ermolieva, T and Forsell, N and Guo, F and Gusti, M and Huppmann, D and Johnson, N and Kikstra, J and Kindermann, G and Kolp, P and Lovat, F and McCollum, {\relax DL} and Min, J and Pachauri, S and Parkinson, {\relax SC} and Rao, S and Rogelj, J and {\"U}nl{\"u}, G and Valin, H and Wagner, P and Zakeri, B and Obersteiner, M and Riahi, K},
  year = {2020},
  publisher = {International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)},
  doi = {10.22022/IACC/03-2021.17115},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {These webpages document the IIASA Integrated Assessment Modeling (IAM) framework, also referred to as MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM. MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM is a global model, covering 11 world regions and was originally developed for the quantification of the so-called Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). The documentation includes information on the spatial and temporal structure of the model, the socio-economic drivers, the energy supply and demand sector representation, the agriculture, forest and other land-use component, and the macro-economic and climate modules. It also links to the underlying MESSAGEix mathematical modeling framework which includes information on the equations governing the model dynamics.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 International},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{kriegler2014,
  title = {A New Scenario Framework for Climate Change Research: The Concept of Shared Climate Policy Assumptions},
  shorttitle = {A New Scenario Framework for Climate Change Research},
  author = {Kriegler, Elmar and Edmonds, Jae and Hallegatte, St{\'e}phane and Ebi, Kristie L. and Kram, Tom and Riahi, Keywan and Winkler, Harald and {van Vuuren}, Detlef P.},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  volume = {122},
  number = {3},
  pages = {401--414},
  issn = {1573-1480},
  doi = {10.1007/s10584-013-0971-5},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {The new scenario framework facilitates the coupling of multiple socioeconomic reference pathways with climate model products using the representative concentration pathways. This will allow for improved assessment of climate impacts, adaptation and mitigation. Assumptions about climate policy play a major role in linking socioeconomic futures with forcing and climate outcomes. The paper presents the concept of shared climate policy assumptions as an important element of the new scenario framework. Shared climate policy assumptions capture key policy attributes such as the goals, instruments and obstacles of mitigation and adaptation measures, and introduce an important additional dimension to the scenario matrix architecture. They can be used to improve the comparability of scenarios in the scenario matrix. Shared climate policy assumptions should be designed to be policy relevant, and as a set to be broad enough to allow a comprehensive exploration of the climate change scenario space.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adaptation Policy,Carbon Price,Climate Policy,Mitigation Policy,Representative Concentration Pathway},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9K5FVCV7\Kriegler et al. - 2014 - A new scenario framework for climate change resear.pdf}
}

@article{kuhnen2017,
  title = {Indicators in {{Social Life Cycle Assessment}}: {{A Review}} of {{Frameworks}}, {{Theories}}, and {{Empirical Experience}}},
  shorttitle = {Indicators in {{Social Life Cycle Assessment}}},
  author = {K{\"u}hnen, Michael and Hahn, R{\"u}diger},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
  volume = {21},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1547--1565},
  issn = {1088-1980, 1530-9290},
  doi = {10.1111/jiec.12663},
  urldate = {2023-11-30},
  abstract = {Summary             Industrial ecology (IE) and life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) are increasingly important in research, regulation, and corporate practice. However, the assessment of the social pillar is still at a developmental stage, because social life cycle assessment (SLCA) is fragmented and lacks a foundation on empirical experience. A critical reason is the absence of general standardized indicators that clearly reflect and measure businesses' social impact along product life cycles and supply chains. Therefore, we systematically review trends, coherences, inconsistencies, and gaps in research on SLCA indicators across industry sectors. Overall, we find that researchers address a broad variety of sectors, but only few sectors receive sufficient empirical attention to draw reasonable conclusions while the field is additionally still largely an a-theoretical one. Furthermore, researchers overlook important social core issues as they concentrate heavily on worker- and health-related indicators. Therefore, we synthetize the most important indicators used in research as a step toward standardization (including critical challenges in applying these indicators and recommendations for their future development), highlight important trends and gaps (e.g., the focus on worker- and health-related indicators and the a-theoretical nature of the SLCA literature), and emphasize critical shortcomings in the SLCA field organized along the key phases of design, implementation, and evolution through which performance measurement approaches such as SLCA typically progress in their development and maturation. With this, we contribute to the maturation and establishment of the social pillar of LCSA and IE.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\PF7RNSTB\Kühnen and Hahn - 2017 - Indicators in Social Life Cycle Assessment A Revi.pdf}
}

@article{kypreos2008,
  title = {{{TIMES-EU}}: A {{Pan-European}} Model Integrating {{LCA}} and External Costs},
  shorttitle = {{{TIMES-EU}}},
  author = {Kypreos, S. and Blesl, M. and Cosmi, C. and Kanudia, A. and Loulou, R. and Smekens, K. and Salvia, M. and Van Regemorter, D. and Cuomo, V.},
  year = {2008},
  month = may,
  journal = {International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {180--194},
  issn = {1743-7601, 1743-761X},
  doi = {10.2495/SDP-V3-N2-180-194},
  urldate = {2024-05-27},
  abstract = {This paper deals with an experience of cooperative research carried out in the context of EU Sixth Framework Programme's Integrated Project New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability (NEEDS, 2004--2008), and in particular in the research stream 2a `Modelling internalisation strategies including scenario building', co-ordinated by the IMAA, CNR. The main objective of this work is to analyse scenarios with generated partial equilibrium technology rich energy models of 29 countries (EU-25 States plus Iceland, Norway, Romania, Switzerland), integrated into a Pan-European model, capable of analysing the impacts of different policies and price mechanisms, and also evaluating them at technology level both at the country level and from an EU-wide perspective. All these models are characterised by a multi-period structure (base-year: 2000, last milestone year: 2050) and will include, in the Pan-European model, the most important life-cycle emissions, materials, and costs analysed by other NEEDS research streams (life cycle assessment and ExternE). This paper describes the current status of the work carried out in research stream 2a, including the basic methodological assumptions and scenario generation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\8Z6HTMLK\Kypreos et al. - 2008 - TIMES-EU a Pan-European model integrating LCA and.pdf}
}

@article{lamers2023,
  title = {Linking {{Life Cycle}} and {{Integrated Assessment Modeling}} to {{Evaluate Technologies}} in an {{Evolving System Context}}: {{A Power-to-Hydrogen Case Study}} for the {{United States}}},
  shorttitle = {Linking {{Life Cycle}} and {{Integrated Assessment Modeling}} to {{Evaluate Technologies}} in an {{Evolving System Context}}},
  author = {Lamers, Patrick and Ghosh, Tapajyoti and Upasani, Shubhankar and Sacchi, Romain and Daioglou, Vassilis},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {57},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2464--2473},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.2c04246},
  urldate = {2023-04-18},
  abstract = {Carbon-neutral hydrogen (H2) can reduce emissions from hard-to-electrify sectors and contribute to a net-zero greenhouse gas economy by 2050. Power-to-hydrogen (PtH2) technologies based on clean electricity can provide such H2, yet their carbon intensities alone do not provide sufficient basis to judge their potential contribution to a sustainable and just energy transition. Introducing a prospective life cycle assessment framework to decipher the non-linear relationships between future technology and energy system dynamics over time, we showcase its relevance to inform research, development, demonstration, and deployment by comparing two PtH2 technologies to steam methane reforming (SMR) across a series of environmental and resourceuse metrics. We find that the system transitions in the power, cement, steel, and fuel sectors move impacts for both PtH2 technologies to equal or lower levels by 2100 compared to 2020 per kg of H2 except for metal depletion. The decarbonization of the United States power sector by 2035 allows PtH2 to reach parity with SMR at 10 kg of CO2e/kg H2 between 2030 and 2050. Updated H2 radiative forcing and leakage levels only marginally affect these results. Biomass carbon removal and storage power technologies enable carbon-negative H2 after 2040 at about -15 kg of CO2e/kg H2. Still, both PtH2 processes exhibit higher impacts across most other metrics, some of which are worsened by the decarbonization of the power sector. Observed increases in metal depletion and eco- and human toxicity levels can be reduced via PtH2 energy and material use efficiency improvements, but the power sector decarbonization routes also warrant further review and cradle-to-grave assessments to show tradeoffs from a systems perspective.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\NS29SC4W\Lamers et al. - 2023 - Linking Life Cycle and Integrated Assessment Model.pdf}
}

@techreport{langlois-bertrand2021,
  title = {Perspectives {\'E}nerg{\'e}tiques Canadiennes 2021 -- {{Horizon}} 2060},
  author = {{Langlois-Bertrand}, S. and Vaillancourt, K. and Beaumier, L. and Pied, M. and Bahn, O. and Mousseau, N.},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {Institut de l'{\'e}nergie Trottier et P{\^o}le e3c},
  urldate = {2023-06-09},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\E594S9TS\\PEC2021_20211109-1.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\HC7KGEVG\\PEC2021_donnees.zip}
}

@article{lee2020,
  title = {Reviewing the Material and Metal Security of Low-Carbon Energy Transitions},
  author = {Lee, J. and Bazilian, M. and Sovacool, B. and Hund, K. and Jowitt, S.M. and Nguyen, T.P. and M{\aa}nberger, A. and Kah, M. and Greene, S. and Galeazzi, C. and {Awuah-Offei}, K. and Moats, M. and Tilton, J. and Kukoda, S.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {124},
  pages = {109789},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2020.109789},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\JSC9UHHU\Lee et al. - 2020 - Reviewing the material and metal security of low-c.pdf}
}

@article{leluu2020,
  title = {A {{Conceptual Review}} on {{Using Consequential Life Cycle Assessment Methodology}} for the {{Energy Sector}}},
  author = {Le Luu, Quyen and Longo, Sonia and Cellura, Maurizio and Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora and Cusenza, Maria Anna and Franzitta, Vincenzo},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Energies},
  volume = {13},
  number = {12},
  pages = {3076},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en13123076},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Energy is engaged in the supply chain of many economic sectors; therefore, the environmental impacts of the energy sector are indirectly linked to those of other sectors. Consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) is an appropriate methodology to examine the direct and indirect environmental impacts of a product due to technological, economic or social changes. To date, different methodological approaches are proposed, combining economic and environmental models. This paper reviews the basic concept of CLCA and the coupling of economic and environmental models for performing CLCA in the energy sector during the period 2006--2020, with the aim to provide a description of the different tools, highlighting their strengths and limitations. From the review, it emerges that economic modelling tools are frequently used in combination with environmental data for CLCA in the energy sector, including equilibrium, input-output, and dynamic models. Out of these, the equilibrium model is the most widely used, showing some strengths in availability of data and energy system modelling tools. The input-output model allows for describing both direct and indirect effects due to changes in the energy sector, by using publicly available data. The dynamic model is less frequently applied due to its limitation in availability of data and modelling tools, but has recently attracted more attention due to the ability in modelling quantitative and qualitative indicators of sustainability.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\GD5YD99G\Le Luu et al. - 2020 - A Conceptual Review on Using Consequential Life Cy.pdf}
}

@article{levasseur2017,
  title = {Assessing Butanol from Integrated Forest Biorefinery: {{A}} Combined Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Approach},
  shorttitle = {Assessing Butanol from Integrated Forest Biorefinery},
  author = {Levasseur, Annie and Bahn, Olivier and {Beloin-Saint-Pierre}, Didier and Marinova, Mariya and Vaillancourt, Kathleen},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {198},
  pages = {440--452},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.040},
  urldate = {2023-10-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ex-post},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\6SCENRT2\Levasseur et al. - 2017 - Assessing butanol from integrated forest biorefine.pdf}
}

@article{li2020,
  title = {Decarbonization in {{Complex Energy Systems}}: {{A Study}} on the {{Feasibility}} of {{Carbon Neutrality}} for {{Switzerland}} in 2050},
  shorttitle = {Decarbonization in {{Complex Energy Systems}}},
  author = {Li, Xiang and Damartzis, Theodoros and Stadler, Zoe and Moret, Stefano and Meier, Boris and Friedl, Markus and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Frontiers in Energy Research},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {549615},
  issn = {2296-598X},
  doi = {10.3389/fenrg.2020.549615},
  urldate = {2022-06-01},
  abstract = {Decarbonization gained prominence with the witnessed rise of temperature over recent years, particularly in the aftermath of the adoption of the Paris agreement for limiting the temperature increase within 2{$^\circ$}C until 2050. Biogenic resources are explicitly indicated as carbon-neutral from Life Cycle Assessment perspective by the IPCC, shedding light on the carbon-neutral society by applying Biogenic Energy Carbon Capture for creating negative emissions. This article proposes a novel modeling approach by introducing carbon layers with specification on the principal carbon sources and sinks based upon an optimization algorithm, in order to solve the carbon loop issue in a highly interconnected energy system due to increasing penetration of biomass and carbon capture, use, and storage. This study contributes to quantifying biogenic and nonbiogenic carbon footprints, and optimizing the circular economy associated with a net-zero-emission society, in favor of policy-making for sustainable development in long terms.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\5446PPEW\Li et al. - 2020 - Decarbonization in Complex Energy Systems A Study.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{li2022,
  title = {A Dynamic Methodology for Analyzing Energy Transitional Pathways},
  booktitle = {2022 {{IEEE Power}} \& {{Energy Society General Meeting}} ({{PESGM}})},
  author = {Li, Xiang and Schnidrig, Jonas and Souttre, Matthieu and Marechal, Francois},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  pages = {1--5},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  address = {Denver, CO, USA},
  doi = {10.1109/PESGM48719.2022.9916902},
  urldate = {2023-01-25},
  isbn = {978-1-66540-823-3},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\CFEN3Q9G\Li et al. - A dynamic methodology for analyzing energy transit.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{li2022a,
  title = {Towards a Negative-Emission Society},
  author = {Li, Xiang},
  year = {2022},
  urldate = {2023-02-27},
  langid = {english},
  school = {EPFL},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\PRTCC9B2\Li - Towards a negative-emission society.pdf}
}

@article{li2023,
  title = {{{TO UPDATE WHEN PUBLISHED}} - {{Parameterization}} of Energy Pathways towards Negative Emissions: An Analysis on the Critical Transitional Timing and Carbon Mitigation Speed},
  author = {Li, Xiang and Souttre, Matthieu and Schnidrig, Jonas and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2023},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\3SGJKWRS\Li et al. - Parameterization of energy pathways towards negati.pdf}
}

@article{li2023a,
  title = {Integrated Assessment Modelling of Degrowth Scenarios for {{Australia}}},
  author = {Li, Mengyu and Key{\ss}er, Lorenz and Kikstra, Jarmo S. and Hickel, Jason and Brockway, Paul E. and Dai, Nicolas and Malik, Arunima and Lenzen, Manfred},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Economic Systems Research},
  pages = {1--31},
  issn = {0953-5314, 1469-5758},
  doi = {10.1080/09535314.2023.2245544},
  urldate = {2023-09-05},
  abstract = {Empirical evidence increasingly indicates that to achieve sufficiently rapid decarbonisation, high-income economies may need to adopt degrowth policies, scaling down less-necessary forms of production and demand, in addition to rapid deployment of renewables. Calls have been made for degrowth climate mitigation scenarios. However, so far these have not been modelled within the established Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) for future scenario analysis of the energy-economy-emission nexus, partly because the architecture of these IAMs has growth `baked in'. In this work, we modify one of the common IAMs -- MESSAGEix -- to make it compatible with degrowth scenarios. We simulate scenarios featuring low and negative growth in a high-income economy (Australia). We achieve this by detaching MESSAGEix from its monotonically growing utility function, and by formulating an alternative utility function based on non-monotonic preferences. The outcomes from such modified scenarios reflect some characteristics of degrowth futures, including reduced aggregate production and declining energy and emissions. However, further work is needed to explore other key degrowth features such as sectoral differentiation, redistribution, and provisioning system transformation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\48RAUQJH\Li et al. - 2023 - Integrated assessment modelling of degrowth scenar.pdf}
}

@article{li2023b,
  title = {A {{Rapid Method}} for {{Impact Analysis}} of {{Grid-Edge Technologies}} on {{Power Distribution Networks}}},
  author = {Li, Feng and Kocar, Ilhan and {Lesage-Landry}, Antoine},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Power Systems},
  pages = {1--12},
  issn = {0885-8950, 1558-0679},
  doi = {10.1109/TPWRS.2023.3262421},
  urldate = {2023-12-14},
  abstract = {This paper presents a novel rapid estimation method (REM) to perform stochastic impact analysis of grid-edge technologies (GETs) to the power distribution networks. The evolution of network states' probability density functions (PDFs) in terms of GET penetration levels are characterized by the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE). The FPE is numerically solved to compute the PDFs of network states, and a calibration process is also proposed such that the accuracy of the REM is maintained for large-scale distribution networks. The approach is illustrated on a large-scale realistic distribution network using a modified version of the IEEE 8500 feeder, where electric vehicles (EVs) or photovoltaic systems (PVs) are installed at various penetration rates. It is demonstrated from quantitative analyses that the results from our proposed approach have negligible errors comparing with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulations.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9WF47FLY\Li et al. - 2023 - A Rapid Method for Impact Analysis of Grid-Edge Te.pdf}
}

@article{liang2023,
  title = {Increase in Demand for Critical Materials under {{IEA Net-Zero}} Emission by 2050 Scenario},
  author = {Liang, Yanan and Kleijn, Ren{\'e} and Van Der Voet, Ester},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {346},
  pages = {121400},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121400},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\QQVSWSJP\Liang et al. - 2023 - Increase in demand for critical materials under IE.pdf}
}

@article{limleamthong2017,
  title = {Rigorous Analysis of {{Pareto}} Fronts in Sustainability Studies Based on Bilevel Optimization: {{Application}} to the Redesign of the {{UK}} Electricity Mix},
  shorttitle = {Rigorous Analysis of {{Pareto}} Fronts in Sustainability Studies Based on Bilevel Optimization},
  author = {Limleamthong, Phantisa and {Guill{\'e}n-Gos{\'a}lbez}, Gonzalo},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {164},
  pages = {1602--1613},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.134},
  urldate = {2023-02-24},
  abstract = {Multi-objective optimization (MOO) is at present widely used in the design and planning of sustainable systems where economic, environmental and social aspects must be considered simultaneously. The solution of a multi-objective model is given by a set of Pareto optimal points that feature the property that they cannot be improved in one objective without necessarily worsening at least another one. Identifying the best Pareto solution from this set is challenging, particularly when many objectives and decision-makers are involved in the analysis. In this work, we propose the first rigorous method (to the authors' knowledge) based on bilevel optimization to explore Pareto points that allows to: (i) identify in a systematic manner non-dominated solutions which are particularly appealing for decision-makers; (ii) quantify the distance between any (suboptimal) feasible point of a MOO model and its Pareto front (i.e. project suboptimal points onto the Pareto frontier); and (iii) establish improvement targets for suboptimal solutions of a MOO (through projection onto the Pareto front) that if attained would make them optimal. Overall, our method allows analysing Pareto fronts and selecting a final Pareto point to be implemented in practice without the need to define subjective weights in an explicit manner. We illustrate the capabilities of our approach through its application to the optimization of the UK electricity mix according to several economic, environmental and social indicators.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\KNQ45MEZ\Limleamthong and Guillén-Gosálbez - 2017 - Rigorous analysis of Pareto fronts in sustainabili.pdf}
}

@article{limpens2019,
  title = {{{EnergyScope TD}}: {{A}} Novel Open-Source Model for Regional Energy Systems},
  shorttitle = {{{EnergyScope TD}}},
  author = {Limpens, Gauthier and Moret, Stefano and Jeanmart, Herv{\'e} and Mar{\'e}chal, Francois},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {255},
  pages = {113729},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113729},
  urldate = {2022-10-27},
  abstract = {The transition towards more sustainable, fossil-free energy systems is interlinked with a high penetration of stochastic renewables, such as wind and solar. Integrating these new energy resources and technologies will lead to profound structural changes in energy systems, such as an increasing need for storage and a radical electrification of the heating and mobility sectors. To capture the increasing complexity of such future energy systems, new flexible and open-source optimization modelling tools are needed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\B32ZIZV7\Limpens et al. - 2019 - EnergyScope TD A novel open-source model for regi.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{limpens2021,
  title = {Generating Energy Transition Pathways : Application to {{Belgium}}},
  author = {Limpens, Gauthier},
  year = {2021},
  urldate = {2023-03-23},
  abstract = {Humanity is at the beginning of its third energy revolution, after coal and then oil, we are now moving towards the massive use of renewable energies that we knew since the dawn of time. This change will solve several problems, including climate change, as the concentration of greenhouse gases will stabilise. The success of fossil fuels resides in their storability. Indeed, these energies have been stored in the earth for millions of years and can be extracted whenever humans need energy. Their costs of storage are insignificant compared to their costs of extraction. On the contrary, the main renewable energies are intermittent, i.e. wind and solar energy, and thus cannot be stored. However, these energy can be converted into electricity, heat or another form of energy that can be stored. But storing these energy carriers has a significant cost and thus, redefine the design of the energy system. Hence, the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energies - mainly intermittent - requires a complete rethinking of the energy systemsupply chain from resources to demand while including conversion and storage technologies. In particular, to understand what will be the role of storage technologies in this energy system throughout the energy transition period and after. To address this issue, the thesis addresses the following research question: What is the role of energy storage technologies for the energy transition? Focusing on the role of storage requires the inclusion of its environment, i.e. the energy system. Focusing on the energy transition requires a time horizon fromtoday...},
  langid = {english},
  school = {Universit{\'e} catholique de Louvain},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\L5WU6M2Z\Thesis_GL_v210608_submission.pdf}
}

@techreport{loic2023,
  type = {Semester {{Project}}},
  title = {Integrating {{Alpine Photovoltaic Technology}} into {{EnergyScope}}: {{A Case Study}} of {{Switzerland}}'s {{Energy System}}},
  author = {Lo{\"i}c, Fischer and Schnidrig, Jonas and Marechal, Francois},
  year = {2023},
  institution = {EPFL},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\3Q3ZR2RT\Loïc - Integrating Alpine Photovoltaic Technology into EnergyScope A Case Study of Switzerland’s Energy Sy.pdf}
}

@article{lopion2018,
  title = {A Review of Current Challenges and Trends in Energy Systems Modeling},
  author = {Lopion, Peter and Markewitz, Peter and Robinius, Martin and Stolten, Detlef},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {156--166},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.045},
  urldate = {2023-02-07},
  abstract = {The requirements made on energy system models have changed during the last few decades. New challenges have arisen with the implementation of high shares of Renewable Energies. Along with the climate goals of the Paris Agreement, the national greenhouse gas strategies of industrialized countries involve the total restructuring of their energy systems. In order to archive these climate goals, fitted and customized models are required. For that reason, this paper focuses on national energy system models that incorporate all energy sectors and can support governmental decision making processes. The reviewed models are evaluated in terms of their characteristics, like their underlying methodology, analytical approach, time horizon and transformation path analysis, spatial and temporal resolution, licensing and modeling language. These attributes are set in the context of the region and time in which they were developed in order to identify trends in modeling. Furthermore, the revealed trends are set in the context of current challenges in energy systems modeling. Combining specified research questions and specific greenhouse gas reduction strategies, this paper will help researchers and decision makers find appropriate energy system models.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Myopic,Perfect foresight,Review},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\A3MMYR7S\Lopion et al. - 2018 - A review of current challenges and trends in energ.pdf}
}

@article{louis2018,
  title = {Environmental Impact Indicators for the Electricity Mix and Network Development Planning towards 2050 -- {{A POLES}} and {{EUTGRID}} Model},
  author = {Louis, Jean-Nicolas and Allard, St{\'e}phane and Debusschere, Vincent and Mima, Silvana and {Tran-Quoc}, Tuan and Hadjsaid, Nouredine},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {163},
  pages = {618--628},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.093},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  abstract = {Most prospective studies of the European power system rely on least-cost evaluations. This study assessed the influence of environmental impact indicators on prioritisation of `dispatchable' technologies in the European energy mix up to 2050, compared with a purely cost-optimal system based on carbon tax incentives, without suppressing economic growth considerations. A model that combined the Prospective Outlook for Long-term Energy Systems model (POLES) and the European and Transmission Grid Investment and Dispatch model (EUTGRID)was used in the analysis. Combined current and prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies were added to the EUTGRID model to include environmental considerations in the decision-making process. Shifting from an economic to an environmental merit order in prioritisation increased the share of renewables by 2.65\% (with variations between countries) and decreased overall emissions by 9.00\%. This involved a change in grid infrastructure. Investments were found to be more important when optimisation was based on an environmental criterion on new high-voltage AC power lines, which resulted in a 1.50\% increase in the overall cost of the power system. Finally, considering an environmental, instead of an economic, merit order allowed decarbonisation to be achieved slightly faster, resulting in lower cumulative greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\6SWDFF5L\\1-s2.0-S0360544218316293-mmc1.xlsx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\RYVHXDBR\\Louis et al. - 2018 - Environmental impact indicators for the electricit.pdf}
}

@article{louis2020,
  title = {A Multi-Objective Approach to the Prospective Development of the {{European}} Power System by 2050},
  author = {Louis, Jean-Nicolas and Allard, St{\'e}phane and Kotrotsou, Freideriki and Debusschere, Vincent},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {191},
  pages = {116539},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2019.116539},
  urldate = {2023-10-13},
  abstract = {This paper reports the recent work carried out to engage both the environmental impact and the economic indicators on the prioritisation of dispatchable technologies in the European energy mix up to 2050. Those two contradictory indicators are incorporated in a multi-criteria optimisation leading to iterations of two scenario: business as usual and 2  C climate policy. The results present the evolution of the climate change emission versus the operational costs of the power system up to 2050. The yearly electricity mix evaluations allow assessing the long-term development of the European energy system, where a focus is done on variable renewable energy production. It is shown that policy-only solutions, associated with a traditional cost-oriented optimisation, have a limited impact on helping the power sector to reach emission levels targets. Integrating the objective of reducing emissions to the management of power plants would reduce the absolute and cumulative carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. The counterpart is that the system electricity price tends to increase faster thus implying increased social costs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\C9UDFLQA\Louis et al. - 2020 - A multi-objective approach to the prospective deve.pdf}
}

@misc{loulou2005,
  title = {Documentation for the {{TIMES Model}} - {{Part I}}},
  author = {Loulou, Richard and Remne, Uwe and Kanudia, Amit and Lehtila, Antti and Goldstein, Garry},
  year = {2005},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\BYNHJE5M\TIMESDoc-Intro.pdf}
}

@article{loulou2008,
  title = {Final Report on the Harmonization of Methodologies},
  author = {Loulou, R and Van Regemorter, D and Dones, R and {Droste-Franke}, B and Friedrich, R and Frischknecht, R and Hirschberg, S and Krewitt, W and Kypreos, S and Preiss, P},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {NEEDS Deliverable},
  number = {4.2-RS}
}

@article{luderer2019,
  title = {Environmental Co-Benefits and Adverse Side-Effects of Alternative Power Sector Decarbonization Strategies},
  author = {Luderer, Gunnar and Pehl, Michaja and Arvesen, Anders and Gibon, Thomas and Bodirsky, Benjamin L. and {de Boer}, Harmen Sytze and Fricko, Oliver and Hejazi, Mohamad and Humpen{\"o}der, Florian and Iyer, Gokul and Mima, Silvana and Mouratiadou, Ioanna and Pietzcker, Robert C. and Popp, Alexander and {van den Berg}, Maarten and {van Vuuren}, Detlef and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5229},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-13067-8},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {Abstract             A rapid and deep decarbonization of power supply worldwide is required to limit global warming to well below 2\,{$^\circ$}C. Beyond greenhouse gas emissions, the power sector is also responsible for numerous other environmental impacts. Here we combine scenarios from integrated assessment models with a~forward-looking life-cycle assessment to explore how alternative technology choices in power sector decarbonization pathways compare in terms of non-climate environmental impacts at the system level. While all decarbonization pathways yield major environmental co-benefits, we find that the scale of co-benefits as well as profiles of adverse side-effects depend strongly on technology choice. Mitigation scenarios focusing on wind and solar power are more effective in reducing human health impacts compared to those with low renewable energy, while inducing a more pronounced shift away from fossil and toward mineral resource depletion. Conversely, non-climate ecosystem damages are highly uncertain but tend to increase, chiefly due to land requirements for bioenergy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {IAM},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\7QSVVF27\Luderer et al. - 2019 - Environmental co-benefits and adverse side-effects.pdf}
}

@article{lund2010,
  title = {Energy System Analysis of Marginal Electricity Supply in Consequential {{LCA}}},
  author = {Lund, Henrik and Mathiesen, Brian Vad and Christensen, Per and Schmidt, Jannick Hoejrup},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {260--271},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-010-0164-7},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  abstract = {Background, aim and scope This paper discusses the identification of the environmental consequences of marginal electricity supplies in consequential life cycle assessments (LCA). According to the methodology, environmental characteristics can be examined by identifying affected activities, i.e. often the marginal technology. The present `state-of theart' method is to identify the long-term change in power plant capacity, known as the long-term marginal technology, and assume that the marginal supply will be fully produced at such capacity. However, the marginal change in capacity will have to operate as an integrated part of the total energy system. Consequently, it does not necessarily represent the marginal change in electricity supply, which is likely to involve a mixture of different production technologies. Especially when planning future sustainable energy systems involving combined heat and power (CHP) and fluctuating renewable energy sources, such issue becomes very important.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ex-post},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\KAUVDU8T\Lund et al. - 2010 - Energy system analysis of marginal electricity sup.pdf}
}

@article{lund2017,
  title = {Simulation versus {{Optimisation}}: {{Theoretical Positions}} in {{Energy System Modelling}}},
  shorttitle = {Simulation versus {{Optimisation}}},
  author = {Lund, Henrik and Arler, Finn and {\O}stergaard, Poul and Hvelplund, Frede and Connolly, David and Mathiesen, Brian and Karn{\o}e, Peter},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Energies},
  volume = {10},
  number = {7},
  pages = {840},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en10070840},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {In recent years, several tools and models have been developed and used for the design and analysis of future national energy systems. Many of these models focus on the integration of various renewable energy resources and the transformation of existing fossil-based energy systems into future sustainable energy systems. The models are diverse and often end up with different results and recommendations. This paper analyses this diversity of models and their implicit or explicit theoretical backgrounds. In particular, two archetypes are defined and compared. On the one hand, the prescriptive investment optimisation or optimal solutions approach. On the other hand the analytical simulation or alternatives assessment approach. Awareness of the dissimilar theoretical assumption behind the models clarifies differences between the models, explains dissimilarities in results, and provides a theoretical and methodological foundation for understanding and interpreting results from the two archetypes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Optimization,Simulation},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\GV9AP5R8\Lund et al. - 2017 - Simulation versus Optimisation Theoretical Positi.pdf}
}

@article{maes2023,
  title = {Prospective Consequential Life Cycle Assessment: {{Identifying}} the Future Marginal Suppliers Using Integrated Assessment Models},
  shorttitle = {Prospective Consequential Life Cycle Assessment},
  author = {Maes, Ben and Sacchi, Romain and Steubing, Bernhard and Pizzol, Massimo and Audenaert, Amaryllis and Craeye, Bart and Buyle, Matthias},
  year = {2023},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {188},
  pages = {113830},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2023.113830},
  urldate = {2023-10-16},
  abstract = {Previous research efforts have focused on developing prospective life cycle inventory databases that build upon projections from integrated assessment models but were limited to attributional system models. A novel approach is required to construct consequential LCI databases that can be applied consistently on a large scale. To this end, the heuristic approach from Bo Weidema was selected as a basis for this study. This approach has been validated with historical data and was adapted in this study to identify the marginal suppliers in a pro\- spective context. The different steps within the approach were analyzed, and alternative techniques for each step within the heuristic method were proposed. The techniques were tested on the future electricity sector using projections from two integrated assessment models (IMAGE and REMIND). Results show the sensitivity of results on the modelling technique selected in each step. The most sensitive step is the selection of the time interval, with even small changes resulting in a noticeable difference. In addition, the results also showed a substantial difference between the projections of the two models. The relevance and goals of the alternative techniques for each step were discussed to guide users in forming the heuristic method for their study.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\XEDBUDSY\Maes et al. - 2023 - Prospective consequential life cycle assessment I.pdf}
}

@article{majeau-bettez2016,
  title = {Balance Issues in Input--Output Analysis: {{A}} Comment on Physical Inhomogeneity, Aggregation Bias, and Coproduction},
  shorttitle = {Balance Issues in Input--Output Analysis},
  author = {{Majeau-Bettez}, Guillaume and Pauliuk, Stefan and Wood, Richard and Bouman, Evert A. and Str{\o}mman, Anders Hammer},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Ecological Economics},
  volume = {126},
  pages = {188--197},
  issn = {09218009},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.02.017},
  urldate = {2024-03-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\EZAZTN8V\Majeau-Bettez et al. - 2016 - Balance issues in input–output analysis A comment.pdf}
}

@article{manberger2018,
  title = {Global Metal Flows in the Renewable Energy Transition: {{Exploring}} the Effects of Substitutes, Technological Mix and Development},
  shorttitle = {Global Metal Flows in the Renewable Energy Transition},
  author = {M{\aa}nberger, Andr{\'e} and Stenqvist, Bj{\"o}rn},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  volume = {119},
  pages = {226--241},
  issn = {03014215},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.056},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\Y54SHDBR\Månberger and Stenqvist - 2018 - Global metal flows in the renewable energy transit.pdf}
}

@article{martin-gamboa2017,
  title = {A Review of Life-Cycle Approaches Coupled with Data Envelopment Analysis within Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Sustainability Assessment of Energy Systems},
  author = {{Mart{\'i}n-Gamboa}, Mario and Iribarren, Diego and {Garc{\'i}a-Gusano}, Diego and Dufour, Javier},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {150},
  pages = {164--174},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.017},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Achieving sustainable energy systems involves complex decision-making processes. This article addresses the combination of life-cycle (LC) approaches and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for the sustainability assessment of energy systems. Through a literature survey of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) tools for sustainability assessment of energy systems, the most commonly used criteria, data sources and tools are identified. Moreover, a review of the LC {\th} DEA approaches available to date is performed in order to check their convenience to assess energy systems in terms of sustainability. In this sense, the central focus of the article is to explore and elucidate potentials of these combined approaches within sustainability-oriented MCDA in the field of energy. These potentials are mainly associated with the usefulness of sustainability benchmarks for decision-makers and the wide availability of DEA models and life-cycle approaches. Given the growing role of MCDA tools in energy scenario analysis and the innovative trends found in LC {\th} DEA, a novel methodological framework is proposed: enriched energy systems modelling through (i) endogenous integration of life-cycle indicators and (ii) ranking and benchmarking of energy scenarios according to sustainability criteria using dynamic DEA. The LC {\th} DEA concept emerges as a promising methodology to evaluate and rank prospective scenarios in energy planning, thus facilitating decision-making processes towards a sustainable energy future.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\5ZW2IBCV\Martín-Gamboa et al. - 2017 - A review of life-cycle approaches coupled with dat.pdf}
}

@article{martin-gamboa2019,
  title = {Enhanced Prioritisation of Prospective Scenarios for Power Generation in {{Spain}}: {{How}} and Which One?},
  shorttitle = {Enhanced Prioritisation of Prospective Scenarios for Power Generation in {{Spain}}},
  author = {{Mart{\'i}n-Gamboa}, Mario and Iribarren, Diego and {Garc{\'i}a-Gusano}, Diego and Dufour, Javier},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {169},
  pages = {369--379},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.057},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Many countries are implementing energy policies that focus on the transformation of national power generation mixes into highly efficient and sustainable systems. In the case of the Spanish electricity sector, regulations applicable to existing coal thermal plants and the proximity to the end of the lifetime of nuclear power plants arise as critical concerns to be addressed. In this respect, a sensible energy strategy is required in order to fill the future gap of coal and nuclear power plants. Within this context, this work applies a novel methodological framework for the prioritisation of 15 energy scenarios formulated for power generation in Spain. In addition to a business-as-usual scenario, alternative ones are built based on potential restrictions on fossil-based technologies and lifetime extensions of coal and nuclear power plants. The novel multi-criteria decision analysis approach for enhanced, sustainabilityoriented energy planning is based on the combined use of energy systems modelling, life cycle assessment, and data envelopment analysis. Besides conventional techno-economic results, the evolution of life-cycle indicators endogenously integrated into the energy system model of Spain is provided. The subsequent use of a dynamic data envelopment analysis model leads to identify and rank the most suitable energy scenarios according to sustainability criteria.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\V4R39Q28\Martín-Gamboa et al. - 2019 - Enhanced prioritisation of prospective scenarios f.pdf}
}

@article{martin2022,
  title = {New {{Techniques}} for {{Assessing Critical Raw Material Aspects}} in {{Energy}} and {{Other Technologies}}},
  author = {Martin, Nick and {Madrid-L{\'o}pez}, Cristina and {Villalba-M{\'e}ndez}, Gara and {Talens-Peir{\'o}}, Laura},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {56},
  number = {23},
  pages = {17236--17245},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.2c05308},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Transitioning to more sustainable energy technologies is a vital step in the move toward reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. However, several physical constraints could hinder the implementation of these technologies, and many of the raw materials required to produce new infrastructure are scarce, nonrenewable, and nonsubstitutable. Various factors relating to material extraction and processing activities may also affect the security and sociopolitical aspects of future supply lines. Here, we introduce methods for quantifying three key indicators relating to raw material supplies for specific production processes: (1) overall supply risk, (2) environmental impacts from sourcing raw materials, and (3) environmental justice threats at sourcing locations. The use of the proposed methods is demonstrated via an exploratory case study examining projected electricity production scenarios within the European Union. Results suggest that renewable sources of electricity{\dbend}particularly wind, solar, and geothermal technologies{\dbend}are more likely to exacerbate supply risks and environmental issues than other technologies. Furthermore, projected expansions of wind and solar technologies mean that all three indicators appear likely to rise significantly systemwide by 2050. Ultimately, the methods represent a much-needed first attempt at providing practitioners with simple and robust approaches for integrating factors relating specifically to raw material supply into energy modeling and other applications.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\K9GHHHCZ\Martin et al. - 2022 - New Techniques for Assessing Critical Raw Material.pdf}
}

@article{martin2023,
  title = {An Energy Future beyond Climate Neutrality: {{Comprehensive}} Evaluations of Transition Pathways},
  shorttitle = {An Energy Future beyond Climate Neutrality},
  author = {Martin, Nick and {Talens-Peir{\'o}}, Laura and {Villalba-M{\'e}ndez}, Gara and {Nebot-Medina}, Rafael and {Madrid-L{\'o}pez}, Cristina},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {331},
  pages = {120366},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120366},
  urldate = {2023-04-18},
  abstract = {Many of the long-term policy decisions surrounding the sustainable energy transition rely on models that fail to consider environmental impacts and constraints beyond direct greenhouse gas emissions and land occupation. Such assessments offer incomplete and potentially misleading information about the true sustainability issues of transition pathways. Meanwhile, although decision-makers desire greater access to a broader range of envi\- ronmental, material and socio-economic indicators, few tools currently address this gap. Here, we introduce ENBIOS, a framework that integrates a broader range of such indicators into energy modelling and policymaking practices. By calculating sustainability-related indicators across hierarchical levels, we reach deeper un\- derstandings of the potential energy systems to be derived. With ENBIOS, we analyse a series of energy pathways designed by the Calliope energy system optimization model for the European energy system in 2030 and 2050. Although overall emissions will drop significantly, considerable rises in land, labour and critical raw material requirements are likely. These outcomes are further reflected in unfavourable shifts in key metabolic indicators during this period; energy metabolic rate of the system will drop by 25.6\%, land requirement-to-energy will quadruple, while the critical raw material supply risk-to-energy ratio will rise by 74.2\%. Heat from biomass and electricity from wind and solar are shown to be the dominant future processes across most indicator categories.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\7DGWYUXL\Martin et al. - 2023 - An energy future beyond climate neutrality Compre.pdf}
}

@article{mavrotas2009,
  title = {Effective Implementation of the {$\varepsilon$}-Constraint Method in {{Multi-Objective Mathematical Programming}} Problems},
  author = {Mavrotas, George},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Applied Mathematics and Computation},
  volume = {213},
  number = {2},
  pages = {455--465},
  issn = {00963003},
  doi = {10.1016/j.amc.2009.03.037},
  urldate = {2023-12-22},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{maximeagez2023,
  title = {{{IMPACT World}}+ / a Globally Regionalized Method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment},
  author = {Maxime Agez and Laure Patouillard and Elliot Muller},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.8200703},
  urldate = {2024-09-03},
  abstract = {IMPACT World+ is a life cycle impact assessment methodology which characterizes thousands of substances spanning across~many compartments and sub-compartments of the environment. It differentiates 45 impact categories, both at midpoint and damage levels. For more information on IW+, refer to our website (https://www.impactworldplus.org/) and scientific article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01583-0). New in 2.0.1 Version 2.0.1 introduces different versions of IW+, namely, the footprint, expert and midpoint versions of IW+. Updated the midpoint climate change-related categories to the values in the IPCC2021-AR6 Created a characterization factor for unspecified land use type The precise report of changes (flow by flow) can be found here: https://github.com/CIRAIG/IWP\_Reborn/tree/master/Report\_changes Footprint version This version simplifies the interpretation of IW+ to 5 categories: - "Carbon footprint": A carbon footprint indicator, based on the "Climate change, short term" midpoint indicator of IW+. - "Water scarcity footprint": A water scarcity footprint indicator, based on the "Water scarcity" midpoint indicator of IW+. - "Fossil and nuclear energy use": An indicator focusing on the use of fossil and nuclear resources, based on the "Fossil and nuclear energy use" midpoint indicator of IW+. - "Remaining Human health damage": The Human health Area of Protection from which the impacts of Climate change and of Water availability were removed, as these two indicators are covered separately. In addition, all long terms impact categories and emissions are excluded. - "Remaining Ecosystem quality damage": The Ecosystem quality Area of Protection from which the impacts of Climate change and of Water availability were removed, as these two indicators are covered separately. In addition, all long terms impact categories and emissions are excluded. Expert version Version only including the 27 damage categories of IW+. Midpoint version Version only including the 18 midpoint categories of IW+. The different files impact\_world\_plus\_2.0.1\_dev.xlsx - The dev file is a file useful for developers and maintainers of databases/datasets who wish to link IW+ 2.0.1 to their databases/datasets. impact\_world\_plus\_2.0.1\_xxxxx\_version\_ecoinvent\_v3x.xlsx - These Excel files match IW+ to "pure" ecoinvent (as in unaltered by various software) in an Excel table impact\_world\_plus\_2.0.1\_expert\_version\_exiobase.xlsx - This file links IW+ to the Exiobase GMRIO database (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5589597). Once the file is read through pandas (pandas.read\_excel()), the resulting matrix can directly be multiplied to the environmental extensions of exiobase (S, F or F\_Y if using the pymrio package). impact\_world\_plus\_2.0.1\_xxxxx\_version\_openLCA.zip - These files link openLCA elementary flows to IW+. They can be directly downloaded in the openLCA software as a JSON-LD file. impact\_world\_plus\_2.0.1\_xxxxx\_version\_simapro.csv - These file link SimaPro elementary flows to IW+. They can be directly downloaded in the SimaPro software. impact\_world\_plus\_2.0.1\_source.accdb - This is the source file. This file is only useful for the IW+ internal team. It is provided for transparency, as well as for users who wish to generate all these files themselves through the open-access code of IW+. impact\_world\_plus\_201\_xxxxx\_version\_brightway2.\_\_\_\_\_\_.bw2package - These file link brightway2 elementary flows to IW+. The current files work with the biosphere3 version corresponding to ecoinvent3.8. To import the file, you need to pass through brightway itself (it cannot be done through the activity-browser for now). The function to import a .bw2packge file is bw2.BW2Package.import\_file().},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International}
}

@misc{maximeagez2024,
  title = {{{CIRAIG}}/{{Regioinvent}}: {{Regioinvent}} v1.1.3},
  shorttitle = {{{CIRAIG}}/{{Regioinvent}}},
  author = {Maxime Agez},
  year = {2024},
  month = aug,
  doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.11836125},
  urldate = {2024-08-28},
  abstract = {Corrected mistake in regionalization of irrigation technosphere inputs for commodities using the technosphere inputs "market group for irrigation". Changed terminology from biosphere\_regionalized to biosphere\_spatialized.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
  howpublished = {Zenodo}
}

@misc{maximeagez2025,
  title = {{{CIRAIG}}/{{Regioinvent}}: {{Regioinvent}} v1.2},
  shorttitle = {{{CIRAIG}}/{{Regioinvent}}},
  author = {Maxime Agez},
  year = {2025},
  month = jan,
  doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.14617238},
  urldate = {2025-01-14},
  abstract = {Now works with ecoinvent3.9.1 AND ecoinvent3.10 Uses BACI database instead of UN COMTRADE now. BACI is still based on COMTRADE but corrects inconsistencies in the data which we do not have to do anymore. Mapping between ecoinvent and HS codes redone. The previous mapping based on what ecoinvent directly provided had a lot of mistakes in it. Switched from IW+ v2.0.1 to IW+ v2.1. So there is a new regionalized impact category now: Particulate matter formation. + all the corrections brought in the v2.1 of IW+ which you can see here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14041258 Refactoring of the code for spatialization which will make it easier in the future to add other LCIA methods than IW+ Recalculation of the production volume estimates with EXIOBASE. Previously the Z matrix was used, instead of using the x matrix to also include final demand in the ratio. Added detailed methodology description},
  copyright = {BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License},
  howpublished = {Zenodo}
}

@article{mcdowall2018,
  title = {Is the Optimal Decarbonization Pathway Influenced by Indirect Emissions? {{Incorporating}} Indirect Life-Cycle Carbon Dioxide Emissions into a {{European TIMES}} Model},
  shorttitle = {Is the Optimal Decarbonization Pathway Influenced by Indirect Emissions?},
  author = {McDowall, Will and Solano Rodriguez, Baltazar and Usubiaga, Arkaitz and Acosta Fern{\'a}ndez, Jos{\'e}},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {170},
  pages = {260--268},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.132},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Energy system optimization models (ESOMs) such as MARKAL/TIMES are used to support energy policy analysis worldwide. ESOMs cover the full life-cycle of fuels from extraction to end-use, including the associated direct emissions. Nevertheless, the life-cycle emissions of energy equipment and infrastructure are not modelled explicitly. This prevents analysis of questions relating to the relative importance of emissions associated with the build-up of infrastructure and other equipment required for decarbonization.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {i/o},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\K9A639F3\\1-s2.0-S0959652617321303-mmc1.docx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\NJ3RWRH8\\McDowall et al. - 2018 - Is the optimal decarbonization pathway influenced .pdf}
}

@article{mclellan2016,
  title = {Critical {{Minerals}} and {{Energy}}--{{Impacts}} and {{Limitations}} of {{Moving}} to {{Unconventional Resources}}},
  author = {McLellan, Benjamin and Yamasue, Eiji and Tezuka, Tetsuo and Corder, Glen and Golev, Artem and Giurco, Damien},
  year = {2016},
  month = may,
  journal = {Resources},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {19},
  issn = {2079-9276},
  doi = {10.3390/resources5020019},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\LLL79Z4N\McLellan et al. - 2016 - Critical Minerals and Energy–Impacts and Limitatio.pdf}
}

@article{mcnulty2022,
  title = {Byproduct Critical Metal Supply and Demand and Implications for the Energy Transition: {{A}} Case Study of Tellurium Supply and {{CdTe PV}} Demand},
  shorttitle = {Byproduct Critical Metal Supply and Demand and Implications for the Energy Transition},
  author = {McNulty, Brian A. and Jowitt, Simon M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {168},
  pages = {112838},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2022.112838},
  urldate = {2024-02-01},
  abstract = {The transition towards low-emission energy generation, storage and transport will require metal production beyond the already historically high production levels the minerals industry is achieving. This is problematic for several reasons, one being the fact that a majority of the metals required for these technologies are considered critical and are currently supplied as low volume byproducts of other main commodities, such as Cu or Zn. The low volume and specialist nature of these byproduct metals means that economic drivers to optimize their re\- covery are absent, causing these important resources to be lost to mine waste. Thin-film cadmium-telluride (CdTe) photovoltaics continue to be an emerging energy technology alternative to Si-based solar panels. How\- ever, the Cd and Te used to manufacture these panels are almost exclusively sourced as byproducts of either Zn or Cu. This study presents new Te supply and demand scenarios for CdTe photovoltaics based on a new Te material intensity value of 15.2 Mg/GW, outlining potential variations in demand as a result of the energy transition. We also examine how market demand and downstream low-emissions energy generation can be used to drive improved byproduct critical metal recovery from the Cu sector. This improved recovery of byproduct critical metals could ultimately lead toward the more responsible use of finite non-renewable resources as well as providing increased amounts of the raw materials for the power generation infrastructure required by the energy transition.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ARZTBESF\McNulty and Jowitt - 2022 - Byproduct critical metal supply and demand and imp.pdf}
}

@misc{menacho2024,
  title = {Switzerland's Net Zero Objective: Quantifying Impacts beyond Borders},
  shorttitle = {Switzerland's Net Zero Objective},
  author = {Menacho, Alvaro Jose Hahn and Sacchi, Romain and Bauer, Christian and Moretti, Christian and Burgherr, Peter and Panos, Evangelos},
  year = {2024},
  month = oct,
  publisher = {In Review},
  doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-4915252/v1},
  urldate = {2024-12-16},
  abstract = {Abstract                        National energy system models are vital to climate policy. However, they do not assess environmental impacts beyond territorial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Here, we evaluate a territorial net zero GHG emissions energy scenario for Switzerland coupled with life-cycle assessment to quantify non-domestic environmental burdens. We stress the limited insights from considering territorial GHG emissions only. Indeed, significant GHG emissions persist outside of Switzerland by 2050 ({\textasciitilde}3-5 Mtons CO             2             -eq./year) because of imports and energy related infrastructure, even though domestic emissions are reduced to net zero. Global climate policies influence the extra-territorial GHG emissions Switzerland is responsible for. Additionally, we must broaden the spectrum of environmental indicators in the context of many countries' ambitions to achieve net zero goals. Our findings highlight the trade-offs involved, showing how environmental impacts other than those on climate change (ecosystem impacts, air pollution, natural resource use) could increase and shift from Switzerland to the rest of the world as the country electrifies its economy.},
  archiveprefix = {In Review},
  copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\FTK6XCMA\Menacho et al. - 2024 - Switzerland's net zero objective quantifying impacts beyond borders.pdf}
}

@article{mendozabeltran2018,
  title = {When the {{Background Matters}}: {{Using Scenarios}} from {{Integrated Assessment Models}} in {{Prospective Life Cycle Assessment}}},
  shorttitle = {When the {{Background Matters}}},
  author = {Mendoza Beltran, Angelica and Cox, Brian and Mutel, Chris and Vuuren, Detlef P. and Font Vivanco, David and Deetman, Sebastiaan and Edelenbosch, Oreane Y. and Guin{\'e}e, Jeroen and Tukker, Arnold},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {64--79},
  issn = {1088-1980, 1530-9290},
  doi = {10.1111/jiec.12825},
  urldate = {2023-02-16},
  abstract = {Prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) needs to deal with the large epistemological uncertainty about the future to support more robust future environmental impact assessments of technologies. This study proposes a novel approach that systematically changes the background processes in a prospective LCA based on scenarios of an integrated assessment model (IAM), the IMAGE model. Consistent worldwide scenarios from IMAGE are evaluated in the life cycle inventory using ecoinvent v3.3. To test the approach, only the electricity sector was changed in a prospective LCA of an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and an electric vehicle (EV) using six baseline and mitigation climate scenarios until 2050. This case study shows that changes in the electricity background can be very important for the environmental impacts of EV. Also, the approach demonstrates that the relative environmental performance of EV and ICEV over time is more complex and multifaceted than previously assumed. Uncertainty due to future developments manifests in different impacts depending on the product (EV or ICEV), the impact category, and the scenario and year considered. More robust prospective LCAs can be achieved, particularly for emerging technologies, by expanding this approach to other economic sectors beyond electricity background changes and mobility applications as well as by including uncertainty and changes in foreground parameters. A more systematic and structured composition of future inventory databases driven by IAM scenarios helps to acknowledge epistemological uncertainty and to increase the temporal consistency of foreground and background systems in LCAs of emerging technologies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\NFRD49S9\Mendoza Beltran et al. - 2020 - When the Background Matters Using Scenarios from .pdf}
}

@article{menten2015,
  title = {Lessons from the Use of a Long-Term Energy Model for Consequential Life Cycle Assessment: {{The BTL}} Case},
  shorttitle = {Lessons from the Use of a Long-Term Energy Model for Consequential Life Cycle Assessment},
  author = {Menten, Fabio and {Tchung-Ming}, St{\'e}phane and Lorne, Daphn{\'e} and Bouvart, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique},
  year = {2015},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {942--960},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.072},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  abstract = {The main objective of this study is to develop a methodology adapted to the prospective environmental evaluation of actions in the energy sector. It describes how a bottom-up long-term energy model can be used in a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework. The proposed methodology is applied in a case study about the global warming impacts occurring as a consequence of the future production of synthetic diesel from biomass (``biomass to liquids''---BTL), a second-generation biofuel, in France.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\RWHTB9F4\Menten et al. - 2015 - Lessons from the use of a long-term energy model f.pdf}
}

@article{messagie2014,
  title = {The Hourly Life Cycle Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation in {{Belgium}}, Bringing a Temporal Resolution in Life Cycle Assessment},
  author = {Messagie, Maarten and Mertens, Jan and Oliveira, Luis and Rangaraju, Surendraprabu and Sanfelix, Javier and Coosemans, Thierry and Van Mierlo, Joeri and Macharis, Cathy},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {134},
  pages = {469--476},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.071},
  urldate = {2023-02-27},
  abstract = {In the booming research on the environmental footprint of, for example, electrical vehicles, heat pumps and other (smart) electricity consuming appliances, there is a clear need to know the hourly CO2 content of one kW h of electricity. Since the CO2 footprint of electricity can vary every hour; the footprint of for example an electric vehicle is influenced by the time when the vehicle is charged. With the availability of the hourly CO2 content of one kW h, a decision support tool is provided to fully exploit the advantages of a future smart grid. In this paper, the GWP (Global Warming Potential) per kW h for each hour of the year is calculated for Belgium using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. This enables evaluating the influence of the electricity demand on the greenhouse gas emissions. Because of the LCA approach, the CO2 equivalent content does not only reflect activities related to the production of the electricity within a power plant, but includes carbon emissions related to the building of the infrastructure and the fuel supply chain. The considered feedstocks are nuclear combustible, oil, coal, natural gas, biowaste, blast furnace gas, and wood. Furthermore, renewable electricity production technologies like photovoltaic cells, hydro installations and wind turbines are covered by the research. The production of the wind turbines and solar panels is more carbon intensive (expressed per generated kW h of electricity) than the production of other conventional power plants, due to the lower electricity output. The overall average GWP per kW h is 0.184 kg CO2eq/kW h. Throughout the 2011 this value ranges from a minimum of 0.102 kg CO2eq/kW h to a maximum of 0.262 kg CO2eq/kW h depending on the timing.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\GPWZ6FHJ\Messagie et al. - 2014 - The hourly life cycle carbon footprint of electric.pdf}
}

@article{meunier2020,
  title = {Alternative Production of Methanol from Industrial {{CO2}}},
  author = {Meunier, Nicolas and Chauvy, Remi and Mouhoubi, Seloua and Thomas, Diane and De Weireld, Guy},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Renewable Energy},
  volume = {146},
  pages = {1192--1203},
  issn = {09601481},
  doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.010},
  urldate = {2023-08-23},
  abstract = {Carbon dioxide valorization into value added products have become subject to much study to reduce industrial CO2 emissions and fossil energy resource consumption. In this context, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and highlight the interest of CO2 conversion into methanol through a complete techno-economic and environmental assessment of the entire process chain. The integrated process, successfully implemented in Aspen Plus{\textregistered}, is designed to treat the CO2 coming from a conventional cement plant. A MEA-based CO2 capture process is considered, and the captured CO2 is then directly sent to the conversion unit for its catalytic conversion. Consequently, combining the two units leads to relevant integrations, especially regarding the reuse of the heat provided by the exothermal methanol reactions for the regeneration of the CO2 capture solvent. An economic assessment is proposed to estimate the operational and investment costs, as well as the net present value, which demonstrates that the economic feasibility strongly depends on electricity and H2 production costs. A Life Cycle Analysis method is finally performed to identify the main environmental hotspots. The underlying process design offers a significant reduction in greenhouse gases (besides other categories) when compared to the conventional fossil production from natural gas.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\IAP4R5KX\Meunier et al. - 2020 - Alternative production of methanol from industrial.pdf}
}

@article{miguelf.astudillo2018,
  title = {Integrating {{Energy System Models}} in {{Life Cycle Management}}},
  author = {{Miguel F. Astudillo} and Astudillo, Miguel F. and {Kathleen Vaillancourt} and Vaillancourt, Kathleen and {Pierre-Olivier Pineau} and Pineau, Pierre-Olivier and {Ben Amor} and Amor, Ben},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  pages = {249--259},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-66981-6_28},
  abstract = {The energy supply chain is the backbone of industrialised societies, but it is also one of the leading causes of global environmental burden. Life cycle management (LCM) and life cycle assessment (LCA) are increasingly being used in combination with energy system optimisation models (ESOM) to better represent the energy sector and its dynamics, and facilitate better decision-making. The integration of ESOM and LCA can enable powerful analyses, but not without difficulties. In this chapter, we review studies linking a well-known bottom-up ESOM (TIMES) with LCA databases and identify the principal challenges and how they have been addressed. One of the main integration challenges is the identification of equivalent processes between life cycle inventories and ESOM databases: the mapping problem. Other concomitant issues such as double counting and parameter consistency have been identified and are also investigated.},
  annotation = {MAG ID: 2809978974},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\2LYZZ8NH\Miguel F. Astudillo et al. - 2018 - Integrating Energy System Models in Life Cycle Man.pdf}
}

@article{mimica2022,
  title = {A Robust Risk Assessment Method for Energy Planning Scenarios on Smart Islands under the Demand Uncertainty},
  author = {Mimica, Marko and Gim{\'e}nez De Urtasun, Laura and Kraja{\v c}i{\'c}, Goran},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {240},
  pages = {122769},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2021.122769},
  urldate = {2024-03-29},
  abstract = {Energy systems with a high share of variable renewable energy are more vulnerable to sudden changes in the system operation. This is especially emphasized on small systems such as energy systems on geographical islands. Because of these reasons, there is a need for quantifying the risk of energy scenarios of such systems. This paper presents a novel robust risk assessment method under demand uncertainty for energy planning scenarios for the islands. The method uses graph theory for the representation of power system topology. The Poisson distribution is used for calculating the probability of power system element failure. The robust modelling approach is applied by the introduction of auxiliary variables and compared to the deterministic model results. Four energy planning scenarios for Unije island are modelled and subjugated to several power system outages resulting in a risk vector calculated as the product of probability vector and damage matrix. The study also presents a zero-import risk energy planning scenario for Unije island that is achieved for a system of 0.5 MW photovoltaic plant and 3.55 MWh battery storage system.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\DUWAEBMH\Mimica et al. - 2022 - A robust risk assessment method for energy plannin.pdf}
}

@techreport{ministeredudeveloppementdurabledelenvironnementetdelaluttecontreleschangementsclimatiques2015,
  title = {Cible de R{\'e}duction d'{\'e}missions de Gaz {\`a} Effet de Serre Du {{Qu{\'e}bec}} Pour 2030 -- {{Document}} de Consultation},
  author = {{Minist{\`e}re du D{\'e}veloppement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques}},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {51},
  urldate = {2023-05-12},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\VLBJ3CZE\1363-20150917.pdf}
}

@article{moni2020,
  title = {Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Technologies: {{A}} Review},
  shorttitle = {Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Technologies},
  author = {Moni, Sheikh Moniruzzaman and Mahmud, Roksana and High, Karen and Carbajales-Dale, Michael},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {52--63},
  issn = {1088-1980, 1530-9290},
  doi = {10.1111/jiec.12965},
  urldate = {2023-04-13},
  abstract = {In recent literature, prospective application of life cycle assessment (LCA) at low technology readiness levels (TRL) has gained immense interest for its potential to enable development of emerging technologies with improved environmental performances. However, limited data, uncertain functionality, scale up issues and uncertainties make it very challenging for the standard LCA guidelines to evaluate emerging technologies and requires methodological advances in the current LCA framework. In this paper, we review published literature to identify major methodological challenges and key research efforts to resolve these issues with a focus on recent developments in five major areas: cross-study comparability, data availability and quality, scale-up issues, uncertainty and uncertainty communication, and assessment time. We also provide a number of recommendations for future research to support the evaluation of emerging technologies at low technology readiness levels: (a) the development of a consistent framework and reporting methods for LCA of emerging technologies; (b) the integration of other tools with LCA, such as multicriteria decision analysis, risk analysis, technoeconomic analysis; and (c) the development of a data repository for emerging materials, processes, and technologies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\VG2ZDIHI\Moni et al. - 2020 - Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies A .pdf}
}

@article{moreau2019,
  title = {Enough {{Metals}}? {{Resource Constraints}} to {{Supply}} a {{Fully Renewable Energy System}}},
  shorttitle = {Enough {{Metals}}?},
  author = {Moreau, Vincent and Dos Reis, Piero and Vuille, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Resources},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {29},
  issn = {2079-9276},
  doi = {10.3390/resources8010029},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  abstract = {The transition from a fossil fuel base to a renewable energy system relies on materials and, in particular, metals to manufacture and maintain energy conversion technologies. Supply constraints shift from fossil fuels to mineral resources. We assess the availability of metal reserves and resources to build an energy system based exclusively on renewable energy technologies. A mass balance of 29 metals embodied in renewable energy technologies is compiled in order to satisfy global energy demand, based on five authoritative energy scenarios for 2050. We expand upon these scenarios by modeling the storage capacity needed to support high shares of intermittent renewables (wind and solar). The metal requirements are then compared with the current demand and proven reserves and ultimate mineable resources. This allows us to distinguish between constraints related to renewable energy sources from those linked to technology mixes. The results show that proven reserves and, in specific cases, resources of several metals are insufficient to build a renewable energy system at the predicted level of global energy demand by 2050. The comparison between reserves and resources shows that scarcity relates sometimes more to techno economic supply than to raw material availability. Our results also highlight the importance of substitution among technologies and metals as well as the limited impact of recycling on the depletion of scarce metals.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\56CRRP84\Moreau et al. - 2019 - Enough Metals Resource Constraints to Supply a Fu.pdf}
}

@article{moret2016,
  title = {Robust {{Optimization}} for {{Strategic Energy Planning}}},
  author = {Moret, Stefano and Bierlaire, Michel and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Informatica},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {625--648},
  issn = {0868-4952, 1822-8844},
  doi = {10.15388/Informatica.2016.103},
  urldate = {2024-04-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\88PPPLXD\Moret et al. - 2016 - Robust Optimization for Strategic Energy Planning.pdf}
}

@article{moret2017,
  title = {Characterization of Input Uncertainties in Strategic Energy Planning Models},
  author = {Moret, Stefano and Codina Giron{\`e}s, V{\'i}ctor and Bierlaire, Michel and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {202},
  pages = {597--617},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.106},
  urldate = {2024-03-29},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\TBQX8AAT\Moret et al. - 2017 - Characterization of input uncertainties in strateg.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{moret2017a,
  title = {Strategic Energy Planning under Uncertainty},
  author = {Moret, Stefano},
  year = {2017},
  langid = {english},
  school = {EPFL},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\8H2BF2H7\Moret - Strategic energy planning under uncertainty.pdf}
}

@article{moret2020,
  title = {Decision Support for Strategic Energy Planning: {{A}} Robust Optimization Framework},
  shorttitle = {Decision Support for Strategic Energy Planning},
  author = {Moret, Stefano and Babonneau, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Bierlaire, Michel and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {European Journal of Operational Research},
  volume = {280},
  number = {2},
  pages = {539--554},
  issn = {03772217},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ejor.2019.06.015},
  urldate = {2024-03-29},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\G2NJSNHI\\1-s2.0-S0377221719304904-mmc1.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\NWRULE5I\\Moret et al. - 2020 - Decision support for strategic energy planning A .pdf}
}

@article{morris1991,
  title = {Factorial {{Sampling Plans}} for {{Preliminary Computational Experiments}}},
  author = {Morris, Max D.},
  year = {1991},
  month = may,
  journal = {Technometrics},
  volume = {33},
  number = {2},
  pages = {161--174},
  issn = {0040-1706, 1537-2723},
  doi = {10.1080/00401706.1991.10484804},
  urldate = {2023-09-22},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{mosser2022,
  title = {{{GRMI4}}.0: A Guide for Representing and Modeling {{Industry}} 4.0 Business Processes},
  shorttitle = {{{GRMI4}}.0},
  author = {Mosser, J{\'e}r{\'e}mie and Pellerin, Robert and Bourgault, Mario and Danjou, Christophe and Perrier, Nathalie},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Business Process Management Journal},
  volume = {28},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1047--1070},
  issn = {1463-7154},
  doi = {10.1108/BPMJ-12-2021-0758},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to propose a new business process representation adapted to the needs of Industry 4.0 to facilitate the implementation of technological solutions in the construction sector. Design/methodology/approach -- This work is based on the Design Research Methodology approach and includes four phases: (1) a literature review on the main business process modeling standards and their ability to take into account the specificities of Industry 4.0; (2) the identification of the attributes to be considered to model Industry 4.0 processes; (3) the development of a mapping model for Industry 4.0; and (4) the validation of the model using a case study from the construction sector.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\HMWJDCHL\Mosser et al. - 2022 - GRMI4.0 a guide for representing and modeling Ind.pdf}
}

@article{mutel2017,
  title = {Brightway: {{An}} Open Source Framework for {{Life Cycle Assessment}}},
  shorttitle = {Brightway},
  author = {Mutel, Chris},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {2},
  number = {12},
  pages = {236},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.00236},
  urldate = {2023-11-22},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\XYLF8BVB\Mutel - 2017 - Brightway An open source framework for Life Cycle.pdf}
}

@article{naegler2022,
  title = {Life Cycle-Based Environmental Impacts of Energy System Transformation Strategies for {{Germany}}: {{Are}} Climate and Environmental Protection Conflicting Goals?},
  shorttitle = {Life Cycle-Based Environmental Impacts of Energy System Transformation Strategies for {{Germany}}},
  author = {Naegler, T. and Buchgeister, J. and Hottenroth, H. and Simon, S. and Tietze, I. and Viere, T. and Junne, T.},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Energy Reports},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {4763--4775},
  issn = {23524847},
  doi = {10.1016/j.egyr.2022.03.143},
  urldate = {2023-04-18},
  abstract = {In the development of climate-friendly energy system transformation strategies it is often ignored that environmental protection encompasses more than climate protection alone. There is therefore a risk of developing transformation strategies whose climate friendliness comes at the expense of higher other environmental impacts. Consequently, an assessment of environmental impacts of energy system transformation strategies is required if undesired environmental side effects of the energy system transformation are to be avoided and transformation strategies are to be developed that are both climate and environmentally friendly. In this paper, ten structurally different transformation strategies for the German energy system were re-modeled (in a harmonized manner). Five of these scenarios describe pathways for a reduction of direct, energy related CO2 emissions by 80\%, the other five by 95\%. Life cycle-based environmental impacts of the scenarios were assessed by coupling the scenario results with data from a life cycle inventory database focusing on energy and transport technologies. The results show that the transformation to a climate-friendly energy system reduces environmental impacts in many impact categories. However, exceptions occur with respect to the consumption of mineral resources, land use and certain human health indicators, which could increase with decreasing CO2 emissions. The comparison of environmental impacts of moderately ambitious strategies (80\% CO2 reduction) with very ambitious strategies (95\% CO2 reduction) shows that there is a risk of increasing environmental impacts with increasing climate protection, although very ambitious strategies do not necessarily come along with higher environmental impacts than moderately ambitious strategies. A reduction of environmental impacts could be achieved by a moderate and -- as far as possible --direct electrification of heat and transport, a balanced technology mix for electricity generation, by reducing the number and size of passenger cars and by reducing the environmental impacts from the construction of these vehicles.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\Z5HQCD4S\Naegler et al. - 2022 - Life cycle-based environmental impacts of energy s.pdf}
}

@article{nakata2004,
  title = {Energy-Economic Models and the Environment},
  author = {Nakata, Toshihiko},
  year = {2004},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Progress in Energy and Combustion Science},
  volume = {30},
  number = {4},
  pages = {417--475},
  issn = {03601285},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pecs.2004.03.001},
  urldate = {2023-03-01},
  abstract = {The current century---an era of environmental awareness---requires energy resources to satisfy the world's future energy demands. We can use current energy use scenarios to help us to understand how energy systems could change. Such scenarios are not an exercise in prophecy; rather they are designed to challenge our thinking in order to make better decisions today. The conventional modeling approach tends to extrapolate changes in energy consumption from historical trends; however, technology innovation sometimes causes drastic reforms in energy systems in the industrial, commercial, residential and transportation sectors. The economic aspects are another key issue to be considered in order to understand future changes in energy systems. The quantity of the energy supply is set to meet the price of the energy demand of end users. This occurs on the condition that the price of the energy supply equates with the price on the demand side under the market mechanism. This paper reviews the various issues associated with the energy-economic model and its application to national energy policies, renewable energy systems, and the global environment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bottom-up,Top-down},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\NG5KREUH\Nakata - 2004 - Energy-economic models and the environment.pdf}
}

@article{nan2022,
  title = {Does Globalization Change the Renewable Energy Consumption and {{CO2}} Emissions Nexus for {{OECD}} Countries? {{New}} Evidence Based on the Nonlinear {{PSTR}} Model},
  shorttitle = {Does Globalization Change the Renewable Energy Consumption and {{CO2}} Emissions Nexus for {{OECD}} Countries?},
  author = {Nan, Shijing and Huang, Jinning and Wu, Jianluan and Li, Cunpu},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Energy Strategy Reviews},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {100995},
  issn = {2211467X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.esr.2022.100995},
  urldate = {2024-02-05},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\8WJA95GI\Nan et al. - 2022 - Does globalization change the renewable energy con.pdf}
}

@misc{nationalrenewableenergylaboratorynrel2023,
  title = {2023 {{Annual Technology Baseline}} ({{ATB}}) {{Cost}} and {{Performance Data}} for {{Electricity Generation Technologies}}},
  author = {{National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)}},
  year = {2023}
}

@misc{naturalresourcescanada,
  title = {Energy {{Use Statistics}}},
  author = {{Natural Resources Canada}},
  howpublished = {https://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/home.cfm}
}

@misc{naturalresourcescanadaa,
  title = {Comprehensive {{Energy Use Database}}},
  author = {{Natural Resources Canada}},
  urldate = {2023-06-09},
  howpublished = {https://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/menus/trends/comprehensive\_tables/list.cfm}
}

@article{naumann2024,
  title = {Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment of {{European}} Electricity Generation Based on a Retrospective Approach},
  author = {Naumann, Gabriel and Famiglietti, Jacopo and Schropp, Elke and Motta, Mario and Gaderer, Matthias},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
  volume = {311},
  pages = {118520},
  issn = {01968904},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118520},
  urldate = {2024-05-17},
  abstract = {The composition of electricity varies significantly throughout the year. As a result, the environmental impact of the electricity mix is also highly variable. However, most LCA studies assume a static annual average electricity mix and neglect these fluctuations. Therefore, this study examines the time-varying environmental impacts of electricity generation in Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Poland using a dynamic life cycle assessment. It shows that the impacts of environmental categories vary considerably depending on when the electricity is generated, resulting from the different energy generation patterns throughout the day and year. In particular, the integration of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems and wind turbines leads to significant fluctuations of environmental impacts. To determine the magnitude of the variation, coefficients of variation are calculated for each environmental impact category for a representative year. High coefficients of variation of more than 20\% can be observed for several environmental impact categories. In addition, both a productionbased and a consumption-based approach were used for the dynamic life cycle assessment. Comparing these two approaches shows significant differences in impact category results, for example, for Italy, with an average of 15\%. These differences highlight the importance of including cross-border electricity flows in assessing the environmental profile of electricity. Overall, the results of the study emphasize the need to implement dynamic electricity mix models in life cycle assessments, especially for systems with time-varying electricity consumption. The provided Excel spreadsheet files with hourly time profiles of environmental impacts for the countries studied facilitate the adoption of the developed models by other practitioners and provide a valuable tool for assessing environmental impacts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\55EPI3DR\Naumann et al. - 2024 - Dynamic life cycle assessment of European electric.pdf}
}

@article{navas-anguita2018,
  title = {Prospective {{Life Cycle Assessment}} of the {{Increased Electricity Demand Associated}} with the {{Penetration}} of {{Electric Vehicles}} in {{Spain}}},
  author = {{Navas-Anguita}, Zaira and {Garc{\'i}a-Gusano}, Diego and Iribarren, Diego},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {Energies},
  volume = {11},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1185},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en11051185},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {The penetration of electric vehicles (EV) seems to be a forthcoming reality in the transport sector worldwide, involving significant increases in electricity demand. However, many countries such as Spain have not yet set binding policy targets in this regard. When compared to a business-as-usual situation, this work evaluates the life-cycle consequences of the increased electricity demand of the Spanish road transport technology mix until 2050. This is done by combining Life Cycle Assessment and Energy Systems Modelling under three alternative scenarios based on the low, medium, or high penetration rate of EV. In all cases, EV deployment is found to involve a relatively small percentage ({$<$}4\%) of the final electricity demand. Wind power and waste-to-energy plants arise as the main technologies responsible for meeting the increased electricity demand associated with EV penetration. When considering a high market penetration (20 million EV by 2050), the highest annual impacts potentially caused by the additional electricity demand are 0.93 Mt CO2 eq, 0.25 kDALY, and 30.34 PJ in terms of climate change, human health, and resources, respectively. Overall, EV penetration is concluded to slightly affect the national power generation sector, whereas it could dramatically reduce the life-cycle impacts associated with conventional transport.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\2H6F2P2R\Navas-Anguita et al. - 2018 - Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of the Increased.pdf}
}

@article{navas-anguita2020,
  title = {Prospective Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment of a National Hydrogen Production Mix for Road Transport},
  author = {{Navas-Anguita}, Zaira and {Garc{\'i}a-Gusano}, Diego and Dufour, Javier and Iribarren, Diego},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {259},
  pages = {114121},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114121},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Fuel cell electric vehicles arise as an alternative to conventional vehicles in the road transport sector. They could contribute to decarbonising the transport system because they have no direct CO2 emissions during the use phase. In fact, the life-cycle environmental performance of hydrogen as a transportation fuel focuses on its production. In this sense, through the case study of Spain, this article prospectively assesses the techno-economic and environmental performance of a national hydrogen production mix by following a methodological framework based on energy systems modelling enriched with endogenous carbon footprint indicators. Taking into account the need for a hydrogen economy based on clean options, alternative scenarios characterised by carbon footprint restrictions with respect to a fossil-based scenario dominated by steam methane reforming are evaluated. In these scenarios, the steam reforming of natural gas still arises as the key hydrogen production technology in the short term, whereas water electrolysis is the main technology in the medium and long term. Furthermore, in scenarios with very restrictive carbon footprint limits, biomass gasification also appears as a key hydrogen production technology in the long term. In the alternative scenarios assessed, the functional substitution of hydrogen for conventional fossil fuels in the road transport sector could lead to high greenhouse gas emission savings, ranging from 36 to 58 Mt CO2 eq in 2050. Overall, these findings and the model structure and characterisation developed for the assessment of hydrogen energy scenarios are expected to be relevant not only to the specific case study of Spain but also to analysts and decision-makers in a large number of countries facing similar concerns.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\7L6VDSMN\Navas-Anguita et al. - 2020 - Prospective techno-economic and environmental asse.pdf}
}

@techreport{naviusresearchinc.2023,
  title = {{{gTech-IESD}}: {{A}} Fully Integrated Energy-Economy-Electricity Model},
  author = {{Navius Research Inc.}},
  year = {2023},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ACA3VTRS\gTech-IESD A fully integrated energy-economy-elec.pdf}
}

@misc{ncstateuniversity2020,
  title = {Temoa {{Project Documentation}}},
  author = {{NC State University}},
  year = {2020},
  urldate = {2023-05-19},
  howpublished = {https://temoacloud.com/temoaproject/index.html\#}
}

@article{neumann2022,
  title = {Material Efficiency and Global Pathways towards 100\% Renewable Energy Systems -- System Dynamics Findings on Potentials and Constraints},
  author = {Neumann, Kai and {Hirschnitz-Garbers}, Martin},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1--20},
  issn = {18489257},
  doi = {10.13044/j.sdewes.d10.0427},
  urldate = {2024-01-30},
  abstract = {Global climate mitigation requires a renewable energy transition. Due to interactions between energy demand and material use, improvements in material efficiency promise to contribute to climate mitigation. System dynamics modelling was applied to test four different scenarios toward a 100\% renewable energy world to analyse such potentials. The model findings show that a 100\% renewable energy world with zero greenhouse gas emissions seems feasible, but the chosen pathway matters. Material efficiency reduces emissions and increases the availability of secondary raw materials for renewable energy generation. However, only absolute reductions in energy demand through sufficiency-oriented lifestyles and sustainable choices in food, housing, and mobility seem to achieve the emission reductions needed to stay within 1.5-degree warming. International policies are needed to create equitable opportunities for decent lifestyles in a safe and just planetary space.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\JTLHWFRH\Neumann and Hirschnitz-Garbers - 2022 - Material efficiency and global pathways towards 10.pdf}
}

@article{nicolas2021,
  title = {Robust {{Enough}}? {{Exploring Temperature-Constrained Energy Transition Pathways}} under {{Climate Uncertainty}}},
  shorttitle = {Robust {{Enough}}?},
  author = {Nicolas, Claire and {Tchung-Ming}, St{\'e}phane and Bahn, Olivier and Delage, Erick},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Energies},
  volume = {14},
  number = {24},
  pages = {8595},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en14248595},
  urldate = {2024-03-26},
  abstract = {In this paper, we study how uncertainties weighing on the climate system impact the optimal technological pathways the world energy system should take to comply with stringent mitigation objectives. We use the TIAM-World model that relies on the TIMES modelling approach. Its climate module is inspired by the DICE model. Using robust optimization techniques, we assess the impact of the climate system parameter uncertainty on energy transition pathways under various climate constraints. Unlike other studies we consider all the climate system parameters which is of primary importance since: (i) parameters and outcomes of climate models are all inherently uncertain (parametric uncertainty); and (ii) the simplified models at stake summarize phenomena that are by nature complex and non-linear in a few, sometimes linear, equations so that structural uncertainty is also a major issue. The use of robust optimization allows us to identify economic energy transition pathways under climate constraints for which the outcome scenarios remain relevant for any realization of the climate parameters. In this sense, transition pathways are made robust. We find that the abatement strategies are quite different between the two temperature targets. The most stringent one is reached by investing massively in carbon removal technologies such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) which have yields much lower than traditional fossil fuelled technologies.},
  copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\RBRIFLHG\Nicolas et al. - 2021 - Robust Enough Exploring Temperature-Constrained E.pdf}
}

@techreport{nrel2021,
  title = {Life {{Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions}} from {{Electricity Generation}}: {{Update}}},
  author = {{NREL}},
  year = {2021},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\J2DNAV89\Nicholson and Heath - Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electrici.pdf}
}

@article{nuortimo2018,
  title = {Opinion Mining Approach to Study Media-Image of Energy Production. {{Implications}} to Public Acceptance and Market Deployment},
  author = {Nuortimo, Kalle and H{\"a}rk{\"o}nen, Janne},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {210--217},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.018},
  urldate = {2023-11-23},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\YTLBG6ZL\Nuortimo and Härkönen - 2018 - Opinion mining approach to study media-image of en.pdf}
}

@article{pan2023,
  title = {Energy and Sustainable Development Nexus: {{A}} Review},
  shorttitle = {Energy and Sustainable Development Nexus},
  author = {Pan, Xunzhang and Shao, Tianming and Zheng, Xinzhu and Zhang, Yanru and Ma, Xueqing and Zhang, Qi},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {Energy Strategy Reviews},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {101078},
  issn = {2211467X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.esr.2023.101078},
  urldate = {2024-01-29},
  abstract = {As the global trend toward affordable, clean and efficient energy systems continues to accelerate, there is a real need to enhance the holistic understanding of the nexus between energy and sustainable development. Based on bibliometrics, this review collates and connects the published evidence on the energy and sustainable devel\- opment nexus, and shows that: 1) there has been a rapid increase in research on the nexus between energy and sustainable development in recent years; 2) nexus research methods mainly include network analysis model, econometric model, input-output model, system dynamics model, and integrated assessment model; 3) lowcarbon, efficient and modern energy development has the potential to synergize with all aspects of sustain\- able development goals. However, there is also the risk of trade-offs with three-quarters of the goals, covering human well-being, material condition, natural environment, and partnerships; and 4) nexus research shows an evolutionary trend from duality to pluralism, from static to dynamic, and from theory to practice. Future research is expected to systematically assess the impact of energy development on larger cross-systems and how energy development could be synergized with comprehensive sustainable development.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\W4TMURYS\Pan et al. - 2023 - Energy and sustainable development nexus A review.pdf}
}

@article{patouillard2018,
  title = {Critical Review and Practical Recommendations to Integrate the Spatial Dimension into Life Cycle Assessment},
  author = {Patouillard, Laure and Bulle, C{\'e}cile and Querleu, C{\'e}cile and Maxime, Dominique and Osset, Philippe and Margni, Manuele},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {177},
  pages = {398--412},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.192},
  urldate = {2024-08-30},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\B5PFP62B\Patouillard et al. - 2018 - Critical review and practical recommendations to i.pdf}
}

@article{pauliuk2017,
  title = {Industrial Ecology in Integrated Assessment Models},
  author = {Pauliuk, Stefan and Arvesen, Anders and Stadler, Konstantin and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {13--20},
  issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
  doi = {10.1038/nclimate3148},
  urldate = {2023-02-13},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {IAM},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\2FFXBXPY\\41558_2017_BFnclimate3148_MOESM349_ESM.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\WM6E35KP\\Pauliuk et al. - 2017 - Industrial ecology in integrated assessment models.pdf}
}

@article{pauliuk2021,
  title = {Global Scenarios of Resource and Emission Savings from Material Efficiency in Residential Buildings and Cars},
  author = {Pauliuk, Stefan and Heeren, Niko and Berrill, Peter and Fishman, Tomer and Nistad, Andrea and Tu, Qingshi and Wolfram, Paul and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5097},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-021-25300-4},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  abstract = {Abstract                            Material production accounts for a quarter of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Resource-efficiency and circular-economy strategies, both industry and demand-focused, promise emission reductions through reducing material use, but detailed assessments of their GHG reduction potential are lacking. We present a global-scale analysis of material efficiency for passenger vehicles and residential buildings. We estimate future changes in material flows and energy use due to increased yields, light design, material substitution, extended service life, and increased service efficiency, reuse, and recycling. Together, these strategies can reduce cumulative global GHG emissions until 2050 by 20--52 Gt CO               2               -eq (residential buildings) and 13--26 Gt CO               2               e-eq (passenger vehicles), depending on policy assumptions. Next to energy efficiency and low-carbon energy supply, material efficiency is the third pillar of deep decarbonization for these sectors. For residential buildings, wood construction and reduced floorspace show the highest potential. For passenger vehicles, it is ride sharing and car sharing.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\HMDR992R\Pauliuk et al. - 2021 - Global scenarios of resource and emission savings .pdf}
}

@misc{pauliuk2024,
  title = {Guidelines and Good Practice Examples for Complete Traceability of Workflows and Reproducibility of Results in Industrial Ecology Research},
  author = {Pauliuk, Stefan and Helbig, Christoph and Lupton, Richard and Pichler, Peter Paul and Schulte, Simon and Stadler, Konstantin and Wang, Peng and Wiedenhofer, Dominik},
  year = {2024},
  publisher = {Albert-Ludwigs-Universit{\"a}t Freiburg},
  doi = {10.6094/UNIFR/255618},
  urldate = {2024-08-01},
  archiveprefix = {Albert-Ludwigs-Universit{\"a}t Freiburg},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {577},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\U2QXWYI8\Pauliuk et al. - 2024 - Guidelines and good practice examples for complete.pdf}
}

@article{pedneault2021,
  title = {What Future for Primary Aluminium Production in a Decarbonizing Economy?},
  author = {Pedneault, Julien and {Majeau-Bettez}, Guillaume and Krey, Volker and Margni, Manuele},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Global Environmental Change},
  volume = {69},
  pages = {102316},
  issn = {0959-3780},
  doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102316},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {Aluminium is an energy intensive material with an environmental footprint strongly dependent on the electricity mix consumed by the smelting process. This study models prospective environmental impacts of primary aluminium production according to different integrated assessment modeling scenarios building on Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their climate change mitigation scenarios. Results project a global average carbon intensity ranging between 8.6 and 18.0~kg CO2 eq/kg in 2100, compared to 18.3~kg CO2 eq/kg at present, that could be further reduced under mitigation scenarios. Co-benefits with other environmental indicators are observed. Scaling aluminium production impacts to the global demand shows total emission between 1250 and 1590 Gt CO2 eq for baseline scenarios by 2050 while absolute decoupling is only achievable with stringent climate policy changing drastically the electricity mix. Achieving larger emission reductions will require circular strategies that go beyond primary material production itself and involve other stakeholders along the aluminium value chain.},
  keywords = {Carbon footprint,Life cycle assessment,Primary aluminium production,Scenario modelling,Shared socioeconomic pathways},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\H794J3PI\\Pedneault et al. - 2021 - What future for primary aluminium production in a .pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\QZ78U7DA\\S0959378021000959.html}
}

@article{pehl2017,
  title = {Understanding Future Emissions from Low-Carbon Power Systems by Integration of Life-Cycle Assessment and Integrated Energy Modelling},
  author = {Pehl, Michaja and Arvesen, Anders and Humpen{\"o}der, Florian and Popp, Alexander and Hertwich, Edgar G. and Luderer, Gunnar},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Nature Energy},
  volume = {2},
  number = {12},
  pages = {939--945},
  issn = {2058-7546},
  doi = {10.1038/s41560-017-0032-9},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {IAM},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\3IXB9STM\Pehl et al. - 2017 - Understanding future emissions from low-carbon pow.pdf}
}

@article{pehl2024,
  title = {Modelling Long-Term Industry Energy Demand and {{CO}}{\textsubscript{2}} Emissions in the System Context Using {{REMIND}} (Version 3.1.0)},
  author = {Pehl, Michaja and Schreyer, Felix and Luderer, Gunnar},
  year = {2024},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  volume = {17},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2015--2038},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
  issn = {1991-9603},
  doi = {10.5194/gmd-17-2015-2024},
  urldate = {2024-09-17},
  abstract = {Abstract. This paper presents an extension of industry modelling within the REMIND integrated assessment model to industry subsectors and a projection of future industry subsector activity and energy demand for different baseline scenarios for use with the REMIND model. The industry sector is the largest greenhouse-gas-emitting energy demand sector and is considered a mitigation bottleneck. At the same time, industry subsectors are heterogeneous and face distinct emission mitigation challenges. By extending the multi-region, general equilibrium integrated assessment model REMIND to an explicit representation of four industry subsectors (cement, chemicals, steel, and other industry production), along with subsector-specific carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), we are able to investigate industry emission mitigation strategies in the context of the entire energy--economy--climate system, covering mitigation options ranging from reduced demand for industrial goods, fuel switching, and electrification to endogenous energy efficiency increases and carbon capture. We also present the derivation of both activity and final energy demand trajectories for the industry subsectors for use with the REMIND model in baseline scenarios, based on short-term continuation of historic trends and long-term global convergence. The system allows for selective variation of specific subsector activity and final energy demand across scenarios and regions to create consistent scenarios for a wide range of socioeconomic drivers and scenario story lines, like the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs).},
  copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\XRTH5RPV\Pehl et al. - 2024 - Modelling long-term industry energy demand and CO.pdf}
}

@article{pehnt2006,
  title = {Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment ({{LCA}}) of Renewable Energy Technologies},
  author = {Pehnt, Martin},
  year = {2006},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Renewable Energy},
  volume = {31},
  number = {1},
  pages = {55--71},
  issn = {09601481},
  doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2005.03.002},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  abstract = {Before new technologies enter the market, their environmental superiority over competing options must be asserted based on a life cycle approach. However, when applying the prevailing status-quo Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to future renewable energy systems, one does not distinguish between impacts which are `imported' into the system due to the `background system' (e.g. due to supply of materials or final energy for the production of the energy system), and what is the improvement potential of these technologies compared to competitors (e.g. due to process and system innovations or diffusion effects). This paper investigates a dynamic approach towards the LCA of renewable energy technologies and proves that for all renewable energy chains, the inputs of finite energy resources and emissions of greenhouse gases are extremely low compared with the conventional system. With regard to the other environmental impacts the findings do not reveal any clear verdict for or against renewable energies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\DPQLY8JJ\Pehnt - 2006 - Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable e.pdf}
}

@article{peng2022,
  title = {Assessing Strategies for Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Textile Products in China under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Framework},
  author = {Peng, Si-Yu and Liu, Jing-Yu and Geng, Yong},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Climate Change Economics},
  volume = {13},
  number = {01},
  pages = {2240004},
  publisher = {World Scientific Publishing Co.},
  issn = {2010-0078},
  doi = {10.1142/S2010007822400048},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {To realize China's target of carbon neutrality by 2060, the country's domestic textile industry faces tremendous pressure to reduce emissions. We assessed the potential of socioeconomic conditions and climate policies for reducing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of textile products in China up to 2050 using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach and integrated assessment model (IAM) within the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) framework. The results showed that a combination of socioeconomic conditions and climate policies can reduce annual carbon emissions by 89.0\% and reduce accumulate emissions by 34.3\% by 2050. Among the strategies examined in this study, energy decarbonization and power conservation exhibited the highest potential for reducing emissions. We also demonstrated the importance of improving industry interconnectivity, developing textile recycling frameworks, and promoting sustainable consumption.},
  keywords = {China,mitigation strategies,shared socioeconomic pathways,textile products},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\GME8CHXC\Peng et al. - 2022 - Assessing strategies for reducing the carbon footp.pdf}
}

@article{peters2006,
  title = {A Comment on ``{{Functions}}, Commodities and Environmental Impacts in an Ecological--Economic Model''},
  author = {Peters, Glen P. and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
  year = {2006},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Ecological Economics},
  volume = {59},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--6},
  issn = {09218009},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.08.008},
  urldate = {2023-07-13},
  abstract = {In a recent paper in this journal, Suh [Suh, S., 2004. Functions, commodities and environmental impacts in an ecological-economic model. Ecological Economics 40 (4), 451-467.] presented a model combining life cycle assessment (LCA) with input--output analysis (IOA); termed ``integrated hybrid LCA''. In this paper, we discuss various issues relating to the use of the integrated hybrid LCA approach. In particular, the interpretation of the downstream feedback term, Cd, is discussed with particular focus on practical implementation. In this paper, two interpretations of Cd are suggested depending on the particular LCA data used. If the LCA data is designed for a demand on the functional unit only, then it is argued that the Cd term is negligible in many applications. If the LCA data is compatible with an arbitrary demand, then it is argued that in many cases the consistent use of the Cd term implies data requirements that may not be justified by the potential gains. {\copyright} 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\I9MKEYW3\Peters and Hertwich - 2006 - A comment on “Functions, commodities and environme.pdf}
}

@article{pfenninger2014,
  title = {Energy Systems Modeling for Twenty-First Century Energy Challenges},
  author = {Pfenninger, Stefan and Hawkes, Adam and Keirstead, James},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {74--86},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2014.02.003},
  urldate = {2023-02-28},
  abstract = {Energy systems models are important methods used to generate a range of insight and analysis on the supply and demand of energy. Developed over the second half of the twentieth century, they are now seeing increased relevance in the face of stringent climate policy, energy security and economic development concerns, and increasing challenges due to the changing nature of the twenty-first century energy system. In this paper, we look particularly at models relevant to national and international energy policy, grouping them into four categories: energy systems optimization models, energy systems simulation models, power systems and electricity market models, and qualitative and mixed-methods scenarios. We examine four challenges they face and the efforts being taken to address them: (1) resolving time and space, (2) balancing uncertainty and transparency, (3) addressing the growing complexity of the energy system, and (4) integrating human behavior and social risks and opportunities. In discussing these challenges, we present possible avenues for future research and make recommendations to ensure the continued relevance for energy systems models as important sources of information for policy-making. \& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Optimization,Simulation},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\29QEWBHJ\Pfenninger et al. - 2014 - Energy systems modeling for twenty-first century e.pdf}
}

@techreport{picasso2024,
  type = {Master {{Thesis Report}}},
  title = {Maximum Quantity of Metal That Can Be Produced While Respecting the {{CO2}} Concentration Boundary, Using the Planetary Boundaries Framework},
  author = {Picasso, Lina and Mortensen, Andreas and Margni, Manuele and Pigneur, Judith},
  year = {2024},
  month = aug,
  institution = {EPFL},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\A8CYX4YA\Master_s_project_Lina_Picasso_16_August_2024.pdf}
}

@article{pieragostini2012,
  title = {On Process Optimization Considering {{LCA}} Methodology},
  author = {Pieragostini, Carla and Mussati, Miguel C. and Aguirre, P{\'i}o},
  year = {2012},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  volume = {96},
  number = {1},
  pages = {43--54},
  issn = {03014797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.10.014},
  urldate = {2023-10-12},
  abstract = {The goal of this work is to research the state-of-the-art in process optimization techniques and tools based on LCA, focused in the process engineering field. A collection of methods, approaches, applications, specific software packages, and insights regarding experiences and progress made in applying the LCA methodology coupled to optimization frameworks is provided, and general trends are identified. The ``cradle-to-gate'' concept to define the system boundaries is the most used approach in practice, instead of the ``cradle-to-grave'' approach. Normally, the relationship between inventory data and impact category indicators is linearly expressed by the characterization factors; then, synergic effects of the contaminants are neglected. Among the LCIA methods, the eco-indicator 99, which is based on the endpoint category and the panel method, is the most used in practice. A single environmental impact function, resulting from the aggregation of environmental impacts, is formulated as the environmental objective in most analyzed cases. SimaPro is the most used software for LCA applications in literature analyzed. The multi-objective optimization is the most used approach for dealing with this kind of problems, where the {$\varepsilon$}-constraint method for generating the Pareto set is the most applied technique. However, a renewed interest in formulating a single economic objective function in optimization frameworks can be observed, favored by the development of life cycle cost software and progress made in assessing costs of environmental externalities. Finally, a trend to deal with multi-period scenarios into integrated LCA-optimization frameworks can be distinguished providing more accurate results upon data availability.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\EPPPXHEI\Pieragostini et al. - 2012 - On process optimization considering LCA methodolog.pdf}
}

@techreport{pineau2024,
  title = {Projet de Loi N{$^\circ$} 69 : Plus de Coh{\'e}rence En  Consommation, Tarification et Gouvernance Pour  Soutenir La Transition {\'E}nerg{\'e}tique},
  author = {Pineau, Pierre-Olivier and Whitmore, Johanne and Audette, Sylvain},
  year = {2024},
  month = aug,
  institution = {HEC Montr{\'e}al, Chaire de gestion du secteur de l'{\'e}nergie},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZUTDXX59\Memoire_PL69_HEC.pdf}
}

@article{pizzol2021,
  title = {Non-Linearity in the {{Life Cycle Assessment}} of {{Scalable}} and {{Emerging Technologies}}},
  author = {Pizzol, Massimo and Sacchi, Romain and K{\"o}hler, Susanne and Anderson Erjavec, Annika},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Frontiers in Sustainability},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {611593},
  issn = {2673-4524},
  doi = {10.3389/frsus.2020.611593},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {Given a fixed product system model, with the current computational framework of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) the potential environmental impacts associated to demanding one thousand units of a product will be one thousand times larger than what results from demanding 1 unit only -- a linear relationship. However, due to economies of scale, industrial synergies, efficiency gains, and system design, activities at different scales will perform differently in terms of life cycle impact -- in a non-linear way. This study addresses the issue of using the linear framework of LCA to study scalable and emerging technologies, by looking at different examples where technology scale up reflects non-linearly on the impact of a product. First, a computer simulation applied to an entire database is used to quantitatively estimate the effect of assuming activities in a product system are subject to improvements in efficiency. This provides a theoretical but indicative idea of how much uncertainty can be introduced by non-linear relationships between input values and results at the database level. Then the non-linear relations between the environmental burden per tkm of transport on one end, and the cargo mass and range autonomy on the other end is highlighted using a parametrized LCA model for heavy goods vehicles combined with learning scenarios that reflect different load factors and improvement in battery technology. Finally, a last example explores the case of activities related to the mining of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, an emerging technology, and how the impact of scaling the Bitcoin mining production is affected non-linearly by factors such as increase in mining efficiency and geographical distribution of miners. The paper concludes by discussing the relation between non-linearity and uncertainty and by providing recommendations for accounting for non-linearity in prospective LCA studies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\VLW7TYGK\Pizzol et al. - 2021 - Non-linearity in the Life Cycle Assessment of Scal.pdf}
}

@article{portugal-pereira2016,
  title = {Overlooked Impacts of Electricity Expansion Optimisation Modelling: {{The}} Life Cycle Side of the Story},
  shorttitle = {Overlooked Impacts of Electricity Expansion Optimisation Modelling},
  author = {{Portugal-Pereira}, Joana and K{\"o}berle, Alexandre C. and Soria, Rafael and Lucena, Andr{\'e} F.P. and Szklo, Alexandre and Schaeffer, Roberto},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {115},
  pages = {1424--1435},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2016.03.062},
  urldate = {2023-04-17},
  abstract = {This work evaluates implications of incorporating LCA-GHG (life cycle assessment of GHG emissions) into the optimisation of the power generation mix of Brazil through 2050, under baseline and low-carbon scenarios. Furthermore, this work assesses the impacts of enacting a tax on LCA-GHG emissions as a strategy to mitigate climate change. To this end, a model that integrates regional life cycle data with optimised energy scenarios was developed using the MESSAGE-Brazil integrated model. Following a baseline trend, the power sector in Brazil would increasingly rely on conventional coal technologies. GHG emissions from the power sector in 2050 are expected to increase 15-fold. When enacting a tax on directcarbon emissions, advanced coal and onshore wind technologies become competitive. GHG emissions peak at 2025 and decrease afterwards, reaching an emission level 40\% lower in 2050 than that of 2010. However, if impacts were evaluated through the entire life cycle of power supply systems, LCA-GHG emissions would be 50\% higher in 2050 than in 2010. This is due to loads associated with the construction of plant infrastructures and extraction and processing of fossil fuel resources. Thus, taxes might not be as effective in tackling GHG emissions as shown by past studies, if they are only applied to direct emissions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\XX6HHZJT\Portugal-Pereira et al. - 2016 - Overlooked impacts of electricity expansion optimi.pdf}
}

@article{portugalpereira2014,
  title = {Japan's Energy Conundrum: {{Post-Fukushima}} Scenarios from a Life Cycle Perspective},
  shorttitle = {Japan's Energy Conundrum},
  author = {Portugal Pereira, Joana and Troncoso Parady, Giancarlos and Castro Dominguez, Bernardo},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  volume = {67},
  pages = {104--115},
  issn = {03014215},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.131},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {This study aimed at evaluating the co-benefit implications of alternative electricity generation scenarios in Japan, in a post-Fukushima context. Four scenarios were designed assuming different shares of energy sources in a 2030 timeframe. Applying a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, scenarios were assessed in terms of cumulative non-renewable energy (NRE) consumption, global warming potential (GWP), terrestrial acidification potential (TAP), and particulate matter formation (PMF). Additionally electricity generation costs were evaluated. Results demonstrate that the current dependence on fossil fuel is unfeasible in the long run, as it results in 14\% higher NRE consumption, an increase of 32\% on GHG emissions, 29\% on TAP and 34\% on PMF, and 9\% higher cost than the baseline scenario under preFukushima conditions. On the other hand, a share of up to 27\% of renewable energies is technically possible and would result in a 34\% reduction of NRE consumption, 29\% decrease of GHG emissions, and contribute to the mitigation of 24\% of TAP and PMF impacts, at minor increase of levelized costs. Increasing the share of renewables and phasing-out thermal power would therefore increase the resilience of the Japanese economy toward external oil markets, cope with environmental protection priorities, while promoting economic development.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {scenario analysis},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\YHKTG5QD\Portugal Pereira et al. - 2014 - Japan's energy conundrum Post-Fukushima scenarios.pdf}
}

@article{posch2008,
  title = {The Role of Atmospheric Dispersion Models and Ecosystem Sensitivity in the Determination of Characterisation Factors for Acidifying and Eutrophying Emissions in {{LCIA}}},
  author = {Posch, Maximilian and Sepp{\"a}l{\"a}, Jyri and Hettelingh, Jean-Paul and Johansson, Matti and Margni, Manuele and Jolliet, Olivier},
  year = {2008},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {13},
  number = {6},
  pages = {477--486},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-008-0025-9},
  urldate = {2025-01-09},
  copyright = {http://www.springer.com/tdm},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\SMW4I2UF\Posch et al. - 2008 - The role of atmospheric dispersion models and ecosystem sensitivity in the determination of characte.pdf}
}

@article{prina2020,
  title = {Classification and Challenges of Bottom-up Energy System Models - {{A}} Review},
  author = {Prina, Matteo Giacomo and Manzolini, Giampaolo and Moser, David and Nastasi, Benedetto and Sparber, Wolfram},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {129},
  pages = {109917},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2020.109917},
  urldate = {2023-02-28},
  abstract = {This paper reviews the classification schemes used for bottom-up energy system modelling and proposes a novel one as re-elaboration of the previous schemes. Moreover, this paper identifies that the main challenges of this research field rotate around the concept of resolution. A matrix of challenges in which four main fields are identified: resolution in time, in space, in techno-economic detail and in sector-coupling. These main fields are divided into different levels of resolution: low, medium and high. The use of a low resolution introduces errors in the modelling as demonstrated by different studies. Several existing bottom-up energy system models are reviewed in order to classify them according to the proposed approach and map them through the proposed matrix. 13 different models are analyzed in the category of bottom-up short-term and 9 as bottom-up long-term energy system models. The following mapping shows how several models reach a high level of resolution in one or more than one area. However, the ultimate challenge is the simultaneous achievement of high resolution in all these fields. The literature review has shown how this final aim is not reached by any model at the current stage and it highlights the gap and weaknesses of this branch of research and the direction versus which is important to work to improve this type of modelling.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Long-term,Myopic,Perfect foresight,Review,Static,Top-down},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\V29H2HP4\Prina et al. - 2020 - Classification and challenges of bottom-up energy .pdf}
}

@misc{provostsavard,
  title = {Typology {{CLCA}}},
  author = {Provost Savard, Arianne},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\CM5ZFV5G\Provost Savard - Typology CLCA.pdf}
}

@article{pye2020,
  title = {The {{TIAM-UCL Model}} ({{Version}} 4.1.1) {{Documentation}}},
  author = {Pye, Steve and Butnar, Isabela and Cronin, Jen and Welsby, Dan and Price, James and Dessens, Olivier and Rodr{\'i}guez, Baltazar Solano and Winning, Matthew and Anandarajah, Gabrial and Scamman, Daniel and Keppo, Ilkka},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\3JEZ8UA3\Pye et al. - The TIAM-UCL Model (Version 4.1.1) Documentation.pdf}
}

@article{qiu2022,
  title = {Environmental Trade-Offs of Direct Air Capture Technologies in Climate Change Mitigation toward 2100},
  author = {Qiu, Yang and Lamers, Patrick and Daioglou, Vassilis and McQueen, Noah and De Boer, Harmen-Sytze and Harmsen, Mathijs and Wilcox, Jennifer and Bardow, Andr{\'e} and Suh, Sangwon},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3635},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-31146-1},
  urldate = {2023-08-23},
  abstract = {Abstract                            Direct air capture (DAC) is critical for achieving stringent climate targets, yet the environmental implications of its large-scale deployment have not been evaluated in this context. Performing a prospective life cycle assessment for two promising technologies in a series of climate change mitigation scenarios, we find that electricity sector decarbonization and DAC technology improvements are both indispensable to avoid environmental problem-shifting. Decarbonizing the electricity sector improves the sequestration efficiency, but also increases the terrestrial ecotoxicity and metal depletion levels per tonne of CO               2               sequestered via DAC. These increases can be reduced by improvements in DAC material and energy use efficiencies. DAC exhibits regional environmental impact variations, highlighting the importance of smart siting related to energy system planning and integration. DAC deployment aids the achievement of long-term climate targets, its environmental and climate performance however depend on sectoral mitigation actions, and thus should not suggest a relaxation of sectoral decarbonization targets.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9M69LCVD\Qiu et al. - 2022 - Environmental trade-offs of direct air capture tec.pdf}
}

@article{rahman2016,
  title = {Multicriteria-Based Decision Aiding Technique for Assessing Energy Policy Elements-Demonstration to a Case in {{Bangladesh}}},
  author = {Rahman, Md. Mizanur and Paatero, Jukka V. and Lahdelma, Risto and A. Wahid, Mazlan},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {164},
  pages = {237--244},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.091},
  urldate = {2023-10-12},
  abstract = {The adverse environmental consequences and diminishing trend of fossil fuel reserves indicate a serious need for vibrant and judicious energy policy. Energy policy involves a number of stakeholders, and needs to incorporate the interests and requirements of all the key stakeholder groups. This paper presents a methodological technique to assist with formulating, evaluating, and promoting the energy policy of a country in a transparent and representative way with clear scientific justifications and balanced assessments. The multicriteria decision analysis approach has been a widely used technique for evaluating different alternatives based on the interests of a multitude of stakeholders, and goals. This paper utilizes the SMAA (Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis) tool, which can evaluate different alternatives by incorporating multiple criteria, in order to examine the preferences of different policy elements. We further extend this technique by incorporating the LEAP model (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning system) to assess the emission impacts of different policy elements. We demonstrate the application of this evaluation technique by an analysis of four hypothetical policy elements namely Business-as usual (BAU), Renewables (REN), Renewable-biomass only (REN-b), and Energy conservation and efficient technologies (ECET). These are applied to the case of sharing fuel sources for power generation for the Bangladesh power sector. We found that the REN-b and REN policy elements were the best and second best alternatives with 41\% and 32\% acceptability respectively. This technique gives transparent information for choosing appropriate policy elements that aimed at sustainable energy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {multi-criteria analysis},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\Z4ZJNVCZ\Rahman et al. - 2016 - Multicriteria-based decision aiding technique for .pdf}
}

@article{raugei2018,
  title = {Can Electric Vehicles Significantly Reduce Our Dependence on Non-Renewable Energy? {{Scenarios}} of Compact Vehicles in the {{UK}} as a Case in Point},
  shorttitle = {Can Electric Vehicles Significantly Reduce Our Dependence on Non-Renewable Energy?},
  author = {Raugei, Marco and Hutchinson, Allan and Morrey, Denise},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {201},
  pages = {1043--1051},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.107},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly regarded as the way forward to deliver a much-needed improvement in the transport sector's sustainability profile, and the UK is embarking on a major transition towards them. While previous studies focused mainly on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, this article assesses the extent to which EVs may contribute to reducing the UK's dependence on (mostly imported) non-renewable primary energy. The study combines a life-cycle model of a compact battery electric vehicle (BEV) with a prospective energy analysis of a range of electricity supply alternatives for the vehicle's use phase. The key metric analysed is the non-renewable cumulative energy demand (nrCED). Results show that, already under current conditions, the nr-CED of a compact BEV in the UK is lower by approximately 34\% with respect to that of an otherwise similar internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Such reduction is then expected to improve further under all future scenarios, indicating that a transition to EVs is indeed a recommendable option to reduce the UK's demand for non-renewable energy, especially if this is accompanied by a shift to a more renewable electric grid.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\P9HI2KGY\Raugei et al. - 2018 - Can electric vehicles significantly reduce our dep.pdf}
}

@article{raugei2020,
  title = {A {{Prospective Net Energy}} and {{Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment}} of the {{UK Electricity Grid}}},
  author = {Raugei, Marco and Kamran, Mashael and Hutchinson, Allan},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {Energies},
  volume = {13},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2207},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en13092207},
  urldate = {2023-10-13},
  abstract = {National Grid, the UK's largest utility company, has produced a number of energy transition scenarios, among which ``2 degrees'' is the most aggressive in terms of decarbonization. This paper presents the results of a combined prospective net energy and environmental life cycle assessment of the UK electricity grid, based on such a scenario. The main findings are that the strategy is effective at drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions (albeit to a reduced degree with respect to the projected share of ``zero carbon'' generation taken at face value), but it entails a trade-off in terms of depletion of metal resources. The grid's potential toxicity impacts are also expected to remain substantially undiminished with respect to the present. Overall, the analysis indicates that the ``2 degrees'' scenario is environmentally sound and that it even leads to a modest increase in the net energy delivered to society by the grid (after accounting for the energy investments required to deploy all technologies).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\A8LDXK4X\Raugei et al. - 2020 - A Prospective Net Energy and Environmental Life-Cy.pdf}
}

@article{rauner2017,
  title = {Holistic Energy System Modeling Combining Multi-Objective Optimization and Life Cycle Assessment},
  author = {Rauner, Sebastian and Budzinski, Maik},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  volume = {12},
  number = {12},
  pages = {124005},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa914d},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  abstract = {Making the global energy system more sustainable has emerged as a major societal concern and policy objective. This transition comes with various challenges and opportunities for a sustainable evolution affecting most of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. We therefore propose broadening the current metrics for sustainability in the energy system modeling field by using industrial ecology techniques to account for a conclusive set of indicators. This is pursued by including a life cycle based sustainability assessment into an energy system model considering all relevant products and processes of the global supply chain. We identify three pronounced features: (i) the low-hanging fruit of impact mitigation requiring manageable economic effort; (ii) embodied emissions of renewables cause increasing spatial redistribution of impact from direct emissions, the place of burning fuel, to indirect emissions, the location of the energy infrastructure production; (iii) certain impact categories, in which more overall sustainable systems perform worse than the cost minimal system, require a closer look. In essence, this study makes the case for future energy system modeling to include the increasingly important global supply chain and broaden the metrics of sustainability further than cost and climate change relevant emissions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {MOO},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\KBWLBPL6\Rauner and Budzinski - 2017 - Holistic energy system modeling combining multi-ob.pdf}
}

@article{reid2023,
  title = {The {{Case}} for {{The Building Decarbonization Alliance Open-Source Model}}. {{Version}} 1.0.},
  author = {Reid, Natasha and Flannigan, Bryan},
  year = {2023},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\V7QS7N9L\Reid and Flannigan - The Case for The Building Decarbonization Alliance.pdf}
}

@article{reinert2021,
  title = {Environmental Impacts of the Future {{German}} Energy System from Integrated Energy Systems Optimization and Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment},
  author = {Reinert, Christiane and Deutz, Sarah and Minten, Hannah and D{\"o}rpinghaus, Lukas and {von Pfingsten}, Sarah and Baumg{\"a}rtner, Nils and Bardow, Andr{\'e}},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Computers \& Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {153},
  pages = {107406},
  issn = {00981354},
  doi = {10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107406},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\WZISNAS3\Reinert et al. - 2021 - Environmental impacts of the future German energy .pdf}
}

@article{reinert2022,
  title = {{{SecMOD}}: {{An Open-Source Modular Framework Combining Multi-Sector System Optimization}} and {{Life-Cycle Assessment}}},
  shorttitle = {{{SecMOD}}},
  author = {Reinert, Christiane and Schellhas, Lars and Mannhardt, Jacob and Shu, David Yang and K{\"a}mper, Andreas and Baumg{\"a}rtner, Nils and Deutz, Sarah and Bardow, Andr{\'e}},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Frontiers in Energy Research},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {884525},
  issn = {2296-598X},
  doi = {10.3389/fenrg.2022.884525},
  urldate = {2023-02-08},
  abstract = {Optimization models can support decision-makers in the synthesis and operation of multisector energy systems. To identify the optimal design and operation of a low-carbon system, we need to consider high temporal and spatial variability in the electricity supply, sector coupling, and environmental impacts over the whole life cycle. Incorporating such aspects in optimization models is demanding. To avoid redundant research efforts and enhance transparency, the developed models and used data sets should be shared openly. In this work, we present the SecMOD framework for multi-sector energy system optimization incorporating life-cycle assessment (LCA). The framework allows optimizing multiple sectors jointly, ranging from industrial production and their linked energy supply systems to sector-coupled national energy systems. The framework incorporates LCA to account for environmental impacts. We hence provide the first open-source framework to consistently include a holistic life-cycle perspective in multi-sector optimization by a full integration of LCA. We apply the framework to a case-study of the German sector-coupled energy system. Starting with few base technologies, we demonstrate the modular capabilities of SecMOD by the stepwise addition of technologies, sectors and existing infrastructure. Our modular open-source framework SecMOD aims to accelerate research for sustainable energy systems by combining multi-sector energy system optimization and life-cycle assessment.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\CRJTZ9W9\Reinert et al. - 2022 - SecMOD An Open-Source Modular Framework Combining.pdf}
}

@article{reinert2023,
  title = {Design of Low-Carbon Multi-Energy Systems in the {{SecMOD}} Framework by Combining {{MILP}} Optimization and Life-Cycle Assessment},
  author = {Reinert, Christiane and Nolzen, Niklas and Frohmann, Julia and Tillmanns, Dominik and Bardow, Andr{\'e}},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Computers \& Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {172},
  pages = {108176},
  issn = {00981354},
  doi = {10.1016/j.compchemeng.2023.108176},
  urldate = {2023-03-03},
  abstract = {Decarbonizing complex industrial energy systems is an important step to mitigate climate change. Designing the transition of such sector-coupled industrial energy systems to low-carbon designs is challenging since both cost-efficient operation and the reduction of environmental impacts over the whole life cycle need to be considered in the system design. Optimal system designs can be identified using software: Recently, the open-source framework SecMOD was introduced for the linear optimization of multi-energy system models, considering environmental impacts by fully integrating life-cycle assessment. In this work, we extend SecMOD to allow mixed-integer decisions that are vital to model industrial energy systems. Thereby, we provide the first open-source mixed-integer linear program framework with full integration of life-cycle assessment. We use SecMOD to investigate the benefits of a pumped-thermal energy storage system in a sector-coupled industrial energy system and identify trade-offs regarding the system design by comparing the economic and climate optimum.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\QZMWJTJ6\\1-s2.0-S0098135423000455-mmc1.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\UFYGGIS2\\Reinert et al. - 2023 - Design of low-carbon multi-energy systems in the S.pdf}
}

@article{ribeiro2013,
  title = {Evaluating Future Scenarios for the Power Generation Sector Using a {{Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis}} ({{MCDA}}) Tool: {{The Portuguese}} Case},
  shorttitle = {Evaluating Future Scenarios for the Power Generation Sector Using a {{Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis}} ({{MCDA}}) Tool},
  author = {Ribeiro, Fernando and Ferreira, Paula and Ara{\'u}jo, Madalena},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {126--136},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2012.12.036},
  urldate = {2023-10-12},
  abstract = {A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) tool was designed and used to support the evaluation of different electricity production scenarios. The MCDA tool is implemented in a user-friendly Excel worksheet and uses information obtained from a mixed integer optimization model, to produce a set of optimal schemes under different assumptions. Given the input, the MCDA allowed ranking different scenarios relying on their performance on 13 criteria covering economic, job market, quality of life of local populations, technical and environmental issues. The MCDA tool was used by a group of experts and academics with background in economics, engineering and environment. Regarding the totality of results, both the most and least expensive scenarios ranked first the same amount of times. These scenarios were, respectively, ``Coal'', relying mainly in new coal power plants and ``Maximum Renewable'', relying mainly in new wind and hydro power facilities. The opinions were divided towards these two solutions with different fundamental characteristics: ``Maximum Renewable'' with costs higher than ``Coal'' but leading to substantial reduction of the external energy dependency. Sensitivity analysis suggests that, although the costs are regarded as the most important criterion, those who had different rankings in their preferences have different attitudes towards other criteria.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {multi-criteria analysis},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\YAVEM28A\Ribeiro et al. - 2013 - Evaluating future scenarios for the power generati.pdf}
}

@article{ringkjob2018,
  title = {A Review of Modelling Tools for Energy and Electricity Systems with Large Shares of Variable Renewables},
  author = {Ringkj{\o}b, Hans-Kristian and Haugan, Peter M. and Solbrekke, Ida Marie},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {440--459},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.002},
  urldate = {2023-03-23},
  abstract = {This paper presents a thorough review of 75 modelling tools currently used for analysing energy and electricity systems. Increased activity within model development in recent years has led to several new models and modelling capabilities, partly motivated by the need to better represent the integration of variable renewables. The purpose of this paper is to give an updated overview of currently available modelling tools, their capabilities and to serve as an aid for modellers in their process of identifying and choosing an appropriate model. A broad spectrum of modelling tools, ranging from small-scale power system analysis tools to global long-term energy models, has been assessed. Key information regarding the general logic, spatiotemporal resolution as well as the technological and economic features of the models is presented in three comprehensive tables. This information has been validated and updated by model developers or affiliated contact persons, and is state-of-the-art as of the submission date. With the available suite of modelling tools, most challenges of today's electricity system can be assessed. For a future with an increasing share of variable renewables and increasing electrification of the energy system, there are some challenges such as how to represent short-term variability in long-term studies, incorporate the effect of climate change and ensure openness and transparency in modelling studies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\UYD45R85\Ringkjøb et al. - 2018 - A review of modelling tools for energy and electri.pdf}
}

@article{ritchie2024,
  title = {Sector by Sector: Where Do Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Come From?},
  shorttitle = {Sector by Sector},
  author = {Ritchie, Hannah and Roser, Max},
  year = {2024},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Our World in Data},
  urldate = {2024-09-20},
  abstract = {Globally, we emit around 50 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases yearly. Where do these emissions come from? We take a look, sector-by-sector.},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\XFXA8MPT\ghg-emissions-by-sector.html}
}

@article{rockstrom2023,
  title = {Safe and Just {{Earth}} System Boundaries},
  author = {Rockstr{\"o}m, Johan and Gupta, Joyeeta and Qin, Dahe and Lade, Steven J. and Abrams, Jesse F. and Andersen, Lauren S. and Armstrong McKay, David I. and Bai, Xuemei and Bala, Govindasamy and Bunn, Stuart E. and Ciobanu, Daniel and DeClerck, Fabrice and Ebi, Kristie and Gifford, Lauren and Gordon, Christopher and Hasan, Syezlin and Kanie, Norichika and Lenton, Timothy M. and Loriani, Sina and Liverman, Diana M. and Mohamed, Awaz and Nakicenovic, Nebojsa and Obura, David and Ospina, Daniel and Prodani, Klaudia and Rammelt, Crelis and Sakschewski, Boris and Scholtens, Joeri and {Stewart-Koster}, Ben and Tharammal, Thejna and Van Vuuren, Detlef and Verburg, Peter H. and Winkelmann, Ricarda and Zimm, Caroline and Bennett, Elena M. and Bringezu, Stefan and Broadgate, Wendy and Green, Pamela A. and Huang, Lei and Jacobson, Lisa and Ndehedehe, Christopher and Pedde, Simona and Rocha, Juan and Scheffer, Marten and {Schulte-Uebbing}, Lena and De Vries, Wim and Xiao, Cunde and Xu, Chi and Xu, Xinwu and {Zafra-Calvo}, Noelia and Zhang, Xin},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {619},
  number = {7968},
  pages = {102--111},
  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06083-8},
  urldate = {2023-11-22},
  abstract = {Abstract                            The stability and resilience of the Earth system and human well-being are inseparably linked               1--3               , yet their interdependencies are generally under-recognized; consequently, they are often treated independently               4,5               . Here, we use modelling and literature assessment to quantify safe and just Earth system boundaries (ESBs) for climate, the biosphere, water and nutrient cycles, and aerosols at global and subglobal scales. We propose ESBs for maintaining the resilience and stability of the Earth system (safe ESBs) and minimizing exposure to significant harm to humans from Earth system change (a necessary but not sufficient condition for justice)               4               . The stricter of the safe or just boundaries sets the integrated safe and just ESB. Our findings show that justice considerations constrain the integrated ESBs more than safety considerations for climate and atmospheric aerosol loading. Seven of eight globally quantified safe and just ESBs and at least two regional safe and just ESBs in over half of global land area are already exceeded. We propose that our assessment provides a quantitative foundation for safeguarding the global commons for all people now and into the future.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\D7L9INWF\Rockström et al. - 2023 - Safe and just Earth system boundaries.pdf}
}

@article{rodriguez-gutierrez2024,
  title = {Multi-objective Assessment of the Water-energy-environment-food Nexus Involving a Life Cycle Assessment Approach},
  author = {Rodr{\'i}guez-Guti{\'e}rrez, Jes{\'u}s Eduardo and R{\'i}os-Fuentes, Brenda and Altamirano-Corona, Jos{\'e} Luis and Estrada-Baltazar, Alejandro and Fuentes-Cort{\'e}s, Luis Fabi{\'a}n},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Engineering Reports},
  pages = {e12957},
  issn = {2577-8196, 2577-8196},
  doi = {10.1002/eng2.12957},
  urldate = {2024-07-22},
  abstract = {Abstract             This work addresses the multi-objective design of water, energy and food supply systems in isolated rural communities using local resources. The approach used considers objective functions based on life cycle analysis such as water and carbon footprint, as well as economic performance considering the application and integration of normalized metrics to address the water-energy-environment-food nexus. The results show that it is possible to build robust and accessible metrics for the analysis of problems with various design objective functions in decision-making environments. The optimization problem considers decision variables associated with the sizing of units such as photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, thermal and electrical energy storage, wood-fired boilers and the integration of food production systems involving aquaculture and local corn production. Water management is associated with domestic activities and crop irrigation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\SJU7GQL3\Rodríguez‐Gutiérrez et al. - 2024 - Multi‐objective assessment of the water‐energy‐env.pdf}
}

@article{rogelj2018,
  title = {Scenarios towards Limiting Global Mean Temperature Increase below 1.5 {$^\circ$}{{C}}},
  author = {Rogelj, Joeri and Popp, Alexander and Calvin, Katherine V. and Luderer, Gunnar and Emmerling, Johannes and Gernaat, David and Fujimori, Shinichiro and Strefler, Jessica and Hasegawa, Tomoko and Marangoni, Giacomo and Krey, Volker and Kriegler, Elmar and Riahi, Keywan and {van Vuuren}, Detlef P. and Doelman, Jonathan and Drouet, Laurent and Edmonds, Jae and Fricko, Oliver and Harmsen, Mathijs and Havl{\'i}k, Petr and Humpen{\"o}der, Florian and Stehfest, Elke and Tavoni, Massimo},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {325--332},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1758-6798},
  doi = {10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {The 2015 Paris Agreement calls for countries to pursue efforts to limit global-mean temperature rise to 1.5\,{$^\circ$}C. The transition pathways that can meet such a target have not, however, been extensively explored. Here we describe scenarios that limit end-of-century radiative forcing to 1.9\,W\,m-2, and consequently restrict median warming in the year 2100 to below 1.5\,{$^\circ$}C. We use six integrated assessment models and a simple climate model, under different socio-economic, technological and resource assumptions from five Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). Some, but not all, SSPs are amenable to pathways to 1.5\,{$^\circ$}C. Successful 1.9\,W\,m-2 scenarios are characterized by a rapid shift away from traditional fossil-fuel use towards large-scale low-carbon energy supplies, reduced energy use, and carbon-dioxide removal. However, 1.9\,W\,m-2 scenarios could not be achieved in several models under SSPs with strong inequalities, high baseline fossil-fuel use, or scattered short-term climate policy. Further research can help policy-makers to understand the real-world implications of these scenarios. Scenarios that constrain end-of-century radiative forcing to 1.9\,W\,m--2, and thus global mean temperature increases to below 1.5\,{$^\circ$}C, are explored. Effective scenarios reduce energy use, deploy CO2 removal measures, and shift to non-emitting energy sources.},
  copyright = {2018 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Climate-change mitigation,Energy and society,Energy modelling,Socioeconomic scenarios},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\255NT85K\Rogelj et al. - 2018 - Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature.pdf}
}

@article{rudisuli2022,
  title = {Prospective Life-Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electricity-Based Mobility Options},
  author = {R{\"u}dis{\"u}li, Martin and Bach, Christian and Bauer, Christian and {Beloin-Saint-Pierre}, Didier and Elber, Urs and Georges, Gil and Limpach, Robert and Pareschi, Giacomo and Kannan, Ramachandran and Teske, Sinan L.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {306},
  pages = {118065},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118065},
  urldate = {2023-09-05},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\5SHM5956\Rüdisüli et al. - 2022 - Prospective life-cycle assessment of greenhouse ga.pdf}
}

@article{rugani2014,
  title = {Towards Prospective Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis: Exploring Complementarities between Social and Environmental Life Cycle Assessments for the Case of {{Luxembourg}}'s Energy System},
  shorttitle = {Towards Prospective Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis},
  author = {Rugani, B. and Benetto, E. and Igos, E. and Quinti, G. and Declich, A. and Feudo, F.},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Mat{\'e}riaux \& Techniques},
  volume = {102},
  number = {6-7},
  pages = {605},
  issn = {0032-6895, 1778-3771},
  doi = {10.1051/mattech/2014043},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Sustainability typically relies on the durable interaction between humans and the environment. Historically, modelling tools such as environmental-life cycle assessment (E-LCA) have been developed to address the mitigation of environmental impacts generated by human activities. More recently, social-life cycle assessment (S-LCA) methods have been proposed to investigate the social sustainability sphere, looking at the life cycle effects generated by positive or negative pressures on social endpoints (i.e. wellbeing of stakeholders). Despite this promising added value, however, S-LCA methods still show limitations and challenges to be faced, e.g. regarding the lack of high quality datasets and the implementation of consensual social impact assessment indicators. This paper discusses on the complementarity between SLCA and E-LCA towards the definition of prospective life cycle sustainability analysis (LCSA) approaches. To this aim, a case study is presented comparing (i) E-LCA results of business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios of energy supply and demand technology changes in Luxembourg, up to 2025, based on economic equilibrium modeling and hybrid life cycle inventories, with (ii) a monetary-based input-output estimation of the related changes in the societal sphere. The results show that environmental and social issues do not follow the same impact trends. While E-LCA outputs highlight contrasting patterns, they do generally underlie a relatively low decrease in the aggregated environmental burdens curve (around 20\% of decrease over the single-score impact trend over time). In contrast, social hotspots (identified in S-LCA by specific risk indicators of human rights, worker treatment, poverty, etc.) are typically increasing over time according to the growth of the final energy demand. Overall, the case study allowed identifying possible synergies and tradeoffs related to the impact of projected energy demands in Luxembourg. Despite the studied approach does not fully adopt a consequential perspective, it can be considered as a basis to develop a prospective LCSA approach, combining consequential E-LCA and S-LCA. Accordingly, we introduced the concept of ``anticipatory experiences'' on energy transition towards a low carbon society as drivers for change, observing that societal phenomena characterizing the transition of the energy systems towards lower carbon-related emissions seem to facilitate the identification of actual and potential changes that may take place within these upcoming transition processes. Such phenomena, which are somehow typical, may be used as inputs for S-LCA, so as to better defining the most likely developments of certain intervention/policies in the energy sector and eventually contribute to the definition of prospective and consequential LCSA modelling tools.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\64PNLAHN\Rugani et al. - 2014 - Towards prospective life cycle sustainability anal.pdf}
}

@article{ryberg2018,
  title = {Development of a Life-Cycle Impact Assessment Methodology Linked to the {{Planetary Boundaries}} Framework},
  author = {Ryberg, Morten W. and Owsianiak, Miko{\l}aj and Richardson, Katherine and Hauschild, Michael Z.},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {Ecological Indicators},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {250--262},
  issn = {1470160X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.065},
  urldate = {2024-03-20},
  abstract = {To enable quantifying environmental performance of products and technologies in relation to Planetary Boundaries, there is a need for life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods which allow for expressing indicators of environmental impact in metrics corresponding to those of the control variables in the Planetary Boundaries framework. In this study, we present such a methodology, referred to as PB-LCIA. Characterization factors for direct use in the LCIA phase of a life cycle assessment, or other life-cycle based assessment, were developed for a total of 85 elementary flows recognized as dominant contributors to transgressing specific Planetary Boundaries. Exception was made for ``biosphere integrity'' and ``introduction of novel entities'' where a Planetary Boundary is yet to be defined for the latter and characterization models are considered immature for the former. The PB-LCIA can be used to quantify the share of the ``safe operating space'' that human activities occupy, as was illustrated by calculating indicator scores for about 10,600 products, technologies and services exemplifying several sectors, including materials, energy, transport, and processing. The PB-LCIA can be used by companies interested in gauging their activities against the Planetary Boundaries to support decisions that help to reduce the risk of human activities moving the Earth System out of the Holocene state.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\3T4MYJHI\\Ryberg et al. - 2018 - Development of a life-cycle impact assessment meth.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\U4PR34VF\\1-s2.0-S1470160X17308610-mmc1.docx}
}

@article{ryberg2020,
  title = {Downscaling the Planetary Boundaries in Absolute Environmental Sustainability Assessments -- {{A}} Review},
  author = {Ryberg, Morten W. and Andersen, Martin Marchman and Owsianiak, Miko{\l}aj and Hauschild, Michael Z.},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {276},
  pages = {123287},
  issn = {0959-6526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123287},
  urldate = {2024-07-17},
  abstract = {The safe operating space as defined by the Planetary Boundaries framework can be used as an environmental sustainability reference in absolute environmental sustainability assessments (AESAs). In AESAs, the safe operating space must be distributed among human activities so impacts associated with an activity can be related to its assigned share of the safe operating space to assess if the activity can be considered absolute sustainable. To ensure choices concerning sharing principles in AESA are deliberate, there is a need for understanding the distributive justice theory underlying the sharing principles. This study provides a framework for determining and communicating the distributive justice theories that underlie the choice of sharing principles in AESA. To comprehensively describe a sharing principle in relation to distributive justice theories, seven dimensions must be defined, i.e. target, currency, pattern, geographical scope, temporal scope, clauses, and constraints. We conducted a review of sharing principles used in AESAs in relation to contemporary distributive justice theories. 18 studies were identified with 34 sharing principles being applied. The most commonly applied sharing principle is equal per capita sharing of the safe operating space among countries or individuals. This was often combined with utilitarian principles for sharing among industrial units. Based on the review and analysis of the results, we provide recommendations on best practice for defining sharing principles in AESAs systematically based on distributive justice theories and recommendations for further research. The framework developed in this study provide a first step towards a systematic and informed selection of sharing principles used in AESAs.},
  keywords = {Absolute environmental sustainability assessment,Distributive justice,Entitlement,Safe operating space,Sharing principles},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\VTN499B2\\Ryberg et al. - 2020 - Downscaling the planetary boundaries in absolute e.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\85A9XDXI\\S0959652620333321.html}
}

@article{sacchi2021,
  title = {Does {{Size Matter}}? {{The Influence}} of {{Size}}, {{Load Factor}}, {{Range Autonomy}}, and {{Application Type}} on the {{Life Cycle Assessment}} of {{Current}} and {{Future Medium-}} and {{Heavy-Duty Vehicles}}},
  shorttitle = {Does {{Size Matter}}?},
  author = {Sacchi, Romain and Bauer, Christian and Cox, Brian L.},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {55},
  number = {8},
  pages = {5224--5235},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.0c07773},
  urldate = {2024-06-28},
  abstract = {The transparent, flexible, and open-source Python library carculator\_truck is introduced to perform the life cycle assessment of a series of medium- and heavy-duty trucks across different powertrain types, size classes, fuel pathways, and years in a European context. Unsurprisingly, greenhouse gas emissions per ton-km reduce as size and load factor increase. By 2040, battery and fuel cell electric trucks appear to be promising options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions per ton-km on long distance segments, even where the required range autonomy is high. This requires that various conditions are met, such as improvements at the energy storage level and a drastic reduction of the greenhouse gas intensity of the electricity used for battery charging and hydrogen production. Meanwhile, these options may be considered for urban and regional applications, where they have a competitive advantage thanks to their superior engine efficiency. Finally, these alternative options will have to compete against more mature combustion-based technologies which, despite lower drivetrain efficiencies, are expected to reduce their exhaust emissions via engine improvements, hybridization of their powertrain, as well as the use of biomass-based and synthetic fuels.},
  copyright = {https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\8TH5FLSJ\\Sacchi et al. - 2021 - Does Size Matter The Influence of Size, Load Fact.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\ZBC3FAQU\\es0c07773_si_001.pdf}
}

@article{sacchi2022,
  title = {{{PRospective EnvironMental Impact asSEment}} (Premise): {{A}} Streamlined Approach to Producing Databases for Prospective Life Cycle Assessment Using Integrated Assessment Models},
  shorttitle = {{{PRospective EnvironMental Impact asSEment}} (Premise)},
  author = {Sacchi, R. and Terlouw, T. and Siala, K. and Dirnaichner, A. and Bauer, C. and Cox, B. and Mutel, C. and Daioglou, V. and Luderer, G.},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {160},
  pages = {112311},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2022.112311},
  urldate = {2023-03-02},
  abstract = {Prospective Life Cycle Assessment (pLCA) is useful to evaluate the environmental performance of current and emerging technologies in the future. Yet, as energy systems and industries are rapidly shifting towards cleaner means of production, pLCA requires an inventory database that encapsulates the expected changes in technol\- ogies and the environment at a given point in time, following specific socio-techno-economic pathways. To this end, this study introduces premise, a tool to streamline the generation of prospective inventory databases for pLCA by integrating scenarios generated by Integrated Assessment Models (IAM). More precisely, premise applies a number of transformations on energy-intensive activities found in the inventory database ecoinvent according to projections provided by the IAM. Unsurprisingly, the study shows that, within a given socio-economic narrative, the climate change mitigation target chosen affects the performance of nearly all activities in the database. This is illustrated by focusing on the effects observed on a few activities, such as systems for direct air capture of CO2, lithium-ion batteries, electricity and clinker production as well as freight transport by road, in relation to the applied sector-based transformation and the chosen climate change mitigation target. This work also discusses the limitations and challenges faced when coupling IAM and LCA databases and what improve\- ments are to be brought in to further facilitate the development of pLCA.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\3VT4BCSS\Sacchi et al. - 2022 - PRospective EnvironMental Impact asSEment (premise.pdf}
}

@article{sacchi2022a,
  title = {When, Where and How Can the Electrification of Passenger Cars Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions?},
  author = {Sacchi, R. and Bauer, C. and Cox, B. and Mutel, C.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {162},
  pages = {112475},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2022.112475},
  urldate = {2024-02-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\IRL56ZC8\Sacchi et al. - 2022 - When, where and how can the electrification of pas.pdf}
}

@article{sacchi2024,
  title = {Pathways: Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Transition Scenarios},
  shorttitle = {Pathways},
  author = {Sacchi, Romain and {Hahn-Menacho}, Alvaro J.},
  year = {2024},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {9},
  number = {103},
  pages = {7309},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.07309},
  urldate = {2024-12-16},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\RKCA3A4H\Sacchi and Hahn-Menacho - 2024 - pathways life cycle assessment of energy transitionscenarios.pdf}
}

@article{sala2020,
  title = {Environmental Sustainability of {{European}} Production and Consumption Assessed against Planetary Boundaries},
  author = {Sala, Serenella and Crenna, Eleonora and Secchi, Michela and {Sany{\'e}-Mengual}, Esther},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  volume = {269},
  pages = {110686},
  issn = {03014797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110686},
  urldate = {2024-07-08},
  abstract = {The planetary boundaries (PBs) represent a well-known concept, which helps identify whether production and consumption systems are environmentally sustainable in absolute terms, namely compared to the Earth's ecological limits and carrying capacity. In this study, the impacts of production and consumption of the European Union in 2010 were assessed by means of life cycle assessment (LCA)-based indicators and compared with the PBs. Five different perspectives were adopted for assessing the impacts: a production perspective (EU Domestic Footprint) and four distinct consumption perspectives, resulting from alternative modelling approaches including both top-down (input-output LCA) and bottom-up (process-based LCA). Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) results were assessed against LCIA-based PBs, which adapted the PBs framework to the LCIA indicators and metrics of the Environmental Footprint method (EF). Global environmental impacts transgressed several LCIAbased PBs. When assessing the overall environmental impacts of EU consumption compared to the global LCIA-based PBs, impacts of EU consumption related to climate change, particulate matter, land use and mineral resources were close or already transgressed the global boundaries. The EU, with less than 10\% of the world population, was close to transgress the global ecological limits. Moreover, when downscaling the global PBs and comparing the impacts per capita for an average EU citizen and a global one, the LCIA-PBs were significantly transgressed in many impact categories. The results are affected by uncertainty mainly due to: (a) the intrinsic uncertainties of the different LCA modelling approaches and indicators; (b) the uncertainties in estimating LCIAbased PBs, due to the difficulties in identifying limits for the Earth's processes and referring them to LCIA metrics. The results may anyway be used to define benchmarks and policy targets to ensure that consumption and production in Europe remains within safe ecological boundaries, as well as to understand the magnitude of the effort needed to reduce the impacts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\7R9C9JS6\Sala et al. - 2020 - Environmental sustainability of European productio.pdf}
}

@article{saltelli2010,
  title = {Variance Based Sensitivity Analysis of Model Output. {{Design}} and Estimator for the Total Sensitivity Index},
  author = {Saltelli, Andrea and Annoni, Paola and Azzini, Ivano and Campolongo, Francesca and Ratto, Marco and Tarantola, Stefano},
  year = {2010},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Computer Physics Communications},
  volume = {181},
  number = {2},
  pages = {259--270},
  issn = {00104655},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cpc.2009.09.018},
  urldate = {2023-09-22},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{santos2017,
  title = {Scenarios for the Future {{Brazilian}} Power Sector Based on a Multi-Criteria Assessment},
  author = {Santos, M.J. and Ferreira, P. and Ara{\'u}jo, M. and {Portugal-Pereira}, J. and Lucena, A.F.P. and Schaeffer, R.},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {167},
  pages = {938--950},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.145},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {The Brazilian power generation sector faces a paradigm change driven by, on one hand, a shift from a hydropower dominated mix and, on the other hand, international goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this work is to evaluate five scenarios for the Brazilian power sector until 2050 using a multi-criteria decision analysis tool. These scenarios include a baseline trend and low carbon policy scenarios based on carbon taxes and carbon emission limits. To support the applied methodology, a questionnaire was elaborated to integrate the perceptions of experts on the scenario evaluation process. Considering the results from multi-criteria analysis, scenario preference followed the order of increasing share of renewables in the power sector. The preferable option for the future Brazilian power sector is a scenario where wind and biomass have a major contribution. The robustness of the multi-criteria tool applied in this study was tested by a sensitivity analysis. This analysis demonstrated that, regardless of the respondents' preferences and backgrounds, scenarios with higher shares of fossil fuel sources are the least preferable option, while scenarios with major contributions from wind and biomass are the preferable option to supply electricity in Brazil through 2050.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {multi-criteria analysis},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\TA2RHSK4\Santos et al. - 2017 - Scenarios for the future Brazilian power sector ba.pdf}
}

@article{savvidis2019,
  title = {The Gap between Energy Policy Challenges and Model Capabilities},
  author = {Savvidis, Georgios and Siala, Kais and Weissbart, Christoph and Schmidt, Lukas and Borggrefe, Frieder and Kumar, Subhash and Pittel, Karen and Madlener, Reinhard and Hufendiek, Kai},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  volume = {125},
  pages = {503--520},
  issn = {03014215},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2018.10.033},
  urldate = {2023-03-23},
  abstract = {Ambitious decarbonization targets, technology-specific policies, and computational developments led to increases in the complexity and diversity of energy system models. The lack of transparency and standardization, however, renders the assessment of model suitability for specific policy questions difficult. Therefore, this paper systematically assesses the ability of energy system models to answer major energy policy questions. It examines the existing literature on model comparison schemes, then proposes a set of criteria to compare a sample of 40 models. Besides, a novel, model-oriented approach is developed in order to cluster energy policy questions. Finally, the model capabilities and the policy questions are brought together by quantifying the gap between models and policy questions. The results show that some models are very well able to answer a wide range of energy policy questions, whereas others are only suitable for a specific area of energy policy. The representation of the distribution grid, the endogenous adjustment of demand, and the technical flexibility of the energy system are among the features, where models generally lag behind. Our results provide policy-makers with guidance on crucial model features with respect to a selection of energy policy questions and suggest potential funding priorities for future energy system modeling.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ACTDMKGJ\Savvidis et al. - 2019 - The gap between energy policy challenges and model.pdf}
}

@article{scanlon2015,
  title = {An {{Approach}} to {{Integrating Occupational Safety}} and {{Health}} into {{Life Cycle Assessment}}: {{Development}} and {{Application}} of {{Work Environment Characterization Factors}}},
  shorttitle = {An {{Approach}} to {{Integrating Occupational Safety}} and {{Health}} into {{Life Cycle Assessment}}},
  author = {Scanlon, Kelly A. and Lloyd, Shannon M. and Gray, George M. and Francis, Royce A. and LaPuma, Peter},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27--37},
  issn = {1088-1980, 1530-9290},
  doi = {10.1111/jiec.12146},
  urldate = {2023-11-30},
  abstract = {Summary             Integrating occupational safety and health (OSH) into life cycle assessment (LCA) may provide decision makers with insights and opportunities to prevent burden shifting of human health impacts between the nonwork environment and the work environment. We propose an integration approach that uses industry-level work environment characterization factors (WE-CFs) to convert industry activity into damage to human health attributable to the work environment, assessed as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). WE-CFs are ratios of work-related fatal and nonfatal injuries and illnesses occurring in the U.S. worker population to the amount of physical output from U.S. industries; they represent workplace hazards and exposures and are compatible with the life cycle inventory (LCI) structure common to process-based LCA. A proof of concept demonstrates application of the WE-CFs in an LCA of municipal solid waste landfill and incineration systems. Results from the proof of concept indicate that estimates of DALYs attributable to the work environment are comparable in magnitude to DALYs attributable to environmental emissions. Construction and infrastructure-related work processes contributed the most to the work environment DALYs. A sensitivity analysis revealed that uncertainty in the physical output from industries had the most effect on the WE-CFs. The results encourage implementation of WE-CFs in future LCA studies, additional refinement of LCI processes to accurately capture industry outputs, and inclusion of infrastructure-related processes in LCAs that evaluate OSH impacts.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{schaubroeck2021,
  title = {Attributional \& {{Consequential Life Cycle Assessment}}: {{Definitions}}, {{Conceptual Characteristics}} and {{Modelling Restrictions}}},
  shorttitle = {Attributional \& {{Consequential Life Cycle Assessment}}},
  author = {Schaubroeck, Thomas and Schaubroeck, Simon and Heijungs, Reinout and Zamagni, Alessandra and Brand{\~a}o, Miguel and Benetto, Enrico},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Sustainability},
  volume = {13},
  number = {13},
  pages = {7386},
  issn = {2071-1050},
  doi = {10.3390/su13137386},
  urldate = {2023-06-16},
  abstract = {To assess the potential environmental impact of human/industrial systems, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a very common method. There are two prominent types of LCA, namely attributional (ALCA) and consequential (CLCA). A lot of literature covers these approaches, but a general consensus on what they represent and an overview of all their differences seems lacking, nor has every prominent feature been fully explored. The two main objectives of this article are: (1) to argue for and select definitions for each concept and (2) specify all conceptual characteristics (including translation into modelling restrictions), re-evaluating and going beyond findings in the state of the art. For the first objective, mainly because the validity of interpretation of a term is also a matter of consensus, we argue the selection of definitions present in the 2011 UNEP-SETAC report. ALCA attributes a share of the potential environmental impact of the world to a product life cycle, while CLCA assesses the environmental consequences of a decision (e.g., increase of product demand). Regarding the second objective, the product system in ALCA constitutes all processes that are linked by physical, energy flows or services. Because of the requirement of additivity for ALCA, a double-counting check needs to be executed, modelling is restricted (e.g., guaranteed through linearity) and partitioning of multifunctional processes is systematically needed (for evaluation per single product). The latter matters also hold in a similar manner for the impact assessment, which is commonly overlooked. CLCA, is completely consequential and there is no limitation regarding what a modelling framework should entail, with the coverage of co-products through substitution being just one approach and not the only one (e.g., additional consumption is possible). Both ALCA and CLCA can be considered over any time span (past, present \& future) and either using a reference environment or different scenarios. Furthermore, both ALCA and CLCA could be specific for average or marginal (small) products or decisions, and further datasets. These findings also hold for life cycle sustainability assessment.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\2BBXWN5V\Schaubroeck et al. - 2021 - Attributional & Consequential Life Cycle Assessmen.pdf}
}

@article{schlesier2024,
  title = {Measuring the {{Doughnut}}: {{A}} Good Life for All Is Possible within Planetary Boundaries},
  shorttitle = {Measuring the {{Doughnut}}},
  author = {Schlesier, Hauke and Sch{\"a}fer, Malte and Desing, Harald},
  year = {2024},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {448},
  pages = {141447},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141447},
  urldate = {2024-05-03},
  abstract = {Humanity is continuing a path towards ecological instability. While resource consumption is unprecedented, significant parts of the human population are still deprived of decent living. The safe and just operating space postulates that it is possible to simultaneously stay within ecological limits and fulfil basic needs. However, evidence that such a state can be achieved given existing population and available technologies is lacking. Here, we attempt to show whether a safe and just space exists by modelling material and energy requirements for satisfying basic needs with various technological scenarios. Environmental impacts of a basket of products representing basic needs satisfaction are measured through life cycle analysis and compared to planetary boundaries for the first time. We find that all planetary boundaries considered can be respected for 8.0 and 10.4 billion people with a probability of 81\% and 73\% respectively. However, this requires a fossil-free energy system, and an essentially vegan diet as well as no additional cropland conversion. To actually create and enlarge a safe and just operating space, carbon dioxide emissions, biodiversity, Phosphorus and Nitrogen emissions would need to be further reduced, mainly by improved agricultural practices and material circularity. Significance Statement The purpose of this study is to find out if humanity can fulfil basic needs for all humans without destabilizing the Earth system. This information is relevant for identifying pathways to futures in which all humans can live good lives without compromising the livelihoods of future generations. Our results show that it is theoretically possible to satisfy the basic needs of 10.4 billion people within ecological limits. However, large-scale transformations in all sectors and dietary changes are necessary to guarantee safe climate conditions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\8RYNM9WL\Schlesier et al. - 2024 - Measuring the Doughnut A good life for all is pos.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{schnidrig2022,
  title = {A Modelling Framework for Assessing the Impact of Green Mobility Technologies on Energy Systems},
  booktitle = {34th {{International Conference}} on {{Efficiency}}, {{Cost}}, {{Optimization}}, {{Simulation}} and {{Environmental Impact}} of {{Energy Systems}} ({{ECOS}} 2021)},
  author = {Schnidrig, Jonas and Nguyen, Tuong-Van and Li, Xiang and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2022},
  pages = {928--940},
  publisher = {ECOS 2021 Program Organizers},
  address = {Taormina, Italy},
  doi = {10.52202/062738-0083},
  urldate = {2022-11-04},
  abstract = {A successful decarbonisation of the European Union, coupled with a high integration of renewable energy and ambitious targets for energy efficiency, can only be reached with a significant contribution from the transportation sector. It currently represents a quarter of the total greenhouse gas emissions and is shifting from fossil fuels to alternative energy carriers (biofuels, e-hydrogen, electricity) and propulsion systems (hybrid, electric and fuel-cell vehicles). Decarbonising this sector can follow multiple pathways, each having different costs, impacts and implications for the other sectors (industry, residential and services). This paper presents a method to analyse the impact of each decarbonisation pathway in the mobility sector on the overall energy system, using the EnergyScope model. The proposed methods include: (i) an estimation of the hourly demand profiles for short- (local) and long-distance mobility, using annual projections and traffic measurements; (ii) the development of black-box vehicle models of road, rail and aviation technologies; (iii) the modelling of the associated infrastructures, from the fuel conversion processes to the charging stations; and (iv) the use of Monte-Carlobased tools to account for technical and economic uncertainties. This method allows to assess the effects of mobility decarbonisation pathways on the energy system, from the large-scale deployment of vehicle-to-grid technologies to the integration of biofuel- and hydrogen-based vehicles. France has been taken as case study, considering 2050 as time horizon. The results showed the importance of a holistic approach to suggest costand energy-efficient decarbonisation pathways in the transport sector that can affect the overall energy system.},
  isbn = {978-1-71384-398-6 978-1-71384-393-1},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\JYGQFG6C\\Schnidrig et al. - 2022 - A modelling framework for assessing the impact of .pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\UDWT39Y2\\Schnidrig et al. - 2022 - A modelling framework for assessing the impact of .pdf}
}

@inproceedings{schnidrig2022a,
  title = {Regionalisation in High Share Renewable Energy System Modelling},
  booktitle = {2022 {{IEEE Power}} \& {{Energy Society General Meeting}} ({{PESGM}})},
  author = {Schnidrig, Jonas and Li, Xiang and Slaymaker, Amara and Nguyen, Tuong-Van and Marechal, Francois},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  pages = {1--5},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  address = {Denver, CO, USA},
  doi = {10.1109/PESGM48719.2022.9917062},
  urldate = {2022-11-07},
  abstract = {Governments are setting ambitious targets to tackle the issue global warming by switching to renewable energy sources and reducing CO2-emissions. For example, as announced in November 2020, Canada aims to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050.},
  isbn = {978-1-66540-823-3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\MH4HBLED\\Schnidrig et al. - 2022 - Regionalisation in high share renewable energy sys.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\NMDWJAU4\\Schnidrig et al. - 2022 - APPENDIX - Regionalisation in high share renewable.pdf}
}

@article{schnidrig2023,
  title = {On the Role of Energy Infrastructure in the Energy Transition. {{Case}} Study of an Energy Independent and {{CO2}} Neutral Energy System for {{Switzerland}}},
  author = {Schnidrig, Jonas and Cherkaoui, Rachid and Calisesi, Yasmine and Margni, Manuele and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {Frontiers in Energy Research},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {1164813},
  issn = {2296-598X},
  doi = {10.3389/fenrg.2023.1164813},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {The transition towards renewable energy is leading to an important strain on the energy grids. The question of designing and deploying renewable energy technologies in symbiosis with existing grids and infrastructure is arising. While current energy system models mainly focus on the energy transformation system or only investigate the effect on one energy vector grid, we present a methodology to characterize different energy vector grids and storage, integrated into the multi-energy and multi-sector modeling framework EnergyScope. The characterization of energy grids is achieved through a traditional energy technology and grid modeling approach, integrating economic and technical parameters. The methodology has been applied to the case study of a country with a high existing transmission infrastructure density, e.g., Switzerland, switching from a fossil fuel-based system to a high share of renewable energy deployment. The results show that the economic optimum with high shares of renewable energy requires the electric distribution grid reinforcement with 2.439~GW (+61\%) Low Voltage (LV) and 4.626~GW (+82\%) Medium Voltage (MV), with no reinforcement required at transmission level [High Voltage (HV) and Extra High Voltage (EHV)]. The reinforcement is due to high shares of LV-Photovoltaic (PV) (15.4~GW) and MV-wind (20~GW) deployment. Without reinforcement, additional biomass is required for methane production, which is stored in 4.8--5.95~TWh methane storage tanks to compensate for seasonal intermittency using the existing gas infrastructure. In contrast, hydro storage capacity is used at a maximum of 8.9~TWh. Furthermore, the choice of less efficient technologies to avoid reinforcement results in a 8.5\%--9.3\% cost penalty compared to the cost of the reinforced system. This study considers a geographically averaged and aggregated model, assuming all production and consumption are made in one single spot, not considering the role of future decentralization of the energy system, leading to a possible overestimation of grid reinforcement needs.},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZZHWMY9N\Schnidrig et al. - 2023 - On the role of energy infrastructure in the energy.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{schnidrig2023a,
  title = {Integration of {{Life Cycle Impact Assessment}} in {{Energy System Modelling}}},
  booktitle = {36th {{International Conference}} on {{Efficiency}}, {{Cost}}, {{Optimization}}, {{Simulation}} and {{Environmental Impact}} of {{Energy Systems}} ({{ECOS}} 2023)},
  author = {Schnidrig, Jonas and Brun, Justine and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois and Margni, Manuele},
  year = {2023},
  pages = {2810--2822},
  publisher = {ECOS 2023},
  address = {Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Spain},
  doi = {10.52202/069564-0252},
  urldate = {2023-10-07},
  abstract = {The Paris agreement is the first-ever universally accepted and legally binding agreement on global climate change. It is a bridge between today's and climate-neutrality policies and strategies before the end of the century. However, government and private companies still struggle to develop cost-effective carbon-neutral strategies. Energy system modeling has proved essential in creating strategies to generate carbon-neutral scenarios under minimal costs.},
  isbn = {978-1-71387-492-8 978-1-71387-481-2},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\W9BZAELG\Schnidrig et al. - 2023 - Integration of Life Cycle Impact Assessment in Ene.pdf}
}

@article{schnidrig2024,
  title = {Between Green Hills and Green Bills: {{Unveiling}} the Green Shades of Sustainability and Burden Shifting through Multi-Objective Optimization in {{Swiss}} Energy System Planning},
  shorttitle = {Between Green Hills and Green Bills},
  author = {Schnidrig, Jonas and Souttre, Matthieu and Chuat, Arthur and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois and Margni, Manuele},
  year = {2024},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  volume = {370},
  pages = {122537},
  issn = {03014797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122537},
  urldate = {2024-10-10},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{schnidrig2024a,
  title = {Power to the {{People}}: {{On}} the {{Role}} of {{Districts}} in {{Decentralized Energy Systems}}},
  shorttitle = {Power to the {{People}}},
  author = {Schnidrig, Jonas and Chuat, Arthur and Terrier, C{\'e}dric and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois and Margni, Manuele},
  year = {2024},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Energies},
  volume = {17},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1718},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en17071718},
  urldate = {2024-04-05},
  abstract = {The transition towards renewable and decentralized energy systems is propelled by the urgent need to address climate concerns and advance sustainable development globally. This transformation requires innovative methods to integrate stochastic renewable sources such as solar and wind power and challenging traditional energy paradigms rooted in centralized and continuous energy production. The present study focuses on the Swiss energy system to explore the optimization of energy planning strategies that incorporate decentralized energy production within a centralized framework. Here, we show that a strategic approach to decentralization can significantly reduce annual system costs by 10\% to CHF 1230 per capita and increase self-consumption to 68\% of the decentralized PV production, emphasizing the need for a hybrid energy-planning model that balances centralized and decentralized models for enhanced system resilience, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. This research underscores the strategic importance of diversifying energy sources, enhancing energy storage, improving grid flexibility, and laying a foundational framework for policy making and strategic planning. It encourages further investigation into climate impacts, technology synergy, and the integration of district heating, aiming to establish a resilient, sustainable, and autonomous energy future.},
  copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\6GB9RNNK\\energies-17-01718.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\HQI96I5I\\Schnidrig et al. - 2024 - Power to the People On the Role of Districts in D.pdf}
}

@article{schulze2024,
  title = {Overcoming the Challenges of Assessing the Global Raw Material Demand of Future Energy Systems},
  author = {Schulze, Kai and Kullmann, Felix and Weinand, Jann M. and Stolten, Detlef},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Joule},
  volume = {8},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1936--1957},
  issn = {25424351},
  doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2024.05.016},
  urldate = {2024-12-09},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9RSJGK64\Schulze et al. - 2024 - Overcoming the challenges of assessing the global raw material demand of future energy systems.pdf}
}

@article{schwarz2024,
  title = {The {{Circular Industrial Transformation System}} ({{CITS}}) Model - {{Assessing}} the Life Cycle Impacts of Climate and Circularity Strategies},
  author = {Schwarz, A.E. and Lensen, S.M.C. and Herlaar, S.D.M. and Van Harmelen, T. and Stegmann, P.H.},
  year = {2024},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {481},
  pages = {144158},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144158},
  urldate = {2024-11-22},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\QMFGXTZI\Schwarz et al. - 2024 - The Circular Industrial Transformation System (CITS) model - Assessing the life cycle impacts of cli.pdf}
}

@article{serp2017,
  title = {Assessment of the {{Anticipated Environmental Footprint}} of {{Future Nuclear Energy Systems}}. {{Evidence}} of the {{Beneficial Effect}} of {{Extensive Recycling}}},
  author = {Serp, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Poinssot, Christophe and Bourg, St{\'e}phane},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Energies},
  volume = {10},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1445},
  issn = {1996-1073},
  doi = {10.3390/en10091445},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {In this early 21st century, our societies have to face a tremendous and increasing energy need while mitigating the global climate change and preserving the environment. Addressing this challenge requires an energy transition from the current fossil energy-based system to a carbon-free energy production system, based on a relevant energy mix combining renewables and nuclear energy. However, such an energy transition will only occur if it is accepted by the population. Powerful and reliable tools, such as life cycle assessments (LCA), aiming at assessing the respective merits of the different energy mix for most of the environmental impact indicators are therefore mandatory for supporting a risk-informed decision-process at the societal level. Before studying the deployment of a given energy mix, a prerequisite is to perform LCAs on each of the components of the mix. This paper addresses two potential nuclear energy components: a nuclear fuel cycle based on the Generation III European Pressurized Reactors (EPR) and a nuclear fuel cycle based on the Generation IV Sodium Fast Reactors (SFR). The basis of this study relies on the previous work done on the current French nuclear fuel cycle using the bespoke NELCAS tool specifically developed for studying nuclear fuel cycle environmental impacts. Our study highlights that the EPR already brings a limited improvement to the current fuel cycle thanks to a higher efficiency of the energy transformation and a higher burn-up of the nuclear fuel (-20\% on most of the chosen indicators) whereas the introduction of the GEN IV fast reactors will bring a significant breakthrough by suppressing the current front-end of the fuel cycle thanks to the use of depleted uranium instead of natural enriched uranium (this leads to a decrease of the impact from 17\% on water consumption and withdrawal and up to 96\% on SOx emissions). The specific case of the radioactive waste is also studied, showing that only the partitioning and transmutation of the americium in the blanket fuel of the SFR can reduce the footprint of the geological disposal (saving up to a factor of 7 on the total repository volume). Having now at disposition five models (open fuel cycle, current French twice through fuel cycle, EPR twice through fuel cycle, multi-recycling SFR fuel cycle and at a longer term, multi-recycling SFR fuel cycle including americium transmutation), it is possible to model the environmental impact of any fuel cycle combining these technologies. In the next step, these models will be combined with those of other carbon-free energies (wind, solar, biomass . . . ) in order to estimate the environmental impact of future energy mixes and also to analyze the impact on the way these scenarios are deployed (transition pathways).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\J5X6USCI\Serp et al. - 2017 - Assessment of the Anticipated Environmental Footpr.pdf}
}

@article{serrano-arevalo2024,
  title = {The Impact of Circular Economy Indicators in the Optimal Planning of Energy Systems},
  author = {{Serrano-Ar{\'e}valo}, Tania Itzel and {D{\'i}az-Alvarado}, Felipe A. and {Tovar-Facio}, Javier and {Ponce-Ortega}, Jos{\'e} Mar{\'i}a},
  year = {2024},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Sustainable Production and Consumption},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {234--249},
  issn = {23525509},
  doi = {10.1016/j.spc.2023.12.018},
  urldate = {2024-01-30},
  abstract = {One of the purposes of the Circular Economy is to promote the optimization of resources; most power systems planning towards renewable energy focus on the operation phase. In this sense, innovative Circular Economy indicators play a fundamental role in planning electricity generation due to the massive electrification of eco\- nomic activities, offering the option of using fewer material resources in the system infrastructure to reduce the depletion of non-renewable resources. Therefore, when planning a power supply system, it is essential to assess technical, environmental, and economic aspects to guarantee the system's proper functioning and an infra\- structure design with the minimum impact. This work presents a mathematical programming approach that aims to introduce rigorous metrics on the requirements of non-renewable resources used during the process and en\- ergy self-sufficiency since they have not been studied as one of the aspects of the Circular Economy within the energy sector. In addition, the model determines the optimal selection of the required infrastructure and necessary capacities in energy production to satisfy the energy demand required in a specific period. Together, the quantification of materials is normalized using the Abiotic Depletion Potential as a comparison of the depletion of non-renewable resources. The proposed Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) multiobjective model is solved using the goal programming technique, allowing to determine the compensations between the total cost, CO2eq emissions (related to the production of energy in the different energy generating technologies) and Circular Economy indicators. A case study for power generation in Mexico is presented and the results show that by implementing Circular Economy indicators as an addition to the economic and environ\- mental functions, ``achievement in performance'' for the different objectives ranges from 84.00 \% and 89.96 \%. In addition, the optimization shows a 76.17 \% decrease in the total cost and 48.73 \% in CO2eq emissions concerning the respective worst case (Nadir point). This paper contributes to the growing body of literature on the inte\- gration of Circular Economy metrics, specifically in optimizing the energy sector.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\5NLNJEHT\Serrano-Arévalo et al. - 2024 - The impact of circular economy indicators in the o.pdf}
}

@article{shmelev2016,
  title = {Optimal Diversity of Renewable Energy Alternatives under Multiple Criteria: {{An}} Application to the {{UK}}},
  shorttitle = {Optimal Diversity of Renewable Energy Alternatives under Multiple Criteria},
  author = {Shmelev, Stanislav E. and {van den Bergh}, Jeroen C.J.M.},
  year = {2016},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {679--691},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.100},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {We propose a multi-criteria analysis of alternative combinations of renewable energy technologies to meet a sustainable energy supply. It takes into account a range of criteria to reflect relevant environmental, social and economic considerations, capture the value of diversity, and reflect innovative potential and learning capacity. The combination of these factors allows for solutions in which there is more balance between economic, environmental and social dimensions, unlike in previous studies. Scenarios that might have been preferred on the basis of, for example, minimal costs or low CO2 emissions, will have to be reconsidered because of negative effects in terms of land use or unemployment. The decision making philosophy in this case changes from that of optimization to multi-criteria satisficing. This article argues for consideration of the following dimensions of the energy system: costs, emissions, water use, land use and employment. Consideration of such dimensions will shift energy system into the direction of overall sustainability while making it more resilient in the long-term. The approach is applied to the case of the United Kingdom by making use of a MARKAL model, complementing its goal of cost-minimization with additional, social and environmental criteria. This gives rise to a number of suggestions for UK energy mix and policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {multi-criteria analysis},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\N772BTV8\Shmelev and van den Bergh - 2016 - Optimal diversity of renewable energy alternatives.pdf}
}

@article{shu2023,
  title = {The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage to Achieve Net-Zero Energy Systems: {{Trade-offs}} between Economics and the Environment},
  shorttitle = {The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage to Achieve Net-Zero Energy Systems},
  author = {Shu, David Yang and Deutz, Sarah and Winter, Benedikt Alexander and Baumg{\"a}rtner, Nils and Leenders, Ludger and Bardow, Andr{\'e}},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {178},
  pages = {113246},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2023.113246},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Carbon capture and storage can both reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide negative emissions to contribute to the transition to a net-zero society. The contribution of carbon capture and storage has been investigated within cross-sectorial energy system models. However, such models commonly focus on cost and greenhouse gas emissions, while broader environmental impacts are investigated for individual technologies only. Here, we analyze economic and environmental impacts of the transition to net-zero emissions by combining energy system modeling with life-cycle assessment. We focus on the system-wide implications of carbon dioxide storage on economic or environmental impacts. In our investigation of the transition of the German energy system until 2045, net-zero emissions require a minimal amount of carbon capture and storage. However, increasing carbon dioxide storage beyond the minimum amount significantly lowers cost and environmental impacts in up to 13 out of 16 impact categories by avoiding investments into material-intensive technologies, such as power-to-methane or renewable power plants in areas with low generation potential. In scenarios without electricity imports, carbon dioxide storage ranges between 118 Mt to 379 Mt in 2045 with cost increasing by 105 \% when carbon dioxide storage is minimized. 84 \% of the cost increase is incurred for eliminating the final 23 Mt of carbon dioxide stored.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9HKFM2R9\Shu et al. - 2023 - The role of carbon capture and storage to achieve .pdf}
}

@inproceedings{shu2024,
  title = {Towards {{Designing Sector-Coupled Energy Systems Within Planetary Boundaries}}},
  booktitle = {Foundations of {{Computer-Aided Process Design}}},
  author = {Shu, David Y. and Hartmann, Jan and Zibunas, Christian and Baumg{\"a}rtner, Nils and Assen, Niklas Von Der and Bardow, Andr{\'e}},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  pages = {585--590},
  address = {Breckenridge, Colorado, USA},
  doi = {10.69997/sct.126329},
  urldate = {2024-08-30},
  abstract = {The transition to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions requires a rapid redesign of energy systems. However, the redesign may shift environmental impacts to other categories than climate change. To assess the sustainability of the resulting impacts, the planetary boundaries framework provides absolute limits for environmental sustainability. This study uses the planetary boundaries framework to assess net-zero sector-coupled energy system designs for absolute environmental sustainability. Considering Germany as a case study, we extend the common focus on climate change in sustainable energy system design to seven additional Earth-system processes crucial for maintaining conditions favorable to human well-being. Our assessment reveals that transitioning to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions reduces many environmental impacts but is not equivalent to sustainability, as all net-zero designs transgress at least one planetary boundary. However, the environmental impacts vary substantially between net-zero designs, highlighting that design choices exist to address transgressions of planetary boundaries.},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\IABXGPBI\Shu et al. - 2024 - Towards Designing Sector-Coupled Energy Systems Wi.pdf}
}

@techreport{sievert2023,
  title = {The {{Bottom Line}}: {{Why}} the Cost of Carbon Capture and Storage Remains Persistently High},
  author = {Sievert, Katrin and Cameron, Laura and Carter, Angela},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  institution = {International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)},
  abstract = {Carbon capture and storage (CCS) costs depend on the process type, capture technology, carbon dioxide (CO2) transport, and storage location. CO2 capture costs are projected to range from CAD 27--48/tCO2 for processes with concentrated CO2 streams to CAD 50--150/tCO2 for diluted gas streams. The actual cost of CCS projects in Canada indicates that costs are in the upper range of what is predicted in the literature. {$\bullet$} The persistent high costs of CCS are attributed to high design complexity and the need for customization that limits the deployment of CCS. {$\bullet$} Comparing the experience rates---or the decrease in cost with increased development and deployment---of CCS with other energy technologies, such as solar and wind, shows that CCS cost reductions have been slow, despite being in use commercially for more than 50 years. {$\bullet$} The economic viability of CCS for the oil and gas sector continues to rely heavily on federal and provincial government financial support. This is in contrast to renewable technologies, which have generally required government subsidies only in the initial development phases. {$\bullet$} CCS may play an important role in hard-to-decarbonize industrial sectors such as cement and steel, where substitute materials or fully matured decarbonization technologies are not yet available or fully developed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\22K7RLRE\The Bottom Line Why the cost of carbon capture an.pdf}
}

@article{simaitis2025,
  title = {Expanding Scenario Diversity in Prospective {{LCA}}: {{Coupling}} the {{TIAM-UCL}} Integrated Assessment Model with {{Premise}} and Ecoinvent},
  shorttitle = {Expanding Scenario Diversity in Prospective {{LCA}}},
  author = {{\v S}imaitis, Joris and Butnar, Isabela and Sacchi, Romain and Lupton, Rick and Vagg, Christopher and Allen, Stephen},
  year = {2025},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {211},
  pages = {115298},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2024.115298},
  urldate = {2025-01-02},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\69GPELQE\Šimaitis et al. - 2025 - Expanding scenario diversity in prospective LCA Coupling the TIAM-UCL integrated assessment model w.pdf}
}

@article{singh2011,
  title = {Comparative Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of {{CCS}} Technologies},
  author = {Singh, Bhawna and Str{\o}mman, Anders H. and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  journal = {International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {911--921},
  issn = {17505836},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijggc.2011.03.012},
  urldate = {2023-10-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\V8K6ADV3\Singh et al. - 2011 - Comparative life cycle environmental assessment of.pdf}
}

@article{singh2012,
  title = {Scenarios for the Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuel Power: {{Co-benefits}} and Trade-Offs of Carbon Capture and Storage},
  shorttitle = {Scenarios for the Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuel Power},
  author = {Singh, Bhawna and Str{\o}mman, Anders H. and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
  year = {2012},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {45},
  number = {1},
  pages = {762--770},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2012.07.014},
  urldate = {2023-04-17},
  abstract = {This study uses a hybrid Life Cycle Assessment approach to evaluate the environmental impacts of largescale deployment of Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) in coal and natural gas based electricity generation, based on IEA scenarios. For the Baseline scenario, all impact categories would increase 2e3fold in 2050 from 2005 levels. Green House Gas (GHG) emissions are found to decrease by w40\% in ACTmap scenario and by w75\% in more CCS-intensive BLUEmap scenario. These climate mitigation scenarios also show significantly reduced impacts of acidification, particulate matter formation and human toxicity, suggesting the existence of co-benefits. For eutrophication, all scenarios indicate substantial increases, but the increases are largest in the Baseline scenario. For photochemical oxidant formation, only the mitigation scenarios manage to stabilize this impact from fossil fuel based power production. This study does not assess the impact of alternative power generation or energy efficiency technology that replaces part of the fossil fuel power in the mitigation scenarios.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\32G6LLI2\Singh et al. - 2012 - Scenarios for the environmental impact of fossil f.pdf}
}

@mastersthesis{slaymaker2021,
  title = {Demographic and {{Geographic Region Definition}} in {{Energy System Modelling}}},
  author = {Slaymaker, Amara},
  year = {2021},
  collaborator = {Marechal, Francois and Margni, Manuele and Schnidrig, Jonas and Nguyen, Tuong-Van},
  school = {EPFL},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9QZ9Y6UQ\PdM Report - Slaymaker Amara.pdf}
}

@article{sokka2016,
  title = {Environmental Impacts of the National Renewable Energy Targets -- {{A}} Case Study from {{Finland}}},
  author = {Sokka, L. and Sinkko, T. and Holma, A. and Manninen, K. and Pasanen, K. and Rantala, M. and Leskinen, P.},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {1599--1610},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.005},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation of climate change are the main aims of the global climate policy. Increased use of renewable energy is a central measure in achieving these goals. However, mitigation of climate change through increased use of renewable energy also has negative environmental impacts. Focusing merely on greenhouse gas emissions may lead to overseeing these other negative environmental impacts and thereby in unwanted side-effects. The aim of this review was to assess the overall life cycle impacts related to the production and use of the different renewable energy sources. Impacts were assessed for unit processes and for the Finnish national renewable energy targets as a whole. The review points out that in order to comprehensively understand the overall environmental impacts of the different renewable energy sources, a thorough life cycle assessment with a unified framework would be needed. Presently there is only limited information available or the published results are not comparable with each another. However, assessment using the Finnish National Renewable Energy Targets for 2020 also indicates that under the present targets, the overall environmental impacts of the renewable energy use are likely to be low. Main impacts or risks of impacts relate to the use of forest energy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\CZCUUA5T\Sokka et al. - 2016 - Environmental impacts of the national renewable en.pdf}
}

@techreport{souttre2022,
  type = {Semester {{Project}}},
  title = {Prospective Study on the Cost Evolution for Key Energy Technologies},
  author = {Souttre, Matthieu and Li, Xiang and Schnidrig, Jonas and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {EPFL},
  abstract = {Energy technologies are subject to dramatic cost changes. Indeed, the recent trend in investment costs (expressed in [USD/kW]) for the main renewable energy technologies showed an important cost reduction (e.g. solar PV and wind) or increase (e.g. hydro-power, geothermal energy) during the last decade. Taking these cost variations into account within the scope of a prospective energy system model such as Energyscope is therefore very important. While data concerning well-known energy technologies like solar PV and wind is widely available, emerging technologies such as electrolysis and CCUS (carbon capture, utilization and storage) have very few reliable data. Predicting their future cost is therefore a challenging task. To this end, the learning curve theory has been used. It has been widely used to model the cost reduction achieved in the industry via the learning-by-doing process, and can easily be transposed to energy technologies. The assessment of carefully selected learning curve functions applied to energy technologies historical data results in important cost changes until 2050. Indeed, the cost reduction between 2020 and 2050 of the cost-decreasing technologies under study are between 36\% (onshore wind) and 74\% (residential solar PV), with a mean over the studied technologies that equals 50\%.},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\BHDBAGAP\semester_project_report.pdf}
}

@misc{souttre2024,
  title = {Matthieu-Str/Mescal: 1.0.2},
  shorttitle = {Matthieu-Str/Mescal},
  author = {Souttre, Matthieu},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.12727521},
  urldate = {2024-08-28},
  abstract = {What is new? regionalization of biosphere flows in the regionalize\_activity\_foreground function, and added conditions to prevent the regionalization when unnecessary correction of efficiency differences between the ESM and LCI databases (scale direct emissions accordingly) in the correct\_esm\_and\_lca\_efficiency\_differences function possibility to return the database instead of writing it (or both) in the create\_esm\_database and create\_new\_database\_with\_esm\_results functions What has changed? concatenate\_database function renamed load\_multiple\_databases to avoid confusion with new merge\_databases function unit\_conversion.csv file has its columns From and To renamed ESM and LCA for better clarity Reformatted and added new information to the double-counting removal output csv files},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
  howpublished = {Zenodo}
}

@article{stamford2014,
  title = {Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of {{UK}} Electricity Scenarios to 2070},
  author = {Stamford, Laurence and Azapagic, Adisa},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Energy for Sustainable Development},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {194--211},
  issn = {09730826},
  doi = {10.1016/j.esd.2014.09.008},
  urldate = {2023-02-13},
  abstract = {Decarbonising the UK electricity mix is vital to achieving the national target of 80\% reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050, relative to a 1990 baseline. Much work so far has focused only on costs and GHG emissions ignoring other sustainability issues. This paper goes beyond to assess the life cycle sustainability of different electricity scenarios for the UK, extending to 2070. The scenarios include the main technologies relevant to the UK: nuclear, gas, coal with and without carbon capture and storage (CCS), wind, solar photovoltaics and biomass. Three levels of decarbonisation are considered and the implications are assessed for techno-economic, environmental and social impacts on a life cycle basis. The results show that decarbonisation is likely to increase electricity costs despite anticipated future cost reductions for immature technologies. Conversely, sensitivity to volatile fuel prices decreases by two-thirds in all the scenarios with low-carbon technologies. To meet the GHG emission targets, coal CCS can only play a limited role, contributing 10\% to the electricity mix at most; the use of CCS also increases other sustainability impacts compared to today, including worker injuries, large accident fatalities, depletion of fossil fuels and long-term waste storage. This calls into question the case for investing in coal CCS. A very low-carbon mix with nuclear and renewables provides the best overall environmental performance, but some impacts increase, such as terrestrial eco-toxicity. Such a mix also worsens some social issues such as health impacts from radiation and radioactive waste storage requirements. UK-based employment may more than double by 2070 if a renewablesintensive mix is chosen. However, the same mix also increases depletion of elements nearly seven-fold relative to the present, emphasising the need for end-of-life recycling. Very low-carbon mixes also introduce considerable uncertainty due to low dispatchability and grid instability. With equal weighting assumed for each sustainability impact, the scenario with an equal share of nuclear and renewables is ranked best.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {scenario analysis},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\P8BMRKFY\Stamford and Azapagic - 2014 - Life cycle sustainability assessment of UK electri.pdf}
}

@misc{statisticscanada2023,
  title = {Population Estimates, {{July}} 1, by Census Subdivision, 2016 Boundaries},
  author = {{Statistics Canada}},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  doi = {10.25318/1710014201-eng},
  keywords = {dataset}
}

@article{stechemesser2024,
  title = {Climate Policies That Achieved Major Emission Reductions: {{Global}} Evidence from Two Decades},
  shorttitle = {Climate Policies That Achieved Major Emission Reductions},
  author = {Stechemesser, Annika and Koch, Nicolas and Mark, Ebba and Dilger, Elina and Kl{\"o}sel, Patrick and Menicacci, Laura and Nachtigall, Daniel and Pretis, Felix and Ritter, Nolan and Schwarz, Moritz and Vossen, Helena and Wenzel, Anna},
  year = {2024},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {385},
  number = {6711},
  pages = {884--892},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.adl6547},
  urldate = {2024-08-26},
  abstract = {Meeting the Paris Agreement's climate targets necessitates better knowledge about which climate policies work in reducing emissions at the necessary scale. We provide a global, systematic ex post evaluation to identify policy combinations that have led to large emission reductions out of 1500 climate policies implemented between 1998 and 2022 across 41 countries from six continents. Our approach integrates a comprehensive climate policy database with a machine learning--based extension of the common difference-in-differences approach. We identified 63 successful policy interventions with total emission reductions between 0.6 billion and 1.8 billion metric tonnes CO               2               . Our insights on effective but rarely studied policy combinations highlight the important role of price-based instruments in well-designed policy mixes and the policy efforts necessary for closing the emissions gap.                        ,              Editor's summary                            It is easy for countries to say they will reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases, but these statements do not mean that the policies they adopt will be effective. Stechemesser               et al               . evaluated 1500 climate policies that have been implemented over the past 25 years and identified the 63 most successful ones. Some of those successes involved rarely studied policies and unappreciated combinations. This work illustrates the kinds of policy efforts that are needed to close the emissions gaps in various economic sectors. ---Jesse Smith},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\8K896LCH\Stechemesser et al. - 2024 - Climate policies that achieved major emission redu.pdf}
}

@article{steffen2015,
  title = {Planetary Boundaries: {{Guiding}} Human Development on a Changing Planet},
  shorttitle = {Planetary Boundaries},
  author = {Steffen, Will and Richardson, Katherine and Rockstr{\"o}m, Johan and Cornell, Sarah E. and Fetzer, Ingo and Bennett, Elena M. and Biggs, Reinette and Carpenter, Stephen R. and De Vries, Wim and De Wit, Cynthia A. and Folke, Carl and Gerten, Dieter and Heinke, Jens and Mace, Georgina M. and Persson, Linn M. and Ramanathan, Veerabhadran and Reyers, Belinda and S{\"o}rlin, Sverker},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {347},
  number = {6223},
  pages = {1259855},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1259855},
  urldate = {2024-09-20},
  abstract = {Crossing the boundaries in global sustainability                            The planetary boundary (PB) concept, introduced in 2009, aimed to define the environmental limits within which humanity can safely operate. This approach has proved influential in global sustainability policy development. Steffen               et al.               provide an updated and extended analysis of the PB framework. Of the original nine proposed boundaries, they identify three (including climate change) that might push the Earth system into a new state if crossed and that also have a pervasive influence on the remaining boundaries. They also develop the PB framework so that it can be applied usefully in a regional context.                                         Science               , this issue               10.1126/science.1259855                        ,              Developments in the planetary boundaries concept provide a framework to support global sustainability.           ,                             INTRODUCTION               There is an urgent need for a new paradigm that integrates the continued development of human societies and the maintenance of the Earth system (ES) in a resilient and accommodating state. The planetary boundary (PB) framework contributes to such a paradigm by providing a science-based analysis of the risk that human perturbations will destabilize the ES at the planetary scale. Here, the scientific underpinnings of the PB framework are updated and strengthened.                                         RATIONALE               The relatively stable, 11,700-year-long Holocene epoch is the only state of the ES that we know for certain can support contemporary human societies. There is increasing evidence that human activities are affecting ES functioning to a degree that threatens the resilience of the ES---its ability to persist in a Holocene-like state in the face of increasing human pressures and shocks. The PB framework is based on critical processes that regulate ES functioning. By combining improved scientific understanding of ES functioning with the precautionary principle, the PB framework identifies levels of anthropogenic perturbations below which the risk of destabilization of the ES is likely to remain low---a ``safe operating space'' for global societal development. A zone of uncertainty for each PB highlights the area of increasing risk. The current level of anthropogenic impact on the ES, and thus the risk to the stability of the ES, is assessed by comparison with the proposed PB (see the figure).                                         RESULTS               Three of the PBs (climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and ocean acidification) remain essentially unchanged from the earlier analysis. Regional-level boundaries as well as globally aggregated PBs have now been developed for biosphere integrity (earlier ``biodiversity loss''), biogeochemical flows, land-system change, and freshwater use. At present, only one regional boundary (south Asian monsoon) can be established for atmospheric aerosol loading. Although we cannot identify a single PB for novel entities (here defined as new substances, new forms of existing substances, and modified life forms that have the potential for unwanted geophysical and/or biological effects), they are included in the PB framework, given their potential to change the state of the ES. Two of the PBs---climate change and biosphere integrity---are recognized as ``core'' PBs based on their fundamental importance for the ES. The climate system is a manifestation of the amount, distribution, and net balance of energy at Earth's surface; the biosphere regulates material and energy flows in the ES and increases its resilience to abrupt and gradual change. Anthropogenic perturbation levels of four of the ES processes/features (climate change, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical flows, and land-system change) exceed the proposed PB (see the figure).                                         CONCLUSIONS               PBs are scientifically based levels of human perturbation of the ES beyond which ES functioning may be substantially altered. Transgression of the PBs thus creates substantial risk of destabilizing the Holocene state of the ES in which modern societies have evolved. The PB framework does not dictate how societies should develop. These are political decisions that must include consideration of the human dimensions, including equity, not incorporated in the PB framework. Nevertheless, by identifying a safe operating space for humanity on Earth, the PB framework can make a valuable contribution to decision-makers in charting desirable courses for societal development.                                                   Current status of the control variables for seven of the planetary boundaries.                                        The green zone is the safe operating space, the yellow represents the zone of uncertainty (increasing risk), and the red is a high-risk zone. The planetary boundary itself lies at the intersection of the green and yellow zones. The control variables have been normalized for the zone of uncertainty; the center of the figure therefore does not represent values of 0 for the control variables. The control variable shown for climate change is atmospheric CO                     2                     concentration. Processes for which global-level boundaries cannot yet be quantified are represented by gray wedges; these are atmospheric aerosol loading, novel entities, and the functional role of biosphere integrity.                                                                                            ,              The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries---climate change and biosphere integrity---have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.},
  copyright = {http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\PJ4PUEQZ\Steffen et al. - 2015 - Planetary boundaries Guiding human development on.pdf}
}

@book{stehfest2014,
  title = {Integrated Assessment of Global Environmental Change with {{IMAGE}} 3.0: Model Description and Policy Applications},
  shorttitle = {Integrated Assessment of Global Environmental Change with {{IMAGE}} 3.0},
  editor = {Stehfest, Elke and Van Vuuren, Detlef and Kram, Tom and Bouwman, Lex},
  year = {2014},
  publisher = {PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency},
  address = {The Hague},
  isbn = {978-94-91506-71-0},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 884831253},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\D2M38YCZ\Stehfest - 2014 - Integrated assessment of global environmental chan.pdf}
}

@article{steubing2020,
  title = {The {{Activity Browser}} --- {{An}} Open Source {{LCA}} Software Building on Top of the Brightway Framework},
  author = {Steubing, Bernhard and De Koning, Daniel and Haas, Adrian and Mutel, Christopher Lucien},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Software Impacts},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {100012},
  issn = {26659638},
  doi = {10.1016/j.simpa.2019.100012},
  urldate = {2023-11-24},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZPW9TGUD\Steubing et al. - 2020 - The Activity Browser — An open source LCA software.pdf}
}

@article{stranddorf2023,
  title = {Evaluation of Life Cycle Impacts of {{European}} Electricity Generation in Relation to the {{Planetary Boundaries}}},
  author = {Stranddorf, Liv K. and Clavreul, Julie and {Prieur-Vernat}, Anne and Ryberg, Morten W.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Sustainable Production and Consumption},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {414--424},
  issn = {2352-5509},
  doi = {10.1016/j.spc.2023.05.026},
  urldate = {2024-08-04},
  abstract = {The Planetary Boundaries framework was developed to control the anthropogenic pressure on the Earth system and delimit a safe operating space for humanity. Within the European Union (EU), the energy sector is the most emitting sector. Many studies have investigated life cycle impacts of electricity generation, but assessments of the life cycle impacts of electricity generation in relation to the planetary boundaries are currently limited. Here, we evaluate the life cycle impacts of electricity generation in the EU-28 and relate these impacts to the planetary boundaries. Moreover, we include an assessment of impacts on the planetary boundary biosphere integrity, which has often been omitted due to its complexity and inadequate basis for quantification. Three scenarios (Base, Green, and NZE) for the period 2020--2050 are considered, and two different sharing principles are applied for assigning a share of the safe operating space to the considered system. We found that neither of the three scenarios can be considered within the boundaries of the assigned safe operating space using either of the sharing principles. All three scenarios comply with an equal number of boundaries defined by SoSOS 1 in year 2050 (7 out of 15 boundaries), but in relation to the boundaries defined by SoSOS 2 the Green scenario performs best, complying with 13 out of 15 boundaries. The good performance of the Green scenario in 2050 is especially due to the large share of renewable energy sources (74~\%) and nuclear (21~\%), and because of the inclusion of BECCS, giving negative impacts on climate change. The results of the study indicate a need for a drastic change in the electricity mix of the EU-28 towards a larger share of renewable energies and emphasize the importance of considering all planetary boundaries to avoid burden shifting and to obtain absolute environmental sustainability for EU-28 electricity generation.},
  keywords = {Absolute environmental sustainability assessment,Biosphere integrity,Electricity production,Life cycle assessment,Planetary Boundaries},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\GQWP5PUX\\Stranddorf et al. - 2023 - Evaluation of life cycle impacts of European elect.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\ZU4ELW87\\S2352550923001215.html}
}

@article{streimikiene2013,
  title = {Multi-Objective Ranking of Climate Change Mitigation Policies and Measures in {{Lithuania}}},
  author = {Streimikiene, Dalia and Balezentis, Tomas},
  year = {2013},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {144--153},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.040},
  urldate = {2023-10-12},
  abstract = {The aim of the article is to develop technique for climate change mitigation policies assessment based on priorities of sustainable energy development. There is a close relationship between energy policies and tools aiming at sustainable energy development targets, i.e. promotion of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency measures and climate change mitigation tools. Therefore ranking of climate change mitigation tools based on their impact sustainable energy development targets is necessary seeking to ensure harmonization of policies and their synergy effect. The main tasks of the article are: (i) to define EU sustainable energy development targets, (ii) to analyze EU energy and climate change mitigation policies and their interactions, (iii) to propose a multi-criteria framework for climate change mitigation policies assessment and ranking, and (iv) to apply multi-criteria decision making methodology for climate change mitigation policies ranking in Lithuania. The main findings of paper are related with proposed technique for climate change mitigation policies assessment and application of this technique for ranking of climate change mitigation policies in Lithuania.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {multi-criteria analysis},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\FI99B4ZG\Streimikiene and Balezentis - 2013 - Multi-objective ranking of climate change mitigati.pdf}
}

@article{suganthi2012,
  title = {Energy Models for Demand Forecasting---{{A}} Review},
  author = {Suganthi, L. and Samuel, Anand A.},
  year = {2012},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {16},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1223--1240},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.014},
  urldate = {2023-04-28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\NPTBZ5SV\Suganthi and Samuel - 2012 - Energy models for demand forecasting—A review.pdf}
}

@article{suh2004,
  title = {Functions, Commodities and Environmental Impacts in an Ecological--Economic Model},
  author = {Suh, Sangwon},
  year = {2004},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Ecological Economics},
  volume = {48},
  number = {4},
  pages = {451--467},
  issn = {09218009},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.10.013},
  urldate = {2023-07-13},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\CYB2PXHF\Suh - 2004 - Functions, commodities and environmental impacts i.pdf}
}

@article{suh2005,
  title = {Methods for {{Life Cycle Inventory}} of a Product},
  author = {Suh, Sangwon and Huppes, Gjalt},
  year = {2005},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {13},
  number = {7},
  pages = {687--697},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2003.04.001},
  urldate = {2023-07-13},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZM7XR3A6\Suh and Huppes - 2005 - Methods for Life Cycle Inventory of a product.pdf}
}

@article{talenspeiro2022,
  title = {Integration of Raw Materials Indicators of Energy Technologies into Energy System Models},
  author = {Talens Peir{\'o}, Laura and Martin, Nick and Villalba M{\'e}ndez, Gara and {Madrid-L{\'o}pez}, Cristina},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {307},
  pages = {118150},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118150},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Raw materials and their related environmental impacts will play a key role in the implementation of renewable energy infrastructures for decarbonization. Despite the growing amount of data quantifying raw materials for energy production technologies, few examples of these data sources are being included in current energy system models. Accordingly, this paper introduces possible pathways for integrating material-specific life cycle assess\- ment outputs and material metabolism indicators into energy system models so that raw material requirements, and their associated impacts, can be accounted for. The paper discusses the availability of life cycle inventories, impact assessment methods and important output indicators. The material metabolism indicators most relevant to the current policy debate surrounding the European Green Deal--namely, material supply risk and contribution of recycled materials to total supply--are also discussed alongside the value of adding this information to energy system models. A methodology for using data from both approaches is offered and operationalised using four sub-technologies of both wind turbines and solar photovoltaic panels as case studies. The results show that considerable variation exists between and within the two groups for all indicators. The technologies with the lowest global warming potential, cumulative energy demand and supply risk are turbines with gearbox doublefed induction generators and cadmium telluride photovoltaics. Furthermore, wind turbines exhibit significantly higher recycling rates than photovoltaics. Ultimately, the integration of such methodologies into energy system models could greatly increase the awareness of raw material issues and guide policies that maximise compati\- bilities between resource availability and cleaner energy systems.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\2SZ873NG\\Talens Peiró et al. - 2022 - Integration of raw materials indicators of energy .pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\YFECI4DZ\\1-s2.0-S0306261921014252-mmc1.docx}
}

@inproceedings{temporary-citekey-11080,
  title = {Prospective {{Study}} on the {{Cost Evolution}} for {{Key Energy Technologies}}},
  author = {Li, Xiang and Souttre, Matthieu and Schnidrig, Jonas and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2022},
  series = {Proceedings of {{Ecos}} 2022 - the 35th {{International Conference}} on {{Efficiency}}, {{Cost}}, {{Optimization}}, {{Simulation}} and {{Environmental Impact}} of {{Energy Systems}}},
  abstract = {Drastic variations of energy costs are witnessed in past decades, especially for low-carbon technologies, where decreasing and increasing trends co-existed. Estimating the cost evolution in the future is hence essential in long-term energy planning. Despite a number of existing studies, the estimated costs show strong hetero- geneity. Additionally, emerging technologies, such as electrolysis and CCUS (carbon capture, utilisation and storage), have gained limited attention. To improve the plausibility of the cost projection, we analysed the rela- tionship between accumulated installation and the corresponding CAPEX for 14 low-carbon technologies, and applied 5-8 learning curves (LRs) via Non-Linear Optimization (NLP) for projecting the cost evolutions towards 2050. The LRs were carefully selected based upon the index of Coefficient of Determination, and calibrated by comparison to a bunch of existing literature. Based upon our results: (1) residential PV and onshore wind rank the highest and lowest respectively in terms of the decreasing potential; (2) the majority of energy technologies are promising to achieve 36\% - 74\% cost reduction in 2050 compared to 2020, with a mean value around 50\%. This study can be helpful as benchmark for energy stakeholders in decision-making towards carbon neutrality.}
}

@article{temporary-citekey-138,
  title = {On a Bicriterion Formulation of the Problems of Integrated System Identification and System Optimization},
  author = {Haimes, Y. Y. and Lasdon, L. S. and Wismer, D. A.},
  year = {1971},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics},
  volume = {SMC-1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {296--297},
  doi = {10.1109/TSMC.1971.4308298}
}

@article{temporary-citekey-13892,
  title = {The {{Shared Socioeconomic Pathways}} and Their Energy, Land Use, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Implications: {{An}} Overview},
  author = {Riahi, Keywan and {van Vuuren}, Detlef P. and Kriegler, Elmar and Edmonds, Jae and O'Neill, Brian C. and Fujimori, Shinichiro and Bauer, Nico and Calvin, Katherine and Dellink, Rob and Fricko, Oliver and Lutz, Wolfgang and Popp, Alexander and Cuaresma, Jesus Crespo and KC, Samir and Leimbach, Marian and Jiang, Leiwen and Kram, Tom and Rao, Shilpa and Emmerling, Johannes and Ebi, Kristie and Hasegawa, Tomoko and Havlik, Petr and Humpen{\"o}der, Florian and Da Silva, Lara Aleluia and Smith, Steve and Stehfest, Elke and Bosetti, Valentina and Eom, Jiyong and Gernaat, David and Masui, Toshihiko and Rogelj, Joeri and Strefler, Jessica and Drouet, Laurent and Krey, Volker and Luderer, Gunnar and Harmsen, Mathijs and Takahashi, Kiyoshi and Baumstark, Lavinia and Doelman, Jonathan C. and Kainuma, Mikiko and Klimont, Zbigniew and Marangoni, Giacomo and {Lotze-Campen}, Hermann and Obersteiner, Michael and Tabeau, Andrzej and Tavoni, Massimo},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Global Environmental Change},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {153--168},
  issn = {0959-3780},
  doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009},
  abstract = {This paper presents the overview of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and their energy, land use, and emissions implications. The SSPs are part of a new scenario framework, established by the climate change research community in order to facilitate the integrated analysis of future climate impacts, vulnerabilities, adaptation, and mitigation. The pathways were developed over the last years as a joint community effort and describe plausible major global developments that together would lead in the future to different challenges for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The SSPs are based on five narratives describing alternative socio-economic developments, including sustainable development, regional rivalry, inequality, fossil-fueled development, and middle-of-the-road development. The long-term demographic and economic projections of the SSPs depict a wide uncertainty range consistent with the scenario literature. A multi-model approach was used for the elaboration of the energy, land-use and the emissions trajectories of SSP-based scenarios. The baseline scenarios lead to global energy consumption of 400--1200 EJ in 2100, and feature vastly different land-use dynamics, ranging from a possible reduction in cropland area up to a massive expansion by more than 700 million hectares by 2100. The associated annual CO2 emissions of the baseline scenarios range from about 25 GtCO2 to more than 120 GtCO2 per year by 2100. With respect to mitigation, we find that associated costs strongly depend on three factors: (1) the policy assumptions, (2) the socio-economic narrative, and (3) the stringency of the target. The carbon price for reaching the target of 2.6W/m2 that is consistent with a temperature change limit of 2{$^\circ$}C, differs in our analysis thus by about a factor of three across the SSP marker scenarios. Moreover, many models could not reach this target from the SSPs with high mitigation challenges. While the SSPs were designed to represent different mitigation and adaptation challenges, the resulting narratives and quantifications span a wide range of different futures broadly representative of the current literature. This allows their subsequent use and development in new assessments and research projects. Critical next steps for the community scenario process will, among others, involve regional and sectoral extensions, further elaboration of the adaptation and impacts dimension, as well as employing the SSP scenarios with the new generation of earth system models as part of the 6th climate model intercomparison project (CMIP6).},
  keywords = {Adaptation,Climate change,Community scenarios,Mitigation,RCP,Shared Socioeconomic Pathways,SSP},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\HY4ISKDX\Riahi - 2017 - The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy.pdf}
}

@article{terlouw2021,
  title = {Life {{Cycle Assessment}} of {{Direct Air Carbon Capture}} and {{Storage}} with {{Low-Carbon Energy Sources}}},
  author = {Terlouw, Tom and Treyer, Karin and Bauer, Christian and Mazzotti, Marco},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {55},
  number = {16},
  pages = {11397--11411},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.1c03263},
  urldate = {2023-08-22},
  abstract = {Direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) is an emerging carbon dioxide removal technology, which has the potential to remove large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. We present a comprehensive life cycle assessment of different DACCS systems with low-carbon electricity and heat sources required for the CO2 capture process, both stand-alone and gridconnected system configurations. The results demonstrate negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for all eight selected locations and five system layouts, with the highest GHG removal potential in countries with low-carbon electricity supply and waste heat usage (up to 97\%). Autonomous system layouts prove to be a promising alternative, with a GHG removal efficiency of 79-91\%, at locations with high solar irradiation to avoid the consumption of fossil fuel-based grid electricity and heat. The analysis of environmental burdens other than GHG emissions shows some trade-offs associated with CO2 removal, especially land transformation for system layouts with photovoltaics (PV) electricity supply. The sensitivity analysis reveals the importance of selecting appropriate locations for grid-coupled system layouts since the deployment of DACCS at geographic locations with CO2-intensive grid electricity mixes leads to net GHG emissions instead of GHG removal today.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\TKWTWABD\Terlouw et al. - 2021 - Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture.pdf}
}

@article{terlouw2023,
  title = {Optimal Economic and Environmental Design of Multi-Energy Systems},
  author = {Terlouw, Tom and Gabrielli, Paolo and AlSkaif, Tarek and Bauer, Christian and McKenna, Russell and Mazzotti, Marco},
  year = {2023},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {347},
  pages = {121374},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121374},
  urldate = {2023-07-14},
  abstract = {Designing decentralized energy systems in an optimal way can substantially reduce costs and environmental burdens. However, most models for the optimal design of multi-energy systems (MESs) exclude a comprehensive environmental assessment and consider limited technology options for relevant energy-intensive sectors, such as the industrial and mobility sectors. This paper presents a multi-objective optimization framework for designing MESs, which includes life cycle environmental burdens and considers a wide portfolio of technology options for residential, mobility, and industrial sectors. The optimization problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear program that minimizes costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while meeting the energy demands of given end-users. Whereas our MESs optimization framework can be applied for a large range of boundary conditions, the geographical island Eiger{\o}y (Norway) is used as a showcase as it includes substantial industrial activities. Results demonstrate that, when properly designed, MESs are already cost-competitive with incumbent energy systems, and significant reductions in the amount of natural gas (92\%) and GHG emissions (73\%) can be obtained with a marginal cost increase (18\%). Stricter decarbonization targets incur larger costs. A broad portfolio of technologies is deployed when minimizing GHG emissions and integrating the industrial sector. Environmental trade-offs are identified when considering the construction phase of energy technologies. Therefore, we argue that (i) MES designs and assessments require a thorough life cycle assessment beyond GHG emissions, and (ii) the entire life cycle should be considered when designing MESs, with the construction phase contributing up to 80\% of specific environmental impact categories.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\GHDQERZH\\1-s2.0-S0306261923007389-mmc1.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\XZ3QHFCJ\\Terlouw et al. - 2023 - Optimal economic and environmental design of multi.pdf}
}

@book{thewitchteam2019,
  title = {{{WITCH}} Documentation},
  author = {{The WITCH team}},
  year = {2019},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {The WITCH Model Documentation},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\KX27INJZ\index.html}
}

@article{thonemann2020,
  title = {How to {{Conduct Prospective Life Cycle Assessment}} for {{Emerging Technologies}}? {{A Systematic Review}} and {{Methodological Guidance}}},
  shorttitle = {How to {{Conduct Prospective Life Cycle Assessment}} for {{Emerging Technologies}}?},
  author = {Thonemann, Nils and Schulte, Anna and Maga, Daniel},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Sustainability},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1192},
  issn = {2071-1050},
  doi = {10.3390/su12031192},
  urldate = {2023-04-13},
  abstract = {Emerging technologies are expected to contribute to environmental sustainable development. However, throughout the development of novel technologies, it is unknown whether emerging technologies can lead to reduced environmental impacts compared to a potentially displaced mature technology. Additionally, process steps suspected to be environmental hotspots can be improved by process engineers early in the development of the emerging technology. In order to determine the environmental impacts of emerging technologies at an early stage of development, prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) should be performed. However, consistency in prospective LCA methodology is lacking. Therefore, this article develops a framework for a prospective LCA in order to overcome the methodological inconsistencies regarding prospective LCAs. The methodological framework was developed using literature on prospective LCAs of emerging technologies, and therefore, a literature review on prospective LCAs was conducted. We found 44 case studies, four review papers, and 17 papers on methodological guidance. Three main challenges for conducting prospective LCAs are identified: Comparability, data, and uncertainty challenges. The issues in defining the aim, functionality, and system boundaries of the prospective LCAs, as well as problems with specifying LCIA methodologies, comprise the comparability challenge. Data availability, quality, and scaling are issues within the data challenge. Finally, uncertainty exists as an overarching challenge when applying a prospective LCA. These three challenges are especially crucial for the prospective assessment of emerging technologies. However, this review also shows that within the methodological papers and case studies, several approaches exist to tackle these challenges. These approaches were systematically summarized within a framework to give guidance on how to overcome the issues when conducting prospective LCAs of emerging technologies. Accordingly, this framework is useful for LCA practitioners who are analyzing early-stage technologies. Nevertheless, further research is needed to develop appropriate scale-up schemes and to include uncertainty analyses for a more in-depth interpretation of results.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\U6NQ4DKZ\Thonemann et al. - 2020 - How to Conduct Prospective Life Cycle Assessment f.pdf}
}

@article{tokimatsu2016,
  title = {An {{Integrated Assessment}} by {{Models}} for {{Energy Systems Analysis}} and {{Life-Cycle Assessment}} with a {{Case Study}} of {{Advanced Fossil-Fired Power Plants}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Tokimatsu, Koji and Endo, Eiichi and Murata, Akinobu and Okajima, Keiichi and Nomura, Noboru},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Environmental Modeling \& Assessment},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {291--305},
  issn = {1420-2026, 1573-2967},
  doi = {10.1007/s10666-015-9479-x},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {We developed an integrated assessment (IA) using models for energy systems analysis and life-cycle assessment (LCA). Based on this assessment framework, we developed cost-benefit analysis (CBA) case studies for a hypothetical project designed to introduce advanced fossil-fired power generation technologies in China. Our MARKAL model for Japan confirmed that radical reductions (i.e., 80 \% by 2050) of carbon dioxide (CO2) could be attained from energy systems alone and that credit for emission allowances was required. We evaluated life-cycle costs and emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide, and nitrogen oxide gases for the energy technologies using an LCA model. Further, we applied a power generation planning model for six Chinese grids to provide a power mix structure, potentially producing credit by installing fossil-fired power generation technology and by using baseline grid emission factors with an average cost of electricity. Finally, by using dynamic emission reductions and additional costs from the two models, we conducted case studies of CBA for a hypothetical project to install the technologies in China. This was accomplished by evaluating emission reductions in monetary terms and by applying a life-cycle impact assessment model. A unique feature of our IA is its dynamic (timevarying) assessment of costs and benefits.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\FW2Z79NV\Tokimatsu et al. - 2016 - An Integrated Assessment by Models for Energy Syst.pdf}
}

@article{tokimatsu2017,
  title = {Energy Modeling Approach to the Global Energy-Mineral Nexus: {{A}} First Look at Metal Requirements and the 2 {$^\circ$}{{C}} Target},
  shorttitle = {Energy Modeling Approach to the Global Energy-Mineral Nexus},
  author = {Tokimatsu, Koji and Wachtmeister, Henrik and McLellan, Benjamin and Davidsson, Simon and Murakami, Shinsuke and H{\"o}{\"o}k, Mikael and Yasuoka, Rieko and Nishio, Masahiro},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {207},
  pages = {494--509},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.151},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\J96FWHZM\Tokimatsu et al. - 2017 - Energy modeling approach to the global energy-mine.pdf}
}

@article{tokimatsu2018,
  title = {Energy Modeling Approach to the Global Energy-Mineral Nexus: {{Exploring}} Metal Requirements and the Well-below 2 {$^\circ$}{{C}} Target with 100 Percent Renewable Energy},
  shorttitle = {Energy Modeling Approach to the Global Energy-Mineral Nexus},
  author = {Tokimatsu, Koji and H{\"o}{\"o}k, Mikael and McLellan, Benjamin and Wachtmeister, Henrik and Murakami, Shinsuke and Yasuoka, Rieko and Nishio, Masahiro},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {225},
  pages = {1158--1175},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.047},
  urldate = {2023-02-13},
  abstract = {Detailed analysis of pathways to future sustainable energy systems is important in order to identify and overcome potential constraints and negative impacts and to increase the utility and speed of this transition. A key aspect of a shift to renewable energy technologies is their relatively higher metal intensities. In this study a bottom-up cost-minimizing energy model is used to calculate aggregate metal requirements in different energy technology including hydrogen and climate policy scenarios and under a range of assumptions reflecting uncertainty in future metal intensities, recycling rate and life time of energy technologies. Metal requirements are then compared to current production rates and resource estimates to identify potentially ``critical'' metals. Three technology pathways are investigated: 100 percent renewables, coal \& nuclear and gas \& renewables, each under the two different climate policies: net zero emissions satisfying the well-below 2 {$^\circ$}C target and business as usual without carbon constraints, resulting together in six scenarios. The results suggest that the three different technology pathways lead to an almost identical degree of warming without any climate policy, while emissions peaks within a few decades with a 2 {$^\circ$}C policy. The amount of metals required varies significantly in the different scenarios and under the various uncertainty assumptions. However, some can be deemed ``critical'' in all outcomes, including Vanadium. The originality of this study lies in the specific findings, and in the employment of an energy model for the energy-mineral nexus study, to provide better understanding for decision making and policy development.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\AALNQBUW\Tokimatsu et al. - 2018 - Energy modeling approach to the global energy-mine.pdf}
}

@article{tokimatsu2020,
  title = {Toward More Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessments: Interlinked Global Models of {{LCIA}} and {{IAM}} Applicable to This Century},
  shorttitle = {Toward More Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessments},
  author = {Tokimatsu, Koji and Tang, Longlong and Yasuoka, Rieko and Ii, Ryota and Itsubo, Norihiro and Nishio, Masahiro},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {25},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1710--1736},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-020-01750-8},
  urldate = {2023-02-08},
  abstract = {Purpose Despite the long-standing demand for research on dynamic lifecycle assessment (LCA) for policymaking, only a few studies have addressed this subject in conjunction with other systems thinking disciplines, such as energy systems models (ESMs) and integrated assessment models (IAMs), which have achieved tremendous success in assessing climate policies in future scenarios. This study explains our methodological advances in the global application of LCA incorporated in IAMs, specifically dose-response functions, models, and future scenarios. Methods We investigate the application of the lifecycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME), developed under the current environmental situation in Japan and globally, to be consistent and compatible with our IAM, which comprises three resource balance models and a simplified climate model. The IAM endogenously generates most inventories consistent with energy scenarios and climate policies linked with the applied LIME. The IAM and LIME are formulated to minimize the discounted sum of supplying the cost of resources over their lifecycles (i.e., from development to end-of-life) to generate time evolutions for the endpoint impacts over this century on a global scale with/without the 2-degree Celsius (2DC) target in a 100\% renewable energy scenario. Results and discussion Unlike existing LCA+ESM/IAM studies, which focus on power generation technologies and related (in)direct embedded energy consumption on a lifecycle basis, our model's expansion to mineral and biomass resources, in addition to energy, has the following novel results: (1) The following inventories in the 2DC target are generally lower than those in business as usual (BAU): temperature and sea level rise, natural resource, and waste discharge; further, SOx emissions are significantly reduced by reducing coal production while increasing forestry. (2) The environmental impacts on the four endpoints of minerals, land use, and land-use change, with the exclusion of energy-related impacts, are significantly larger than those related to energy. (3) Finally, by ensuring inventory reduction, the 2DC target scenario can reduce overall endpoint impacts (by maximum around 20\%), except the impacts on biodiversity resulting from forestry expansion to meet predetermined targets. Conclusions Unlike mainstream IAM analyses, we incorporate LIME, instead of energy- and biomass-related resource and climate change impacts alone; our model thus provides a comprehensive perspective on various natural resources and their impacts on a lifecycle basis. The exclusion of the weighting process and retention of the four endpoints enable us to easily interpret the results. Further, this application of LCA to IAM enables us to further understand and assess natural resources and environmental impacts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {IAM},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\MKFG4GGJ\Tokimatsu et al. - 2020 - Toward more comprehensive environmental impact ass.pdf}
}

@article{treyer2014,
  title = {Human Health Impacts in the Life Cycle of Future {{European}} Electricity Generation},
  author = {Treyer, Karin and Bauer, Christian and Simons, Andrew},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  volume = {74},
  pages = {S31-S44},
  issn = {03014215},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2014.03.034},
  urldate = {2023-10-11},
  abstract = {This paper presents Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) based quantification of the potential human health impacts (HHI) of base-load power generation technologies for the year 2030. Cumulative Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions per kWh electricity produced are shown in order to provide the basis for comparison with existing literature. Minimising negative impacts on human health is one of the key elements of policy making towards sustainable development: besides their direct impacts on quality of life, HHI also trigger other impacts, e.g. external costs in the health care system. These HHI are measured using the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods ``ReCiPe'' with its three different perspectives and ``IMPACT2002 {\th}''. Total HHI as well as the shares of the contributing damage categories vary largely between these perspectives and methods. Impacts due to climate change, human toxicity, and particulate matter formation are the main contributors to total HHI. Independently of the perspective chosen, the overall impacts on human health from nuclear power and renewables are substantially lower than those caused by coal power, while natural gas can have lower HHI than nuclear and some renewables. Fossil fuel combustion as well as coal, uranium and metal mining are the life cycle stages generating the highest HHI.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ABH76TID\Treyer et al. - 2014 - Human health impacts in the life cycle of future E.pdf}
}

@article{turconi2014,
  title = {Environmental Impacts of Future Low-Carbon Electricity Systems: {{Detailed}} Life Cycle Assessment of a {{Danish}} Case Study},
  shorttitle = {Environmental Impacts of Future Low-Carbon Electricity Systems},
  author = {Turconi, Roberto and Tonini, Davide and Nielsen, Christian F.B. and Simonsen, Christian G. and Astrup, Thomas},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {132},
  pages = {66--73},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.078},
  urldate = {2023-02-07},
  abstract = {The need to reduce dependency on fossil resources and to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is driving many countries towards the implementation of low-carbon electricity systems. In this study the environmental impact of a future (2030) possible low-carbon electricity system in Denmark was assessed and compared with the current situation (2010) and an alternative 2030 scenario using life cycle assessment (LCA). The influence on the final results of the modeling approach used for (i) electricity import, (ii) biomass resources, and (iii) the cogeneration of heat and power was discussed. The results showed that consumption of fossil resources and global warming impacts from the Danish electricity sector could be reduced significantly compared with 2010. Nevertheless, a reduction in GHG may be at the expense of other environmental impacts, such as the increased depletion of abiotic resources. Moreover, the results were very dependent upon biomass origin: when agricultural land was affected by biomass import, and land use changes and transportation were included, GHG emissions from imported biomass were comparable to those from fossil fuels. The results were significantly influenced by the modeling approach regarding the import of electricity, biomass provision, and the allocation between heat and power in cogeneration plants. As the importance of all three aspects is likely to increase in the future, transparency in LCA modeling is critical. Characterized impacts for Danish power plants in 2010 and 2030 (including corresponding electricity supply mixes) were provided, thus enabling future LCA studies to include appropriately impacts from the Danish electricity sector.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {scenario analysis},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\3SUGD9ET\\1-s2.0-S0306261914006606-mmc1.docx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\ZNXMCR7G\\Turconi et al. - 2014 - Environmental impacts of future low-carbon electri.pdf}
}

@misc{unfccc2022,
  title = {What Is the {{Triple Planetary Crisis}}?},
  author = {{UNFCCC}},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  urldate = {2024-09-20},
  howpublished = {https://unfccc.int/news/what-is-the-triple-planetary-crisis},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\MDI83CI2\what-is-the-triple-planetary-crisis.html}
}

@techreport{unitednations2015,
  title = {Central {{Product Classification}} ({{CPC}}), {{Version}} 2.1},
  author = {{United Nations}},
  year = {2015},
  address = {New York},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\RNSD6WIB\Becker - Central Product Classification (CPC), Version 2.1.pdf}
}

@article{vaillancourt2017,
  title = {Exploring Deep Decarbonization Pathways to 2050 for {{Canada}} Using an Optimization Energy Model Framework},
  author = {Vaillancourt, Kathleen and Bahn, Olivier and Frenette, Erik and Sigvaldason, Oskar},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {195},
  pages = {774--785},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.104},
  urldate = {2023-02-16},
  abstract = {The main objective of this paper is to explore deep decarbonization pathways for the Canadian energy sector that would allow Canada to participate in global mitigation efforts to keep global mean surface temperatures from increasing by more than 2 {$^\circ$}C by 2100. Our approach consists in deriving minimum cost solutions for achieving progressive emission reductions up to 2050 using the North American TIMES Energy Model (NATEM), a detailed multi-regional and integrated optimization energy model. With this model, we analyze a baseline and two 60\% reduction scenarios of combustion related emissions by 2050 from 1990 levels, with different assumptions regarding projected demands for energy services and availability of technology options for carbon mitigation. The first reduction scenario includes only well-known technologies while the second one considers additional disruptive technologies, which are known but are not fully developed commercially. Results show that three fundamental transformations need to occur simultaneously in order to achieve ambitious GHG emission reduction targets: electrification of end-use sectors, decarbonization of electricity generating supply, and efficiency improvements. In particular, our results show that electricity represents between 52\% and 57\% of final energy consumption by 2050, electricity generating supply achieves nearly complete decarbonization by 2025 and final energy consumption decreases by 20\% relative to the baseline by 2050.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\GIUVYLX3\Vaillancourt et al. - 2017 - Exploring deep decarbonization pathways to 2050 fo.pdf}
}

@article{valenta2023,
  title = {Decarbonisation to Drive Dramatic Increase in Mining Waste--{{Options}} for Reduction},
  author = {Valenta, Rick K. and L{\`e}bre, {\'E}l{\'e}onore and Antonio, Christian and Franks, Daniel M. and Jokovic, Vladimir and Micklethwaite, Steven and {Parbhakar-Fox}, Anita and Runge, Kym and Savinova, Ekaterina and {Segura-Salazar}, Juliana and Stringer, Martin and Verster, Isabella and Yahyaei, Mohsen},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
  volume = {190},
  pages = {106859},
  issn = {09213449},
  doi = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106859},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\B85CSVAE\Valenta et al. - 2023 - Decarbonisation to drive dramatic increase in mini.pdf}
}

@article{valero2018,
  title = {Material Bottlenecks in the Future Development of Green Technologies},
  author = {Valero, Alicia and Valero, Antonio and Calvo, Guiomar and Ortego, Abel},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume = {93},
  pages = {178--200},
  issn = {13640321},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.041},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZXE23JZW\Valero et al. - 2018 - Material bottlenecks in the future development of .pdf}
}

@article{vandepaer2019,
  title = {The Integration of Long-Term Marginal Electricity Supply Mixes in the Ecoinvent Consequential Database Version 3.4 and Examination of Modeling Choices},
  author = {Vandepaer, Laurent and Treyer, Karin and Mutel, Chris and Bauer, Christian and Amor, Ben},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {24},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1409--1428},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-018-1571-4},
  urldate = {2023-06-16},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\C3A3QQGC\Vandepaer et al. - 2019 - The integration of long-term marginal electricity .pdf}
}

@article{vandepaer2020,
  title = {Energy {{System Pathways}} with {{Low Environmental Impacts}} and {{Limited Costs}}: {{Minimizing Climate Change Impacts Produces Environmental Cobenefits}} and {{Challenges}} in {{Toxicity}} and {{Metal Depletion Categories}}},
  shorttitle = {Energy {{System Pathways}} with {{Low Environmental Impacts}} and {{Limited Costs}}},
  author = {Vandepaer, Laurent and Panos, Evangelos and Bauer, Christian and Amor, Ben},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {54},
  number = {8},
  pages = {5081--5092},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.9b06484},
  urldate = {2023-02-09},
  abstract = {Environmental indicators based on the life cycle assessment method are integrated into an energy system model. This integration allows for the generation of comprehensive environmental assessments of future energy systems and for determining energy scenarios with less environmental impacts and moderate cost increases. In Switzerland, which is used as a case study to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, it is possible to generate pathways with a 5\% cost increase on the cost-optimal situation, causing an impact score for climate change that is 2\% higher than the minimum feasible solution. The minimization of life-cycle impacts on climate change generates substantial environmental cobenefits with regard to human health, air pollution, ozone depletion, acidification, and land transformation. However, this minimization also creates trade-offs that exacerbate the effects of metal depletion and human toxicity caused by upstream extraction and manufacturing linked to technologies such as solar panels and electric vehicles. Finally, ambitious reduction targets of 95\% direct (i.e., within the country) CO2 emissions for the year 2050 might still result in substantial climate change impacts should emissions embodied in the infrastructure and upstream supply chain not be jointly mitigated jointly.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\AA2CAUG7\\es9b06484_si_002.zip;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\PLKKF2MF\\Vandepaer et al. - 2020 - Energy System Pathways with Low Environmental Impa.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\WPZNE2LY\\es9b06484_si_001.pdf}
}

@article{vandermeide2022,
  title = {Effects of the Energy Transition on Environmental Impacts of Cobalt Supply: {{A}} Prospective Life Cycle Assessment Study on Future Supply of Cobalt},
  shorttitle = {Effects of the Energy Transition on Environmental Impacts of Cobalt Supply},
  author = {Van Der Meide, Marc and Harpprecht, Carina and Northey, Stephen and Yang, Yongxiang and Steubing, Bernhard},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
  volume = {26},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1631--1645},
  issn = {1088-1980, 1530-9290},
  doi = {10.1111/jiec.13258},
  urldate = {2023-10-20},
  abstract = {Cobalt is considered a key metal in the energy transition, and demand is expected to increase substantially by 2050. This demand is for an important part because of cobalt use in (electric vehicle) batteries. This study investigated the environmental impacts of the production of cobalt and how these could change in the future. We modeled possible future developments in the cobalt supply chain using four variables: (v1) ore grade, (v2) primary market shares, (v3) secondary market shares, and (v4) energy transition. These variables are driven by two metal-demand scenarios, which we derived from scenarios from the shared socioeconomic pathways, a ``business as usual'' (BAU) and a ``sustainable development'' (SD) scenario. We estimated future environmental impacts of cobalt supply by 2050 under these two scenarios using prospective life cycle assessment. We found that the environmental impacts of cobalt production could likely increase and are strongly dependent on the recycling market share and the overall energy transition. The results showed that under the BAU scenario, climate change impacts per unit of cobalt production could increase by 9\% by 2050 compared to 2010, while they decreased by 28\% under the SD scenario. This comes at a trade-off to other impacts like human toxicity, which could strongly increase in the SD scenario (112\% increase) compared to the BAU scenario (71\% increase). Furthermore, we found that the energy transition could offset most of the increase of climate change impacts induced by a near doubling in cobalt demand in 2050 between the two scenarios.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\2DUWRVSN\Van Der Meide et al. - 2022 - Effects of the energy transition on environmental .pdf}
}

@article{vargas-gonzalez2019,
  title = {Operational {{Life Cycle Impact Assessment}} Weighting Factors Based on {{Planetary Boundaries}}: {{Applied}} to Cosmetic Products},
  shorttitle = {Operational {{Life Cycle Impact Assessment}} Weighting Factors Based on {{Planetary Boundaries}}},
  author = {{Vargas-Gonzalez}, Marcial and Witte, Fran{\c c}ois and Martz, Patricia and Gilbert, Laurent and Humbert, S{\'e}bastien and Jolliet, Olivier and {van Zelm}, Rosalie and L'Haridon, Jacques},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Ecological Indicators},
  volume = {107},
  pages = {105498},
  issn = {1470160X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105498},
  urldate = {2023-03-02},
  abstract = {Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is frequently used by companies to assess the environmental performance of their products and services using a large set of environmental indicators. However, LCA practitioners and decisionmakers are often unable to prioritize environmental indicators evaluated in LCA and tend to focus on indicators they consider material from a partially subjective standpoint. The current paper showcases how a set of Planetary Boundaries-based weighting factors for issues related to Environmental Quality, Human Health and Resource Depletion, aligned with the European Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) suggested environmental indicators, was developed based on previous work done by Bj{\o}rn et al. This new set of values was then tested on several products from cosmetic company L'Or{\'e}al. Results show a clear dispersion, with several impact categories, such as Climate Change and Particulate Matter coming out as significantly more critical than other, proving the usefulness of the suggested values. And while some current limitations and possible improvements still need to be considered, the approach enriches the debate by defining thresholds for ecosystem or human resilience, thereby enabling reflection on how these issues should be collectively addressed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\372RBCMG\Vargas-Gonzalez et al. - 2019 - Operational Life Cycle Impact Assessment weighting.pdf}
}

@article{vazquez-rowe2015,
  title = {Is Climate Change-Centrism an Optimal Policy Making Strategy to Set National Electricity Mixes?},
  author = {{V{\'a}zquez-Rowe}, Ian and Reyna, Janet L. and {Garc{\'i}a-Torres}, Samy and Kahhat, Ramzy},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {159},
  pages = {108--116},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.121},
  urldate = {2023-02-27},
  abstract = {In order to combat the threat of climate change, countries have begun to implement policies which restrict GHG emissions in the electricity sector. However, the development of national electricity mixes should also be sensitive to resource availability, geo-political forces, human health impacts, and social equity concerns. Policy focused on GHG goals could potentially lead to adverse consequences in other areas. To explore the impact of ``climate-centric'' policy making on long-term electricity mix changes, we develop two cases for Peru and Spain analyzing their changing electricity grids in the period 1989--2013. We perform a Life Cycle Assessment of annual electricity production to catalogue the improvements in GHG emissions relative to other environmental impacts. We conclude that policies targeting GHG reductions might have the co-benefit of also reducing air pollution and toxicity at the expense of other important environmental performance indicators such as water depletion. Moreover, as of 2013, both countries generate approximately equal GHG emissions per kWh, and relatively low emission rates of other pollutants compared to nations of similar development levels. Although climate-centric policy can lead to some positive environmental outcomes in certain areas, energy policy-making should be holistic and include other aspects of sustainability and vulnerability.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\GUM7QWVL\Vázquez-Rowe et al. - 2015 - Is climate change-centrism an optimal policy makin.pdf}
}

@article{velez-henao2023,
  title = {Material {{Requirements}} of {{Decent Living Standards}}},
  author = {{V{\'e}lez-Henao}, Johan Andr{\'e}s and Pauliuk, Stefan},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  pages = {acs.est.3c03957},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.3c03957},
  urldate = {2023-09-14},
  abstract = {Decent living standards (DLS) provide a framework to estimate a practical threshold for the energy, GHG, and material consumption required to alleviate poverty. Currently, most research has focused on estimating the energy required to provide the DLS. However, no attempt has been made to estimate the material consumption needed to provide the DLS. Thus, we ask the following questions: First, what is the amount of materials in stocks and flows needed to provide a DLS? Second, which lifestyle and technology choices are effective in providing a DLS without creating an excessive demand for additional materials? To provide a DLS, a material footprint (MF) of 6 t/(cap*yr) with a lower and upper bound between 3 and 14 t/(cap*yr) is required. The direct and indirect in-use stocks required are estimated at 32 t/cap and 11 t/cap, respectively. Nutrition (39\%) and mobility (26\%) contribute the most to total MF. Buildings account for 98\% of direct stocks, while the construction sector accounts for 61\% of indirect stocks. We extend the coverage of the DLS by including the collective service dimension and link the material stock-flow-service nexus and life cycle assessment to compute the MF and in-use stocks needed to provide the DLS.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\57T2ZQQU\Vélez-Henao and Pauliuk - 2023 - Material Requirements of Decent Living Standards.pdf}
}

@article{volkart2013,
  title = {Life Cycle Assessment of Carbon Capture and Storage in Power Generation and Industry in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Volkart, Kathrin and Bauer, Christian and Boulet, C{\'e}line},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {91--106},
  issn = {17505836},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.03.003},
  urldate = {2023-06-09},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\GP863SRU\\Volkart et al. - 2013 - Life cycle assessment of carbon capture and storag.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\TVEMPDSD\\SM.zip}
}

@article{volkart2017,
  title = {Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of Energy System Transformation Pathways: {{A}} Case Study for {{Switzerland}}},
  shorttitle = {Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of Energy System Transformation Pathways},
  author = {Volkart, Kathrin and Weidmann, Nicolas and Bauer, Christian and Hirschberg, Stefan},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Energy Policy},
  volume = {106},
  pages = {155--168},
  issn = {03014215},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.026},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {Two recent political decisions are expected to frame the development of the Swiss energy system in the coming decades: the nuclear phase-out and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target. To accomplish both of them, low-carbon technologies based on renewable energy and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) are expected to gain importance. The objective of the present work is to support prospective Swiss energy policy-making by providing a detailed sustainability analysis of possible energy system transformation pathways. For this purpose, the results of the scenario quantification with an energy system model are coupled with multi-criteria sustainability analysis. Two climate protection and one reference scenario are addressed, and the trade-offs between the scenarios are analysed based on a set of 12 interdisciplinary indicators. Implementing a stringent climate policy in Switzerland is associated with co-benefits such as less fossil resource use, less fatalities in severe accidents in the energy sector, less societal conflicts and higher resource autonomy. The availability and implementation of CCS allows for achieving the GHG emission reduction target at lower costs, but at the expense of a more fossil fuel-based energy system.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ex-post,multi-criteria analysis},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\9QPV3892\\1-s2.0-S0301421517301702-mmc1.docx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\UEXI5DWT\\Volkart et al. - 2017 - Multi-criteria decision analysis of energy system .pdf}
}

@article{volkart2018,
  title = {Integrating Life Cycle Assessment and Energy System Modelling: {{Methodology}} and Application to the World Energy Scenarios},
  shorttitle = {Integrating Life Cycle Assessment and Energy System Modelling},
  author = {Volkart, Kathrin and Mutel, Christopher L. and Panos, Evangelos},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Sustainable Production and Consumption},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {121--133},
  issn = {23525509},
  doi = {10.1016/j.spc.2018.07.001},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  abstract = {Today's energy systems are dominated by finite fossil fuels and related environmental and human health impacts. To strive for the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) related to energy, their transformation must be initiated. Insights on the sustainability of energy system transformation pathways can be gained by combining partial equilibrium energy system modelling and life cycle assessment (LCA) due to their complementary characteristics. The present study aims at demonstrating an approach on how LCA indicators can be quantified for the integration in partial equilibrium energy system models without double-counting of impacts of the energy system and how such analyses can be used to estimate environmental and human health impacts of energy system transformation pathways. The results for the World Energy Scenarios show that the environmental and human health ``hotspots'' are coal (mining, heat and power generation, ash disposal), oil (freight and passenger transport, industrial motors) and biomass (cultivation, heat generation, ash disposal) technologies. The regional results are found to be more informative than the global results, also because many environmental and human health indicators reflect regional impacts. The transformation pathway with a focus on climate change mitigation policies has co-benefits regarding environmental and human health impacts and thus contributes to several SDGs, while it encounters challenges related to water and land use.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ex-post},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\U482YBA6\Volkart et al. - 2018 - Integrating life cycle assessment and energy syste.pdf}
}

@article{wang2019,
  title = {A Comparative Life-Cycle Assessment of Hydro-, Nuclear and Wind Power: {{A China}} Study},
  shorttitle = {A Comparative Life-Cycle Assessment of Hydro-, Nuclear and Wind Power},
  author = {Wang, Like and Wang, Yuan and Du, Huibin and Zuo, Jian and Yi Man Li, Rita and Zhou, Zhihua and Bi, Fenfen and Garvlehn, McSimon P.},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Applied Energy},
  volume = {249},
  pages = {37--45},
  issn = {03062619},
  doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.099},
  urldate = {2023-10-06},
  abstract = {Energy sector is one of biggest contributors to the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. As a result, it has attracted considerable attention to reduce the GHG emissions of electricity production. Hydro-electric, nuclear and wind power are the top three clean energy in China. In this study, the environmental impacts of these three technologies are analyzed, assessed and compared via a life-cycle assessment approach. The entire life cycle, including the manufacturing, construction, operation and decommissioning stages is examined. Apart from global warming potential (GWP100) caused by GHG emissions, the environmental impacts assessed in this study also included acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) and human toxicity potential (HTP). The results show that wind power technology has the most significant environmental impacts amongst these three clean energies, followed by nuclear power and hydropower. For example, in terms of global warming potential, wind power produces 28.6 {\textpm} 3.2 g CO2-eq/kWh of GWP100 throughout its life cycle, which is higher than that of nuclear power (12.4 {\textpm} 1.5 g CO2-eq/kWh) and hydropower (3.5 {\textpm} 0.4 g CO2-eq/kWh). In addition, this study revealed that the the manufacturing stage is the largest contributor of environmental impacts for wind and hydropower. By contrast, the decommissioning stage is most significant for nuclear power in terms of environmental impacts. The comparative life cycle assessment method proposed in this study provides useful tool for the future environmental assessment of electricity production technologies. Findings of this study provide useful inputs for the sustainable transformation of the energy sector.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\RUYGN7MB\Wang et al. - 2019 - A comparative life-cycle assessment of hydro-, nuc.pdf}
}

@article{watari2018,
  title = {Analysis of {{Potential}} for {{Critical Metal Resource Constraints}} in the {{International Energy Agency}}'s {{Long-Term Low-Carbon Energy Scenarios}}},
  author = {Watari, Takuma and McLellan, Benjamin and Ogata, Seiichi and Tezuka, Tetsuo},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Minerals},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {156},
  issn = {2075-163X},
  doi = {10.3390/min8040156},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\6D425S5X\Watari et al. - 2018 - Analysis of Potential for Critical Metal Resource .pdf}
}

@article{watari2019,
  title = {Total Material Requirement for the Global Energy Transition to 2050: {{A}} Focus on Transport and Electricity},
  shorttitle = {Total Material Requirement for the Global Energy Transition to 2050},
  author = {Watari, Takuma and McLellan, Benjamin C. and Giurco, Damien and Dominish, Elsa and Yamasue, Eiji and Nansai, Keisuke},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
  volume = {148},
  pages = {91--103},
  issn = {09213449},
  doi = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.015},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Global energy transitions could fundamentally change flows of both minerals and energy resources over time. It is, therefore, increasingly important to holistically and dynamically capture the impacts of large-scale energy transitions on resource flows including hidden flows such as mine waste, as well as direct flows. Here we demonstrate a systematic model that can quantify resource flows of both minerals and energy resources under the energy transition by using stock-flow dynamics and the concept of Total Material Requirement (TMR). The proposed model was applied to the International Energy Agency's scenarios up to 2050, targeting 15 electricity generation and 5 transport technologies. Results indicate that the global energy transition could increase TMR flows associated with mineral production by around 200--900\% in the electricity sector and 350--700\% in the transport sector respectively from 2015 to 2050, depending on the scenarios. Such a drastic increase in TMR flows is largely associated with an increased demand for copper, silver, nickel, lithium and cobalt, as well as steel. Our results highlight that the decarbonization of the electricity sector can reduce energy resource flows and support the hypothesis that the expansion of low-carbon technologies could reduce total resource flows expressed as TMR. In the transport sector, on the other hand, the dissemination of Electric Vehicles could cause a sharp increase in TMR flows associated with mineral production, which could offset a decrease in energy resource flows. Findings in this study emphasize that a sustainable transition would be unachievable without designing resource cycles with a nexus approach.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\5PZN3WSH\Watari et al. - 2019 - Total material requirement for the global energy t.pdf}
}

@article{watari2020,
  title = {Global {{Metal Use Targets}} in {{Line}} with {{Climate Goals}}},
  author = {Watari, Takuma and Nansai, Keisuke and Giurco, Damien and Nakajima, Kenichi and McLellan, Benjamin and Helbig, Christoph},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  volume = {54},
  number = {19},
  pages = {12476--12483},
  issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.0c02471},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\7SXDV97J\Watari et al. - 2020 - Global Metal Use Targets in Line with Climate Goal.pdf}
}

@article{watari2023,
  title = {Limited Quantity and Quality of Steel Supply in a Zero-Emission Future},
  author = {Watari, Takuma and Hata, Sho and Nakajima, Kenichi and Nansai, Keisuke},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Nature Sustainability},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {336--343},
  issn = {2398-9629},
  doi = {10.1038/s41893-022-01025-0},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\URW5Z92G\Watari et al. - 2023 - Limited quantity and quality of steel supply in a .pdf}
}

@article{way2022,
  title = {Empirically Grounded Technology Forecasts and the Energy Transition},
  author = {Way, Rupert and Ives, Matthew C. and Mealy, Penny and Farmer, J. Doyne},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Joule},
  volume = {6},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2057--2082},
  issn = {25424351},
  doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.009},
  urldate = {2024-04-09},
  abstract = {Rapidly decarbonizing the global energy system is critical for addressing climate change, but concerns about costs have been a barrier to implementation. Most energy-economy models have historically underestimated deployment rates for renewable energy technologies and overestimated their costs. These issues have driven calls for alternative approaches and more reliable technology forecasting methods. Here, we use an approach based on probabilistic cost forecasting methods that have been statistically validated by backtesting on more than 50 technologies. We generate probabilistic cost forecasts for solar energy, wind energy, batteries, and electrolyzers, conditional on deployment. We use these methods to estimate future energy system costs and explore how technology cost uncertainty propagates through to system costs in three different scenarios. Compared to continuing with a fossil fuel-based system, a rapid green energy transition will likely result in overall net savings of many trillions of dollars---even without accounting for climate damages or co-benefits of climate policy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\TF347I6M\Way et al. - 2022 - Empirically grounded technology forecasts and the .pdf}
}

@article{wei2024,
  title = {Future Environmental Impacts of Global Hydrogen Production},
  author = {Wei, Shijie and Sacchi, Romain and Tukker, Arnold and Suh, Sangwon and Steubing, Bernhard},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science},
  volume = {17},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2157--2172},
  publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)},
  issn = {1754-5692, 1754-5706},
  doi = {10.1039/d3ee03875k},
  urldate = {2024-09-17},
  abstract = {We quantified the life-cycle environmental impacts of H2 production at the regional and global levels for the first time.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\4FJNAQV5\Wei et al. - 2024 - Future environmental impacts of global hydrogen pr.pdf}
}

@techreport{weidema2003,
  title = {Market Information in Life Cycle Assessment},
  author = {Weidema, Bo P},
  year = {2003},
  institution = {Danish Ministry of the Environment},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\P5CA4GGV\Market-information-in-life-cycle-assessment.pdf}
}

@techreport{weidema2004,
  title = {Geographical, Technological and Temporal Delimitation in {{LCA}}},
  author = {Weidema, Bo P},
  year = {2004},
  institution = {Danish Ministry of the Environment},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\NWXTB3HZ\Weidema - Geographical, technological and temporal delimitat.PDF}
}

@article{weidema2015,
  title = {Comparing {{Three Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods}} from an {{Endpoint Perspective}}},
  author = {Weidema, Bo P},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {20--26},
  issn = {1088-1980, 1530-9290},
  doi = {10.1111/jiec.12162},
  urldate = {2024-05-27},
  abstract = {Summary             The impact assessment methods Eco-Indicator 99 (H), Stepwise2006, and ReCiPe2008 (H) are compared with respect to the relative and absolute importance that they assign to the different mid-point impact categories. The comparison is done by a common monetary valuation of the three endpoints that are common to the three methods: human well-being, nature, and resources. Land use, global warming, and respiratory inorganic pollutants together make up between 86\% and 97\% of the overall impacts compared in all three methods. The overall monetarized impacts amount to 30\%, 28\%, and 165\% of the gross domestic product (GDP), respectively. Resource depletion, land use, and global warming explain 99.5\% of the positive deviation of ReCiPe2008, relative to the other two methods. The main causes for these differences are investigated and discussed, pointing to possibly questionable calculations and assumptions, for example, regarding the nonsubstitutability of resources and the very long relaxation time for transformed forestland in the relatively new ReCiPe2008 method, which leads us to recommend users to be cautious and critical when interpreting the results. Sensitivity analysis is made for other cultural perspectives and normalization references.},
  copyright = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions\#vor},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{weidema2023,
  title = {Establishing a Horizontal {{European}} Climate Label for Products: Potential for an Effective Climate Labelling Framework.},
  shorttitle = {Establishing a Horizontal {{European}} Climate Label for Products},
  author = {Weidema, Bo P. and Eliassen, Jonas L.},
  year = {2023},
  address = {LU},
  institution = {European Parliament. Directorate General for Parliamentary Research Services.},
  urldate = {2023-10-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9D8G54UE\European Parliament. Directorate General for Parliamentary Research Services. - 2023 - Establishing a horizontal European climate label f.pdf}
}

@article{weidner2022,
  title = {Energy Systems Modeling and Optimization for Absolute Environmental Sustainability: Current Landscape and Opportunities},
  shorttitle = {Energy Systems Modeling and Optimization for Absolute Environmental Sustainability},
  author = {Weidner, Till and {Gal{\'a}n-Mart{\'i}n}, {\'A}ngel and Ryberg, Morten Walbech and {Guill{\'e}n-Gos{\'a}lbez}, Gonzalo},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Computers \& Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {164},
  pages = {107883},
  issn = {00981354},
  doi = {10.1016/j.compchemeng.2022.107883},
  urldate = {2024-06-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Carrying capacity,Energy systems analysis,Integrated assessment models,Integrated Assessment Models,Life cycle analysis,Life Cycle Analysis,Mathematical optimization,Planetary boundaries},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\3BUM53DL\\Weidner et al. - 2022 - Energy systems modeling and optimization for absol.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\I8JZEHHF\\Weidner et al. - 2022 - Energy systems modeling and optimization for absol.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\GESZ5N29\\S0098135422002216.html}
}

@article{weidner2023,
  title = {Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Large-Scale Hydrogen Production Using Prospective Life Cycle Analysis},
  author = {Weidner, Till and Tulus, Victor and {Guill{\'e}n-Gos{\'a}lbez}, Gonzalo},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
  volume = {48},
  number = {22},
  pages = {8310--8327},
  issn = {03603199},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.044},
  urldate = {2024-12-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\ZK6G8SJS\Weidner et al. - 2023 - Environmental sustainability assessment of large-scale hydrogen production using prospective life cy.pdf}
}

@article{weidner2023a,
  title = {Planetary Boundaries Assessment of Deep Decarbonisation Options for Building Heating in the {{European Union}}},
  author = {Weidner, Till and {Guill{\'e}n-Gos{\'a}lbez}, Gonzalo},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
  volume = {278},
  pages = {116602},
  issn = {0196-8904},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602},
  urldate = {2024-08-04},
  abstract = {Building heating is one of the sectors for which multiple decarbonisation options exist and current geopolitical tensions provide urgency to design adequate regional policies. Heat pumps and hydrogen boilers, alongside alternative district heating systems, are the most promising alternatives. Although a host of city or country-level studies exist, it remains controversial what role hydrogen should play for building heating in the European Union compared with electrification and how blue and green hydrogen differ in terms of costs and environmental impacts. This work assesses the optimal technology mix for staying within planetary boundaries, and the influence of international cooperation and political restrictions. To perform the analysis, a bottom-up optimisation model was developed incorporating life cycle assessment constraints and covering production, storage, transport of energy and carbon dioxide, as well as grid and non-grid connected end-users of heat. It was found that a building heating system within planetary boundaries is feasible through large-scale electrification via heat pumps, although at a higher cost than the current system with abatement costs of around 200 {\texteuro}/ton CO2. Increasing interconnector capacity or onshore wind energy is found to be vital to staying within boundaries. A strong trade-off for hydrogen was identified, with blue hydrogen being cost-competitive but vastly unsustainable (when applied to heating) and green hydrogen being 2--3 times more expensive than electrification while still transgressing several planetary boundaries. The insights from this work indicate that heat pumps and renewable electricity should be prioritised over hydrogen-based heating in most cases and grid-stability and storage aspects explored further, while revealing a need for policy instruments to mitigate increased costs for consumers.},
  keywords = {Absolute sustainability,Heat pumps,Hydrogen,Optimisation,Planetary boundaries},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\MU9MCC44\\Weidner and Guillén-Gosálbez - 2023 - Planetary boundaries assessment of deep decarbonis.pdf;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\692VGXHH\\S0196890422013802.html}
}

@article{wernet2016,
  title = {The Ecoinvent Database Version 3 (Part {{I}}): Overview and Methodology},
  shorttitle = {The Ecoinvent Database Version 3 (Part {{I}})},
  author = {Wernet, Gregor and Bauer, Christian and Steubing, Bernhard and Reinhard, J{\"u}rgen and {Moreno-Ruiz}, Emilia and Weidema, Bo},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {21},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1218--1230},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-016-1087-8},
  urldate = {2023-04-24},
  abstract = {Purpose Good background data are an important requirement in LCA. Practitioners generally make use of LCI databases for such data, and the ecoinvent database is the largest transparent unit-process LCI database worldwide. Since its first release in 2003, it has been continuously updated, and version 3 was published in 2013. The release of version 3 introduced several significant methodological and technological improvements, besides a large number of new and updated datasets. The aim was to expand the content of the database, set the foundation for a truly global database, support regionalized LCIA, offer multiple system models, allow for easier integration of data from different regions, and reduce maintenance efforts. This article describes the methodological developments.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9QKWNJGR\Wernet et al. - 2016 - The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I) overvie.pdf}
}

@techreport{whitmore2023,
  title = {Etat de l'{\'e}nergie Au {{Qu{\'e}bec}} - {{Edition}} 2023},
  author = {Whitmore, Johanne and Pineau, Pierre-Olivier},
  year = {2023},
  institution = {Chaire de gestion du secteur de l'{\'e}nergie, HEC Montr{\'e}al},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\WCF4Z9I7\EEQ2023_WEB.pdf}
}

@techreport{whitmore2024,
  title = {Profils {{{\'E}nerg{\'e}tiques Des R{\'e}gions Du Qu{\'e}bec}}},
  author = {Whitmore, Johanne and Pineau, Pierre-Olivier},
  year = {2024},
  institution = {Chaire de gestion du secteur de l'{\'e}nergie, HEC Montr{\'e}al, pr{\'e}par{\'e} pour le gouvernement du Qu{\'e}bec},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\3ZT9TAWF\RAPPORT_Profils2024.pdf}
}

@article{wohlschlager2023,
  title = {Overcoming Challenges in Life Cycle Assessment of Smart Energy Systems -- {{A}} Map of Solution Approaches},
  author = {Wohlschlager, Daniela and Bluhm, Hannes and Beucker, Severin and Pohl, Johanna and Fr{\"o}hling, Magnus},
  year = {2023},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {423},
  pages = {138584},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138584},
  urldate = {2023-09-27},
  abstract = {Current research underlines the benefits of digitalization to integrate renewable energy sources (RES) efficiently and to coordinate generation and supply. This development towards smart energy systems (SES) includes emerging use cases at the distribution grid level, e.g., smart charging strategies for electric vehicles or energy management systems in buildings. An environmental assessment of such, however, is challenging. The stan\- dardized Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approaches seem insufficient since SES are emerging systems at the interface of digitalization and energy with multiple intended and unintended environmental effects. This article aims to derive solution approaches for LCA professionals that investigate use cases enabled by information and communication technology (ICT), specifically in SES. To identify challenges during the first two phases of an LCA and solution approaches, we examine seven recent research projects and conduct a real-time Delphi workshop with LCA experts in the field of SES. As a result, the article provides approaches on setting up an LCA, filling data gaps, and methods to draw upon the long-term impacts of use cases in SES. Key findings include a modified taxonomy of potential environmental effects. Results show that systemic effects in SES have potentially the highest impact on the LCA, followed by effects caused by user behavior. Assessing these effects of `higher-order' poses an increased complexity. Determined solution approaches include combining the standardized LCA with energy system modeling or surveys on user behavior. Overall, this article reveals orientation strategies and recommendations to guide LCA professionals toward a holistic environmental assessment of use cases in SES.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\8IQZ8AFE\Wohlschlager et al. - 2023 - Overcoming challenges in life cycle assessment of .pdf}
}

@techreport{wsp2021,
  title = {{Inventaire de la biomasse disponible pour produire de la bio{\'e}nergie et portrait de la production de la bio{\'e}nergie sur le territoire qu{\'e}b{\'e}cois}},
  author = {{WSP}},
  year = {2021},
  number = {R{\'e}f. WSP : 201-03354-00},
  pages = {277},
  institution = {Rapport r{\'e}alis{\'e} par WSP Canada Inc., pour le compte du Minist{\`e}re de l'{\'E}nergie et des Ressources naturelles},
  langid = {french},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\GG47R77X\INVENTAIRE DE LA BIOMASSE DISPONIBLE POUR PRODUIRE.pdf}
}

@article{wu2023,
  title = {Low Carbon Economic Dispatch of Integrated Energy Systems Considering Life Cycle Assessment and Risk Cost},
  author = {Wu, Min and Xu, Jiazhu and Li, Yun and Zeng, Linjun and Shi, Zhenglu and Liu, Yuxing and Wen, Ming and Li, Chang},
  year = {2023},
  month = nov,
  journal = {International Journal of Electrical Power \& Energy Systems},
  volume = {153},
  pages = {109287},
  issn = {01420615},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109287},
  urldate = {2023-07-03},
  abstract = {Integrated energy systems (IES) strengthen the interaction among electricity, gas and heat systems, and the concept of low-carbon development can further reduce the carbon emissions of IES. However, the uncertainty of IES reduces the supply flexibility and the complexity of different energy chains reduces the accuracy of carbon trading volume. Therefore, this study proposes a low carbon economic scheduling of IES considering life cycle assessment (LCA) and risk cost. First, the carbon emissions generated from different energy chain conversion processes in IES are analyzed by life cycle assessment method. Subsequently, the calculated carbon emission coefficients are introduced into the ladder-type carbon trading mechanism to further constrain the carbon emissions of IES. Specifically, the system risk is controlled using the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) theory to obtain the day-ahead dispatch strategy. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified based on the modified IEEE 39-node electric network, 20-node gas network and 6-node heat network models.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\RHLMT8HY\Wu et al. - 2023 - Low carbon economic dispatch of integrated energy .pdf}
}

@article{xu2020,
  title = {An {{Environmental Assessment Framework}} for {{Energy System Analysis}} ({{EAFESA}}): {{The}} Method and Its Application to the {{European}} Energy System Transformation},
  shorttitle = {An {{Environmental Assessment Framework}} for {{Energy System Analysis}} ({{EAFESA}})},
  author = {Xu, Lei and Fuss, Maryegli and Poganietz, Witold-Roger and Jochem, Patrick and Schreiber, Steffi and Zoephel, Christoph and Brown, Nils},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {243},
  pages = {118614},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118614},
  urldate = {2023-02-06},
  abstract = {Coupling life cycle assessment (LCA) and energy systems models (ESM) is a suitable approach to assess energy systems from both life cycle and energy systems perspectives. However, methodological challenges need to be taken into account due to differences between both modeling approaches considering system boundaries, databases, and different levels of detail of their input data. This paper brings these challenges into discussion and introduces the Environmental Assessment Framework for Energy System Analysis (EAFESA), which enables to identify life cycle based non-climate environmental impacts of energy scenarios consistently. EAFESA is applied to analyze potential future decarbonized European electricity systems with a focus on flexibility options using ELTRAMOD as an example of an ESM to test the conceptual approach of combining ESM and LCA. The application confirms the importance and benefits of ``integrated thinking'' proposed by EAFESA, which allows minimizing the pitfalls of combining both models comprehensively. At the same time, EAFESA has the potential to bring awareness of issues not discussed among policy-makers. One example is the insight that the decarbonized electricity system will be accompanied by increased metal demand and urban land occupation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\RF9E4QYF\\1-s2.0-S0959652619334845-mmc1.docx;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\WYB843QI\\Xu et al. - 2020 - An Environmental Assessment Framework for Energy S.pdf}
}

@article{yi2023,
  title = {Integration of Life Cycle Assessment and System Dynamics Modeling for Environmental Scenario Analysis: {{A}} Systematic Review},
  shorttitle = {Integration of Life Cycle Assessment and System Dynamics Modeling for Environmental Scenario Analysis},
  author = {Yi, Yanqing and Wu, Junzhang and Zuliani, Filippo and Lavagnolo, Maria Cristina and Manzardo, Alessandro},
  year = {2023},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
  volume = {903},
  pages = {166545},
  issn = {00489697},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166545},
  urldate = {2024-07-03},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\6H3Z8VKL\Yi et al. - 2023 - Integration of life cycle assessment and system dy.pdf}
}

@article{zamagni2012,
  title = {Lights and Shadows in Consequential {{LCA}}},
  author = {Zamagni, Alessandra and Guin{\'e}e, Jeroen and Heijungs, Reinout and Masoni, Paolo and Raggi, Andrea},
  year = {2012},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {17},
  number = {7},
  pages = {904--918},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-012-0423-x},
  urldate = {2023-06-16},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\BATDHDRN\Zamagni et al. - 2012 - Lights and shadows in consequential LCA.pdf}
}

@article{zhang2022,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Globalization}} on {{Renewable Energy Development}} in the {{Countries}} along the {{Belt}} and {{Road Based}} on the {{Moderating Effect}} of the {{Digital Economy}}},
  author = {Zhang, Yu and Su, Le and Jin, Warren and Yang, Yunan},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {Sustainability},
  volume = {14},
  number = {10},
  pages = {6031},
  issn = {2071-1050},
  doi = {10.3390/su14106031},
  urldate = {2024-02-05},
  abstract = {Within the context of globalization, the development of renewable energy is critical for attaining sustainable development, and the digital economy is also a critical driver for achieving it. This article incorporates globalization, renewable energy development, and the digital economy into its research framework, investigates the relationship between globalization and renewable energy development, and explores the moderating effect of the digital economy, using panel data from countries along the Belt and Road (B\&R) from 2001 to 2018. It is found that globalization facilitates the development of renewable energy. The 1\% increase in globalization results in a 1.06\% increase in renewable energy development; the level of globalization has a significant effect on renewable energy development in high-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and low-income countries, but not in lower-middle-income countries; the digital economy has a moderating effect on the impact of globalization on renewable energy development in countries along the B\&R. Simultaneously, the effect of globalization on renewable energy development in B\&R countries is influenced by the digital economy's single threshold effect, and the effect of globalization on renewable energy development is more pronounced when the level of digital economy development is less than the threshold of 0.061. The conclusions of this article have significant implications for the B\&R countries' sustainable development in the contexts of globalization and the digital economy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\5MBL87B6\Zhang et al. - 2022 - The Impact of Globalization on Renewable Energy De.pdf}
}

@article{zhang2022a,
  title = {The Role of Hydrogen in Decarbonizing a Coupled Energy System},
  author = {Zhang, Yimin and Davis, Dominic and Brear, Michael J.},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {346},
  pages = {131082},
  issn = {09596526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131082},
  urldate = {2023-09-29},
  abstract = {This paper examines the decarbonization of three coupled energy sectors: electricity, transport and heating/industry. The sector coupling includes the production of hydrogen from each of electricity via electrolysis, the gasification of coal and the reforming of natural gas; the displacement of gasoline/diesel and natural gas by any of these forms of hydrogen; the generation of electricity by gas turbines and reciprocating engines fuelled by either natural gas or any of these forms of hydrogen; and the electrification of the transport fleet. Plausible sensitivities to technological learning, energy efficiency measures, natural gas prices and subsidies for renewables are examined systematically as the coupled system's total greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to zero.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\BC4J4CUV\Zhang et al. - 2022 - The role of hydrogen in decarbonizing a coupled en.pdf}
}

@article{zhang2023,
  title = {Critical Metal Requirement for Clean Energy Transition: {{A}} Quantitative Review on the Case of Transportation Electrification},
  shorttitle = {Critical Metal Requirement for Clean Energy Transition},
  author = {Zhang, Chunbo and Yan, Jinyue and You, Fengqi},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Advances in Applied Energy},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {100116},
  issn = {26667924},
  doi = {10.1016/j.adapen.2022.100116},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\7TWNRAWR\Zhang et al. - 2023 - Critical metal requirement for clean energy transi.pdf}
}

@article{zhang2024,
  title = {Can a New Power System Help Maintain Planetary Boundaries within a Safe Operating Space?},
  author = {Zhang, Yajuan and Wang, Zheng and Li, Shuangcheng},
  year = {2024},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Energy},
  volume = {304},
  pages = {132030},
  issn = {03605442},
  doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2024.132030},
  urldate = {2024-06-28},
  abstract = {To meet China's ambitious carbon neutrality target by 2060, the development of a new power system focusing on renewable energy sources such as wind and solar is crucial. This study integrates Planetary Boundaries (PBs) with a life cycle assessment to explore the sustainability impacts of this transformative energy approach both na\- tionally and regionally. Utilizing a GIS-MCDA (Geographic Information System-Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis) model, the analysis covers the period from 2025 to 2060, examining the seven major grid regions in China. Our findings reveal that under current energy production systems, no region can meet its basic energy needs without exceeding petabytes if existing energy production systems are maintained, thereby risking severe PBs transgressions. Simulations indicate that the adoption of the new power system could significantly mitigate these risks. Quantitative results show that, by 2050, the potential reduction in PB pressures could reach up to 30 \% at the national level and vary significantly across regions, depending on their specific energy transition strategies. These insights provide a vital scientific basis for future policy-making and optimization of power systems to safeguard environmental thresholds and promote sustainable development in China.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\9AYI7BXN\Zhang et al. - 2024 - Can a new power system help maintain planetary bou.pdf}
}

@article{ziyadi2019,
  title = {Model Uncertainty Analysis Using Data Analytics for Life-Cycle Assessment ({{LCA}}) Applications},
  author = {Ziyadi, Mojtaba and {Al-Qadi}, Imad L.},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  volume = {24},
  number = {5},
  pages = {945--959},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  doi = {10.1007/s11367-018-1528-7},
  urldate = {2024-03-29},
  abstract = {Purpose Objective uncertainty quantification (UQ) of a product life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a critical step for decisionmaking. Environmental impacts can be measured directly or by using models. Underlying mathematical functions describe a model that approximate the environmental impacts during various LCA stages. In this study, three possible uncertainty sources of a mathematical model, i.e., input variability, model parameter (differentiate from input in this study), and model-form uncertainties, were investigated. A simple and easy to implement method is proposed to quantify each source. Methods Various data analytics methods were used to conduct a thorough model uncertainty analysis; (1) Interval analysis was used for input uncertainty quantification. A direct sampling using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was used for interval analysis, and results were compared to that of indirect nonlinear optimization as an alternative approach. A machine learning surrogate model was developed to perform direct MC sampling as well as indirect nonlinear optimization. (2) A Bayesian inference was adopted to quantify parameter uncertainty. (3) A recently introduced model correction method based on orthogonal polynomial basis functions was used to evaluate the model-form uncertainty. The methods are applied to a pavement LCA to propagate uncertainties throughout an energy and global warming potential (GWP) estimation model; a case of a pavement section in Chicago metropolitan area was used. Results and discussion Results indicate that each uncertainty source contributes to the overall energy and GWP output of the LCA. Input uncertainty was shown to have significant impact on overall GWP output; for the example case study, GWP interval was around 50\%. Parameter uncertainty results showed that an assumption of {\textpm} 10\% uniform variation in the model parameter priors resulted in 28\% variation in the GWP output. Model-form uncertainty had the lowest impact (less than 10\% variation in the GWP). This is because the original energy model is relatively accurate in estimating the energy. However, sensitivity of the model-form uncertainty showed that even up to 180\% variation in the results can be achieved due to lower original model accuracies. Conclusions Investigating each uncertainty source of the model indicated the importance of the accurate characterization, propagation, and quantification of uncertainty. The outcome of this study proposed independent and relatively easy to implement methods that provide robust grounds for objective model uncertainty analysis for LCA applications. Assumptions on inputs, parameter distributions, and model form need to be justified. Input uncertainty plays a key role in overall pavement LCA output. The proposed model correction method as well as interval analysis were relatively easy to implement. Research is still needed to develop a more generic and simplified MCMC simulation procedure that is fast to implement.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\GT7A57TY\Ziyadi and Al-Qadi - 2019 - Model uncertainty analysis using data analytics fo.pdf}
}

@misc{zotero-13552,
  title = {({{Un}}){{Natural}} Gas Prices in {{Europe}} {\textbar} {{FRED Blog}}},
  urldate = {2024-01-18},
  langid = {american},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\8IFI6X98\\fredgraph.xls;C\:\\Users\\matth\\Zotero\\storage\\MWR8MM7R\\unnatural-gas-prices-in-europe.html}
}

@misc{zotero-13907,
  title = {Model -- {{The WITCH}} Model},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  langid = {american},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\WLIV6LHL\model.html}
}

@misc{zotero-1664,
  title = {Consequential-Lca.Org},
  howpublished = {https://consequential-lca.org/}
}

@inproceedings{zuluaga2013,
  title = {Active {{Learning}} for {{Multi-Objective Optimization}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30 Th {{International Conference}} on {{Machine Learning}}},
  author = {Zuluaga, Marcela and Krause, Andreas and Sergent, Guillaume and Puschel, Markus},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {9},
  address = {Atlanta, Georgia, USA},
  abstract = {In many fields one encounters the challenge of identifying, out of a pool of possible designs, those that simultaneously optimize multiple objectives. This means that usually there is not one optimal design but an entire set of Pareto-optimal ones with optimal tradeoffs in the objectives. In many applications, evaluating one design is expensive; thus, an exhaustive search for the Pareto-optimal set is unfeasible. To address this challenge, we propose the Pareto Active Learning (PAL) algorithm which intelligently samples the design space to predict the Pareto-optimal set. Key features of PAL include (1) modeling the objectives as samples from a Gaussian process distribution to capture structure and accomodate noisy evaluation; (2) a method to carefully choose the next design to evaluate to maximize progress; and (3) the ability to control prediction accuracy and sampling cost. We provide theoretical bounds on PAL's sampling cost required to achieve a desired accuracy. Further, we show an experimental evaluation on three real-world data sets. The results show PAL's effectiveness; in particular it improves significantly over a state-of-the-art multi-objective optimization method, saving in many cases about 33\% evaluations to achieve the same accuracy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C:\Users\matth\Zotero\storage\S7JXEIBE\Zuluaga et al. - Active Learning for Multi-Objective Optimization.pdf}
}