diff --git a/orttraining/orttraining/python/training/onnxblock/loss/loss.py b/orttraining/orttraining/python/training/onnxblock/loss/loss.py
index e0624c6722519..75c8bd78f9925 100644
--- a/orttraining/orttraining/python/training/onnxblock/loss/loss.py
+++ b/orttraining/orttraining/python/training/onnxblock/loss/loss.py
@@ -116,6 +116,16 @@ def build(self, scores_input_name: str, labels_name: str = "labels"):
         )
         self.base.graph.node.append(loss_node)
 
+        # Register log_prob in value_info so the gradient builder can resolve
+        # O(1) (the second output of SoftmaxCrossEntropyLoss).  Without this,
+        # graph optimizers may drop the output def and cause a C++ assertion.
+        scores_info = _graph_utils.get_output_from_output_name(self.base, scores_input_name)
+        scores_elem_type = scores_info.type.tensor_type.elem_type
+        if not any(vi.name == log_prob_output_name for vi in self.base.graph.value_info):
+            self.base.graph.value_info.append(
+                onnx.helper.make_tensor_value_info(log_prob_output_name, scores_elem_type, None)
+            )
+
         return loss_node_output_name
 
 
diff --git a/orttraining/orttraining/test/python/orttraining_test_ort_apis_onnxblock.py b/orttraining/orttraining/test/python/orttraining_test_ort_apis_onnxblock.py
index dfc83de198f21..206ede533b77f 100644
--- a/orttraining/orttraining/test/python/orttraining_test_ort_apis_onnxblock.py
+++ b/orttraining/orttraining/test/python/orttraining_test_ort_apis_onnxblock.py
@@ -1187,3 +1187,60 @@ def test_generate_artifacts_external_data_separate_files(loss):
         assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(temp_dir, "eval_model.onnx"))
         assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(temp_dir, "optimizer_model.onnx"))
         assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(temp_dir, "checkpoint"))
+
+
+def test_crossentropy_loss_multi_output_model():
+    """Regression test for https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/issues/22465.
+
+    generate_artifacts with CrossEntropyLoss must not raise a C++ assertion
+    (i < node_->OutputDefs().size()) when the base model has a multi-dimensional
+    output (e.g. shape [batch, seq_len, vocab_size]).  The root cause was that
+    CrossEntropyLoss.build() constructed a SoftmaxCrossEntropyLoss node with two
+    outputs (loss, log_prob) but never registered log_prob in value_info, causing
+    the gradient builder to dereference a missing output def.
+    """
+
+    class MultiOutputNet(torch.nn.Module):
+        """Simple seq2seq-style model whose output is 3-D (batch, seq, vocab)."""
+
+        def __init__(self, vocab_size: int = 16, hidden_size: int = 8):
+            super().__init__()
+            self.embed = torch.nn.Embedding(vocab_size, hidden_size)
+            self.linear = torch.nn.Linear(hidden_size, vocab_size)
+
+        def forward(self, x):
+            # x: (batch, seq_len)  -> output: (batch, seq_len, vocab_size)
+            return self.linear(self.embed(x))
+
+    vocab_size = 16
+    batch_size = 2
+    seq_len = 4
+    model = MultiOutputNet(vocab_size=vocab_size)
+    model.eval()
+
+    x = torch.randint(0, vocab_size, (batch_size, seq_len))
+    onnx_model = _get_onnx_model(model, (x,))
+
+    requires_grad_params = ["embed.weight", "linear.weight", "linear.bias"]
+
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
+        # This must not raise "i < node_->OutputDefs().size()" or any other error.
+        artifacts.generate_artifacts(
+            onnx_model,
+            requires_grad=requires_grad_params,
+            loss=artifacts.LossType.CrossEntropyLoss,
+            artifact_directory=temp_dir,
+        )
+
+        # Verify the training model was created.
+        training_model_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, "training_model.onnx")
+        assert os.path.exists(training_model_path)
+
+        # Verify the SoftmaxCrossEntropyLoss node retains both output defs
+        # (loss and log_prob) in the saved training model.
+        training_model = onnx.load(training_model_path)
+        sce_nodes = [n for n in training_model.graph.node if n.op_type == "SoftmaxCrossEntropyLoss"]
+        assert len(sce_nodes) == 1, "Expected exactly one SoftmaxCrossEntropyLoss node"
+        assert len(sce_nodes[0].output) == 2, (
+            f"SoftmaxCrossEntropyLoss node must have 2 outputs (loss, log_prob), got {list(sce_nodes[0].output)}"
+        )