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1 | 1 | == Welcome to Rails
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2 | 2 |
|
3 |
| -Rails is a web-application and persistance framework that includes everything |
| 3 | +Rails is a web-application and persistence framework that includes everything |
4 | 4 | needed to create database-backed web-applications according to the
|
5 | 5 | Model-View-Control pattern of separation. This pattern splits the view (also
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6 | 6 | called the presentation) into "dumb" templates that are primarily responsible
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7 |
| -for inserting pre-build data in between HTML tags. The model contains the |
| 7 | +for inserting pre-built data in between HTML tags. The model contains the |
8 | 8 | "smart" domain objects (such as Account, Product, Person, Post) that holds all
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9 | 9 | the business logic and knows how to persist themselves to a database. The
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10 | 10 | controller handles the incoming requests (such as Save New Account, Update
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11 | 11 | Product, Show Post) by manipulating the model and directing data to the view.
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12 | 12 |
|
13 |
| -In Rails, the model is handled by what's called a object-relational mapping |
| 13 | +In Rails, the model is handled by what's called an object-relational mapping |
14 | 14 | layer entitled Active Record. This layer allows you to present the data from
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15 | 15 | database rows as objects and embellish these data objects with business logic
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16 |
| -methods. You can read more about Active Record in |
| 16 | +methods. You can read more about Active Record in |
17 | 17 | link:files/vendor/rails/activerecord/README.html.
|
18 | 18 |
|
19 |
| -The controller and view is handled by the Action Pack, which handles both |
| 19 | +The controller and view are handled by the Action Pack, which handles both |
20 | 20 | layers by its two parts: Action View and Action Controller. These two layers
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21 | 21 | are bundled in a single package due to their heavy interdependence. This is
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22 | 22 | unlike the relationship between the Active Record and Action Pack that is much
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23 | 23 | more separate. Each of these packages can be used independently outside of
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24 |
| -Rails. You can read more about Action Pack in |
| 24 | +Rails. You can read more about Action Pack in |
25 | 25 | link:files/vendor/rails/actionpack/README.html.
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26 | 26 |
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27 | 27 |
|
28 |
| -== Requirements |
29 |
| - |
30 |
| -* Database and driver (MySQL, PostgreSQL, or SQLite) |
31 |
| -* Rake[http://rake.rubyforge.org] for running tests and the generating documentation |
32 |
| - |
33 |
| -== Optionals |
34 |
| - |
35 |
| -* Apache 1.3.x or 2.x or lighttpd 1.3.11+ (or any FastCGI-capable webserver with a |
36 |
| - mod_rewrite-like module) |
37 |
| -* FastCGI (or mod_ruby) for better performance on Apache |
38 |
| - |
39 |
| -== Getting started |
40 |
| - |
41 |
| -1. Run the WEBrick servlet: <tt>ruby script/server</tt> |
42 |
| - (run with --help for options) |
43 |
| -2. Go to http://localhost:3000/ and get "Congratulations, you've put Ruby on Rails!" |
44 |
| -3. Follow the guidelines on the "Congratulations, you've put Ruby on Rails!" screen |
45 |
| - |
46 |
| - |
47 |
| -== Example for Apache conf |
48 |
| - |
49 |
| - <VirtualHost *:80> |
50 |
| - ServerName rails |
51 |
| - DocumentRoot /path/application/public/ |
52 |
| - ErrorLog /path/application/log/server.log |
53 |
| - |
54 |
| - <Directory /path/application/public/> |
55 |
| - Options ExecCGI FollowSymLinks |
56 |
| - AllowOverride all |
57 |
| - Allow from all |
58 |
| - Order allow,deny |
59 |
| - </Directory> |
60 |
| - </VirtualHost> |
61 |
| - |
62 |
| -NOTE: Be sure that CGIs can be executed in that directory as well. So ExecCGI |
63 |
| -should be on and ".cgi" should respond. All requests from 127.0.0.1 goes |
64 |
| -through CGI, so no Apache restart is necessary for changes. All other requests |
65 |
| -goes through FCGI (or mod_ruby) that requires restart to show changes. |
66 |
| - |
67 |
| - |
68 |
| -== Example for lighttpd conf (with FastCGI) |
69 |
| - |
70 |
| - server.port = 8080 |
71 |
| - server.bind = "127.0.0.1" |
72 |
| - # server.event-handler = "freebsd-kqueue" # needed on OS X |
73 |
| - |
74 |
| - server.modules = ( "mod_rewrite", "mod_fastcgi" ) |
75 |
| - |
76 |
| - url.rewrite = ( "^/$" => "index.html", "^([^.]+)$" => "$1.html" ) |
77 |
| - server.error-handler-404 = "/dispatch.fcgi" |
78 |
| - |
79 |
| - server.document-root = "/path/application/public" |
80 |
| - server.errorlog = "/path/application/log/server.log" |
81 |
| - |
82 |
| - fastcgi.server = ( ".fcgi" => |
83 |
| - ( "localhost" => |
84 |
| - ( |
85 |
| - "min-procs" => 1, |
86 |
| - "max-procs" => 5, |
87 |
| - "socket" => "/tmp/application.fcgi.socket", |
88 |
| - "bin-path" => "/path/application/public/dispatch.fcgi", |
89 |
| - "bin-environment" => ( "RAILS_ENV" => "development" ) |
90 |
| - ) |
91 |
| - ) |
92 |
| - ) |
93 |
| - |
| 28 | +== Getting Started |
| 29 | + |
| 30 | +1. At the command prompt, start a new Rails application using the <tt>rails</tt> command |
| 31 | + and your application name. Ex: rails myapp |
| 32 | + (If you've downloaded Rails in a complete tgz or zip, this step is already done) |
| 33 | +2. Change directory into myapp and start the web server: <tt>script/server</tt> (run with --help for options) |
| 34 | +3. Go to http://localhost:3000/ and get "Welcome aboard: You’re riding the Rails!" |
| 35 | +4. Follow the guidelines to start developing your application |
| 36 | + |
| 37 | + |
| 38 | +== Web Servers |
| 39 | + |
| 40 | +By default, Rails will try to use Mongrel and lighttpd if they are installed, otherwise |
| 41 | +Rails will use WEBrick, the webserver that ships with Ruby. When you run script/server, |
| 42 | +Rails will check if Mongrel exists, then lighttpd and finally fall back to WEBrick. This ensures |
| 43 | +that you can always get up and running quickly. |
| 44 | + |
| 45 | +Mongrel is a Ruby-based webserver with a C component (which requires compilation) that is |
| 46 | +suitable for development and deployment of Rails applications. If you have Ruby Gems installed, |
| 47 | +getting up and running with mongrel is as easy as: <tt>gem install mongrel</tt>. |
| 48 | +More info at: http://mongrel.rubyforge.org |
| 49 | + |
| 50 | +If Mongrel is not installed, Rails will look for lighttpd. It's considerably faster than |
| 51 | +Mongrel and WEBrick and also suited for production use, but requires additional |
| 52 | +installation and currently only works well on OS X/Unix (Windows users are encouraged |
| 53 | +to start with Mongrel). We recommend version 1.4.11 and higher. You can download it from |
| 54 | +http://www.lighttpd.net. |
| 55 | + |
| 56 | +And finally, if neither Mongrel or lighttpd are installed, Rails will use the built-in Ruby |
| 57 | +web server, WEBrick. WEBrick is a small Ruby web server suitable for development, but not |
| 58 | +for production. |
| 59 | + |
| 60 | +But of course its also possible to run Rails on any platform that supports FCGI. |
| 61 | +Apache, LiteSpeed, IIS are just a few. For more information on FCGI, |
| 62 | +please visit: http://wiki.rubyonrails.com/rails/pages/FastCGI |
| 63 | + |
94 | 64 |
|
95 | 65 | == Debugging Rails
|
96 | 66 |
|
97 |
| -Have "tail -f" commands running on both the server.log, production.log, and |
98 |
| -test.log files. Rails will automatically display debugging and runtime |
99 |
| -information to these files. Debugging info will also be shown in the browser |
100 |
| -on requests from 127.0.0.1. |
| 67 | +Sometimes your application goes wrong. Fortunately there are a lot of tools that |
| 68 | +will help you debug it and get it back on the rails. |
| 69 | + |
| 70 | +First area to check is the application log files. Have "tail -f" commands running |
| 71 | +on the server.log and development.log. Rails will automatically display debugging |
| 72 | +and runtime information to these files. Debugging info will also be shown in the |
| 73 | +browser on requests from 127.0.0.1. |
| 74 | + |
| 75 | +You can also log your own messages directly into the log file from your code using |
| 76 | +the Ruby logger class from inside your controllers. Example: |
| 77 | + |
| 78 | + class WeblogController < ActionController::Base |
| 79 | + def destroy |
| 80 | + @weblog = Weblog.find(params[:id]) |
| 81 | + @weblog.destroy |
| 82 | + logger.info("#{Time.now} Destroyed Weblog ID ##{@weblog.id}!") |
| 83 | + end |
| 84 | + end |
| 85 | + |
| 86 | +The result will be a message in your log file along the lines of: |
| 87 | + |
| 88 | + Mon Oct 08 14:22:29 +1000 2007 Destroyed Weblog ID #1 |
| 89 | + |
| 90 | +More information on how to use the logger is at http://www.ruby-doc.org/core/ |
| 91 | + |
| 92 | +Also, Ruby documentation can be found at http://www.ruby-lang.org/ including: |
101 | 93 |
|
| 94 | +* The Learning Ruby (Pickaxe) Book: http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/ |
| 95 | +* Learn to Program: http://pine.fm/LearnToProgram/ (a beginners guide) |
102 | 96 |
|
103 |
| -== Breakpoints |
| 97 | +These two online (and free) books will bring you up to speed on the Ruby language |
| 98 | +and also on programming in general. |
104 | 99 |
|
105 |
| -Breakpoint support is available through the script/breakpointer client. This |
106 |
| -means that you can break out of execution at any point in the code, investigate |
107 |
| -and change the model, AND then resume execution! Example: |
| 100 | + |
| 101 | +== Debugger |
| 102 | + |
| 103 | +Debugger support is available through the debugger command when you start your Mongrel or |
| 104 | +Webrick server with --debugger. This means that you can break out of execution at any point |
| 105 | +in the code, investigate and change the model, AND then resume execution! Example: |
108 | 106 |
|
109 | 107 | class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
|
110 | 108 | def index
|
111 |
| - @posts = Post.find_all |
112 |
| - breakpoint "Breaking out from the list" |
| 109 | + @posts = Post.find(:all) |
| 110 | + debugger |
113 | 111 | end
|
114 | 112 | end
|
115 |
| - |
116 |
| -So the controller will accept the action, run the first line, then present you |
117 |
| -with a IRB prompt in the breakpointer window. Here you can do things like: |
118 | 113 |
|
119 |
| -Executing breakpoint "Breaking out from the list" at .../webrick_server.rb:16 in 'breakpoint' |
| 114 | +So the controller will accept the action, run the first line, then present you |
| 115 | +with a IRB prompt in the server window. Here you can do things like: |
120 | 116 |
|
121 | 117 | >> @posts.inspect
|
122 |
| - => "[#<Post:0x14a6be8 @attributes={\"title\"=>nil, \"body\"=>nil, \"id\"=>\"1\"}>, |
| 118 | + => "[#<Post:0x14a6be8 @attributes={\"title\"=>nil, \"body\"=>nil, \"id\"=>\"1\"}>, |
123 | 119 | #<Post:0x14a6620 @attributes={\"title\"=>\"Rails you know!\", \"body\"=>\"Only ten..\", \"id\"=>\"2\"}>]"
|
124 |
| - >> @posts.first.title = "hello from a breakpoint" |
125 |
| - => "hello from a breakpoint" |
| 120 | + >> @posts.first.title = "hello from a debugger" |
| 121 | + => "hello from a debugger" |
126 | 122 |
|
127 | 123 | ...and even better is that you can examine how your runtime objects actually work:
|
128 | 124 |
|
129 |
| - >> f = @posts.first |
| 125 | + >> f = @posts.first |
130 | 126 | => #<Post:0x13630c4 @attributes={"title"=>nil, "body"=>nil, "id"=>"1"}>
|
131 | 127 | >> f.
|
132 | 128 | Display all 152 possibilities? (y or n)
|
133 | 129 |
|
134 |
| -Finally, when you're ready to resume execution, you press CTRL-D |
| 130 | +Finally, when you're ready to resume execution, you enter "cont" |
135 | 131 |
|
136 | 132 |
|
137 | 133 | == Console
|
138 | 134 |
|
139 |
| -You can interact with the domain model by starting the console through script/console. |
| 135 | +You can interact with the domain model by starting the console through <tt>script/console</tt>. |
140 | 136 | Here you'll have all parts of the application configured, just like it is when the
|
141 | 137 | application is running. You can inspect domain models, change values, and save to the
|
142 |
| -database. Start the script without arguments will launch it in the development environment. |
143 |
| -Passing an argument will specify a different environment, like <tt>console production</tt>. |
| 138 | +database. Starting the script without arguments will launch it in the development environment. |
| 139 | +Passing an argument will specify a different environment, like <tt>script/console production</tt>. |
144 | 140 |
|
| 141 | +To reload your controllers and models after launching the console run <tt>reload!</tt> |
145 | 142 |
|
146 |
| -== Description of contents |
| 143 | + |
| 144 | +== Description of Contents |
147 | 145 |
|
148 | 146 | app
|
149 | 147 | Holds all the code that's specific to this particular application.
|
150 | 148 |
|
151 | 149 | app/controllers
|
152 |
| - Holds controllers that should be named like weblog_controller.rb for |
153 |
| - automated URL mapping. All controllers should descend from |
154 |
| - ActionController::Base. |
| 150 | + Holds controllers that should be named like weblogs_controller.rb for |
| 151 | + automated URL mapping. All controllers should descend from ApplicationController |
| 152 | + which itself descends from ActionController::Base. |
155 | 153 |
|
156 | 154 | app/models
|
157 | 155 | Holds models that should be named like post.rb.
|
158 |
| - Most models will descent from ActiveRecord::Base. |
159 |
| - |
| 156 | + Most models will descend from ActiveRecord::Base. |
| 157 | + |
160 | 158 | app/views
|
161 | 159 | Holds the template files for the view that should be named like
|
162 |
| - weblog/index.rhtml for the WeblogController#index action. All views uses eRuby |
163 |
| - syntax. This directory can also be used to keep stylesheets, images, and so on |
164 |
| - that can be symlinked to public. |
165 |
| - |
| 160 | + weblogs/index.erb for the WeblogsController#index action. All views use eRuby |
| 161 | + syntax. |
| 162 | + |
| 163 | +app/views/layouts |
| 164 | + Holds the template files for layouts to be used with views. This models the common |
| 165 | + header/footer method of wrapping views. In your views, define a layout using the |
| 166 | + <tt>layout :default</tt> and create a file named default.erb. Inside default.erb, |
| 167 | + call <% yield %> to render the view using this layout. |
| 168 | + |
166 | 169 | app/helpers
|
167 |
| - Holds view helpers that should be named like weblog_helper.rb. |
| 170 | + Holds view helpers that should be named like weblogs_helper.rb. These are generated |
| 171 | + for you automatically when using script/generate for controllers. Helpers can be used to |
| 172 | + wrap functionality for your views into methods. |
168 | 173 |
|
169 | 174 | config
|
170 | 175 | Configuration files for the Rails environment, the routing map, the database, and other dependencies.
|
171 | 176 |
|
172 |
| -components |
173 |
| - Self-contained mini-applications that can bundle controllers, models, and views together. |
| 177 | +db |
| 178 | + Contains the database schema in schema.rb. db/migrate contains all |
| 179 | + the sequence of Migrations for your schema. |
| 180 | + |
| 181 | +doc |
| 182 | + This directory is where your application documentation will be stored when generated |
| 183 | + using <tt>rake doc:app</tt> |
174 | 184 |
|
175 | 185 | lib
|
176 | 186 | Application specific libraries. Basically, any kind of custom code that doesn't
|
177 |
| - belong controllers, models, or helpers. This directory is in the load path. |
178 |
| - |
| 187 | + belong under controllers, models, or helpers. This directory is in the load path. |
| 188 | + |
179 | 189 | public
|
180 |
| - The directory available for the web server. Contains sub-directories for images, stylesheets, |
181 |
| - and javascripts. Also contains the dispatchers and the default HTML files. |
| 190 | + The directory available for the web server. Contains subdirectories for images, stylesheets, |
| 191 | + and javascripts. Also contains the dispatchers and the default HTML files. This should be |
| 192 | + set as the DOCUMENT_ROOT of your web server. |
182 | 193 |
|
183 | 194 | script
|
184 | 195 | Helper scripts for automation and generation.
|
185 | 196 |
|
186 | 197 | test
|
187 |
| - Unit and functional tests along with fixtures. |
| 198 | + Unit and functional tests along with fixtures. When using the script/generate scripts, template |
| 199 | + test files will be generated for you and placed in this directory. |
188 | 200 |
|
189 | 201 | vendor
|
190 |
| - External libraries that the application depend on. This directory is in the load path. |
191 |
| - |
| 202 | + External libraries that the application depends on. Also includes the plugins subdirectory. |
| 203 | + This directory is in the load path. |
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