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High_Availability_Guide.html
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<title>High Availability Guide</title>
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<body id="High_Availability_Guide" class="book toc2 toc-left">
<div id="header">
<h1>High Availability Guide</h1>
<div class="details">
<span id="author" class="author">WildFly clustering team</span><br>
<span id="revnumber">version 35.0.0.Final,</span>
<span id="revdate">2025-01-07T23:37:39Z</span>
</div>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">High Availability Guide</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#Introduction_To_High_Availability_Services">1. Introduction To High Availability Services</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#what-are-high-availability-services">1.1. What are High Availability services?</a></li>
<li><a href="#high-availability-through-fail-over">1.2. High Availability through fail-over</a></li>
<li><a href="#high-availability-through-load-balancing">1.3. High Availability through load balancing</a></li>
<li><a href="#aims-of-the-guide">1.4. Aims of the guide</a></li>
<li><a href="#organization-of-the-guide">1.5. Organization of the guide</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Distributable_Web_Applications">2. Distributable Web Applications</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#distributable-web-subsystem">2.1. Distributable Web Subsystem</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#infinispan-session-management">2.1.1. Infinispan session management</a></li>
<li><a href="#hotrod-session-management">2.1.2. HotRod session management</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#overriding-default-behavior">2.2. Overriding default behavior</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#referencing-an-existing-session-management-profile">2.2.1. Referencing an existing session management profile</a></li>
<li><a href="#using-a-deployment-specific-session-management-profile">2.2.2. Using a deployment-specific session management profile</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#distributable-shared-sessions">2.3. Distributable Shared Sessions</a></li>
<li><a href="#optimizing-performance-of-distributed-web-applications">2.4. Optimizing performance of distributed web applications</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#session_granularity">2.4.1. Session granularity</a></li>
<li><a href="#session_concurrency">2.4.2. Session concurrency</a></li>
<li><a href="#session_attribute_immutability">2.4.3. Session attribute immutability</a></li>
<li><a href="#session_attribute_marshalling">2.4.4. Session attribute marshalling</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Distributable_Jakarta_Enterprise_Beans_Applications">3. Distributable Jakarta Enterprise Beans Applications</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#distributable-ejb-subsystem">3.1. Distributable EJB Subsystem</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#bean-management-providers">3.1.1. Bean management providers</a></li>
<li><a href="#client-mappings-registries">3.1.2. Client mappings registries</a></li>
<li><a href="#timer-management">3.1.3. Timer management</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#deploying-clustered-ejbs">3.2. Deploying clustered EJBs</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#failover-for-clustered-ejbs">3.2.1. Failover for clustered EJBs</a></li>
<li><a href="#remote-standalone-clients">3.2.2. Remote standalone clients</a></li>
<li><a href="#cluster-topology-communication">3.2.3. Cluster topology communication</a></li>
<li><a href="#remote-clients-on-another-instance">3.2.4. Remote clients on another instance of WildFly</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#messaging">4. Messaging</a></li>
<li><a href="#load-balancing">5. Load Balancing</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#mod_cluster_Subsystem">5.1. mod_cluster Subsystem</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#mod_cluster_subsystem_configuration">5.1.1. Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#runtime-operations">5.1.2. Runtime Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="#SSL_Configuration_using_Elytron_Subsystem">5.1.3. SSL Configuration using Elytron Subsystem</a></li>
<li><a href="#remote-user-authentication-with-elytron">5.1.4. Remote User Authentication with Elytron</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#ranked-affinity-load-balancer">5.2. Enabling ranked affinity support in load balancer</a></li>
<li><a href="#load-balancer-affinity-cookie">5.3. Support for load-balancers relying on affinity cookie</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#haproxy">5.3.1. HAProxy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#clustering-in-the-cloud">6. Clustering in the Cloud</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#kubernetes">6.1. Kubernetes</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#role-of-the-distributed-cache-mode">6.1.1. Role of the Distributed Cache Mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#ingress-configuration">6.1.2. Ingress Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#verifying-session-affinity">6.1.3. Verifying Session Affinity</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#HA_Singleton_Features">7. HA Singleton Features</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#Singleton_subsystem">7.1. Singleton subsystem</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#singleton-configuration">7.1.1. Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#non-ha-environments">7.1.2. Non-HA environments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Singleton_deployments">7.2. Singleton deployments</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#usage-singleton-deployments">7.2.1. Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#singleton-deployment-metrics">7.2.2. Singleton Deployment metrics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Singleton_MSC_services">7.3. Singleton MSC services</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#installing-an-msc-service-using-an-existing-singleton-policy">7.3.1. Installing an MSC service using an existing singleton policy</a></li>
<li><a href="#singleton-msc-service-metrics">7.3.2. Singleton MSC Service metrics</a></li>
<li><a href="#installing-an-msc-service-using-dynamic-singleton-policy">7.3.3. Installing an MSC service using dynamic singleton policy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Clustering_API">8. Clustering API</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#group">8.1. Group membership</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#node">8.1.1. Node</a></li>
<li><a href="#membership">8.1.2. Membership</a></li>
<li><a href="#usage">8.1.3. Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#example">8.1.4. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#command-dispatcher">8.2. Command Dispatcher</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#commanddispatcherfactory">8.2.1. CommandDispatcherFactory</a></li>
<li><a href="#command">8.2.2. Command</a></li>
<li><a href="#commanddispatcher">8.2.3. CommandDispatcher</a></li>
<li><a href="#example-2">8.2.4. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#service-provider-registry">8.3. Service Provider Registry</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#example-3">8.3.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#registry">8.4. Registry</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#example-4">8.4.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#jgroups">9. JGroups</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#JGroups_Subsystem">9.1. JGroups Subsystem</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#jgroups-purpose">9.1.1. Purpose</a></li>
<li><a href="#jgroups-configuration-example">9.1.2. Configuration example</a></li>
<li><a href="#jgroups-use-cases">9.1.3. Use Cases</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#member-discovery">9.2. Member Discovery</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#discovery-for-kubernetes">9.2.1. Discovery for Kubernetes</a></li>
<li><a href="#discovery-for-aws-ec2">9.2.2. Discovery for AWS EC2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#infinispan">10. Infinispan</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#Infinispan_Subsystem">10.1. Infinispan Subsystem</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#cache-container">10.1.1. Cache container</a></li>
<li><a href="#remote_cache_container">10.1.2. Remote Cache Container</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#advanced-topics">11. Advanced Topics</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#marshalling">11.1. Marshalling</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#jboss_marshalling">11.1.1. JBoss Marshalling</a></li>
<li><a href="#protostream">11.1.2. ProtoStream</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Clustering_and_Domain_Setup_Walkthrough">12. Clustering and Domain Setup Walkthrough</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#preparation-scenario">12.1. Preparation & Scenario</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#preparation">12.1.1. Preparation</a></li>
<li><a href="#scenario">12.1.2. Scenario</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#download-wildfly">12.2. Download WildFly</a></li>
<li><a href="#domain-configuration">12.3. Domain Configuration</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#interface-config-on-primary-hc">12.3.1. Interface config on the Primary Host Controller</a></li>
<li><a href="#interface-config-on-secondary-hc">12.3.2. Interface config on the Secondary Host Controller</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#deployment">12.4. Deployment</a></li>
<li><a href="#cluster-configuration">12.5. Cluster Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#testing">12.6. Testing</a></li>
<li><a href="#special-thanks">12.7. Special Thanks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>© The WildFly Authors.</p>
</div>
<!-- toc disabled -->
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="Introduction_To_High_Availability_Services"><a class="anchor" href="#Introduction_To_High_Availability_Services"></a>1. Introduction To High Availability Services</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="what-are-high-availability-services"><a class="anchor" href="#what-are-high-availability-services"></a>1.1. What are High Availability services?</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>WildFly’s High Availability services are used to guarantee availability
of a deployed Jakarta EE application.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Deploying critical applications on a single node suffers from two
potential problems:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>loss of application availability when the node hosting the application
crashes (single point of failure)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>loss of application availability in the form of extreme delays in
response time during high volumes of requests (overwhelmed server)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>WildFly supports two features which ensure high availability of critical
Jakarta EE applications:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>fail-over:</strong> allows a client interacting with a Jakarta EE application to
have uninterrupted access to that application, even in the presence of
node failures</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>load balancing:</strong> allows a client to have timely responses from the
application, even in the presence of high-volumes of requests</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock important">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
These two independent high availability services can very effectively
inter-operate when making use of mod_cluster for load balancing!
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Taking advantage of WildFly’s high availability services is easy, and
simply involves deploying WildFly on a cluster of nodes, making a small
number of application configuration changes, and then deploying the
application in the cluster.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We now take a brief look at what these services can guarantee.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="high-availability-through-fail-over"><a class="anchor" href="#high-availability-through-fail-over"></a>1.2. High Availability through fail-over</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Fail-over allows a client interacting with a Jakarta EE application to have
uninterrupted access to that application, even in the presence of node
failures. For example, consider a Jakarta EE application which makes use of
the following features:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>session-oriented servlets to provide user interaction</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>session-oriented Jakarta Enterprise Beans to perform state-dependent business computation</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Jakarta Enterprise Beans entity beans to store critical data in a persistent store (e.g.
database)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>SSO login to the application</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the application makes use of WildFly’s fail-over services, a client
interacting with an instance of that application will not be interrupted
even when the node on which that instance executes crashes. Behind the
scenes, WildFly makes sure that all of the user data that the
application make use of (HTTP session data, Jakarta Enterprise Beans SFSB sessions,
Jakarta Enterprise Beans entities and SSO credentials) are available at other nodes in the
cluster, so that when a failure occurs and the client is redirected to
that new node for continuation of processing (i.e. the client "fails
over" to the new node), the user’s data is available and processing can
continue.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The Infinispan and JGroups subsystems are instrumental in providing
these data availability guarantees and will be discussed in detail later
in the guide.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="high-availability-through-load-balancing"><a class="anchor" href="#high-availability-through-load-balancing"></a>1.3. High Availability through load balancing</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Load balancing enables the application to respond to client requests in
a timely fashion, even when subjected to a high-volume of requests.
Using a load balancer as a front-end, each incoming HTTP request can be
directed to one node in the cluster for processing. In this way, the
cluster acts as a pool of processing nodes and the load is "balanced"
over the pool, achieving scalability and, as a consequence,
availability. Requests involving session-oriented servlets are directed
to the the same application instance in the pool for efficiency of
processing (sticky sessions). Using mod_cluster has the advantage that
changes in cluster topology (scaling the pool up or down, servers
crashing) are communicated back to the load balancer and used to update
in real time the load balancing activity and avoid requests being
directed to application instances which are no longer available.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The mod_cluster subsystem is instrumental in providing support for this
High Availability feature of WildFly and will be discussed in detail
later in this guide.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="aims-of-the-guide"><a class="anchor" href="#aims-of-the-guide"></a>1.4. Aims of the guide</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This guide aims to:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>provide a description of the high-availability features available in
WildFly and the services they depend on</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>show how the various high availability services can be configured for
particular application use cases</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>identify default behavior for features relating to
high-availability/clustering</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="organization-of-the-guide"><a class="anchor" href="#organization-of-the-guide"></a>1.5. Organization of the guide</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As high availability features and their configuration depend on the
particular component they affect (e.g. HTTP sessions, Jakarta Enterprise Beans SFSB sessions,
Hibernate), we organize the discussion around those Jakarta EE features. We
strive to make each section as self-contained as possible. Also, when
discussing a feature, we will introduce any WildFly subsystems upon
which the feature depends.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="Distributable_Web_Applications"><a class="anchor" href="#Distributable_Web_Applications"></a>2. Distributable Web Applications</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In a standard web application, session state does not survive beyond the lifespan of the servlet container.
A distributable web application allows session state to survive beyond the lifespan of a single server, either via persistence or by replicating state to other nodes in the cluster.
A web application indicates its intention to be distributable via the <code><distributable/></code> element within the web application’s deployment descriptor.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>e.g.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">/WEB-INF/web.xml:</div>
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="xml"><span class="tag"><web-app</span> <span class="attribute-name">xmlns</span>=<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>
<span class="attribute-name">xmlns:xsi</span>=<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>
<span class="attribute-name">xsi:schemaLocation</span>=<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>
<span class="attribute-name">version</span>=<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">4.0</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span><span class="tag">></span>
<span class="tag"><distributable</span><span class="tag">/></span>
<span class="tag"></web-app></span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="distributable-web-subsystem"><a class="anchor" href="#distributable-web-subsystem"></a>2.1. Distributable Web Subsystem</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The distributable-web subsystem manages a set of session management profiles that encapsulate the configuration of a distributable session manager.
One of these profiles will be designated as the default profile (via the "default-session-management" attribute) and thus defines the default behavior of a distributable web application.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code>[standalone@embedded /] /subsystem=distributable-web:read-attribute(name=default-session-management)
{
"outcome" => "success",
"result" => "default"
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The default session management stores web session data within an Infinispan cache.
We can introspect its configuration:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code>[standalone@embedded /] /subsystem=distributable-web/infinispan-session-management=default:read-resource
{
"outcome" => "success",
"result" => {
"cache" => undefined,
"cache-container" => "web",
"granularity" => "SESSION",
"affinity" => {"primary-owner" => undefined}
}
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="infinispan-session-management"><a class="anchor" href="#infinispan-session-management"></a>2.1.1. Infinispan session management</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>infinispan-session-management</code> resource configures a distributable session manager that uses an embedded Infinispan cache.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">cache-container</dt>
<dd>
<p>This references a cache-container defined in the Infinispan subsystem into which session data will be stored.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">cache</dt>
<dd>
<p>This references a cache within associated cache-container upon whose configuration the web application’s cache will be based.
If undefined, the default cache of the associated cache container will be used.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">granularity</dt>
<dd>
<p>This defines how the session manager will map a session into individual cache entries.
Possible values are:</p>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">SESSION</dt>
<dd>
<p>Stores all session attributes within a single cache entry.
This is generally more expensive than ATTRIBUTE granularity, but preserves any cross-attribute object references.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">ATTRIBUTE</dt>
<dd>
<p>Stores each session attribute within a separate cache entry.
This is generally more efficient than SESSION granularity, but does not preserve any cross-attribute object references.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">affinity</dt>