iOS's random address strategy shows a different behavior here.

[MSMING]

In gatt.c
done: if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_BT_SETTINGS) && modified && bt_addr_le_is_bonded(cfg->id, &cfg->peer)) { sc_store(cfg); }

Logs:

Android addr: F0:05:1B:64:F7:C0 (public):
[00:00:24.980,834] bt_gatt: peer F0:05:1B:64:F7:C0 (public) start 0x0000 end 0x0000
[00:00:24.982,482] bt_gatt: find_sc_cfg: id: 0, addr: F0:05:1B:64:F7:C0 (public)
[00:00:24.984,100] bt_gatt: find_sc_cfg: id: 0, addr: 00:00:00:00:00:00 (public)
[00:00:24.985,534] bt_gatt: endabled 1, modified 1, bonded 1
[00:00:24.991,516] bt_gatt: stored SC for F0:05:1B:64:F7:C0 (public) (bt/sc/f0051b64f7c00, 0x0000-0x0000)
sdk-v2.1.3-no-bonded.txt

iOS addr: 51:52:69:81:C2:E1 (random):
[00:00:43.220,336] bt_gatt: peer 51:52:69:81:C2:E1 (random) start 0x0000 end 0x0000
[00:00:43.222,015] bt_gatt: find_sc_cfg: id: 0, addr: 51:52:69:81:C2:E1 (random)
[00:00:43.223,602] bt_gatt: find_sc_cfg: id: 0, addr: 00:00:00:00:00:00 (public)
[00:00:43.225,036] bt_gatt: endabled 1, modified 1, bonded 0

If I upgrade the device firmware (Zephyr v3.1) to a newer version (Zephyr v3.7) via OTA and update the BLE services, iOS will show an error when reading the Characteristics value, but Android will not.