Add diagnostics in pressure coordinates

[ph-kev]

This PR adds diagnostics in pressure coordinates. This PR requires merging CliMA/ClimaCore.jl#2422, CliMA/ClimaDiagnostics.jl#155, and CliMA/ClimaAnalysis.jl#362 and making releases for each of the packages.

An example of a name of a NetCDF file of a variable in pressure coordinates is hus_1d_inst_pressure.nc. By default, the pressure interpolation uses constant boundary conditions and the pressure levels are the same as those from ERA5 (see here).

Here is the output of ncdump on a NetCDF file of a variable in pressure coordinates:

ncdump result

output/baroclinic_wave_equil/output_0025/hus_1d_inst_pressure.nc
netcdf hus_1d_inst_pressure {
dimensions:
        time = UNLIMITED ; // (11 currently)
        lon = 72 ;
        lat = 36 ;
        pressure_level = 37 ;
        nv = 2 ;
variables:
        float time(time) ;
                time:units = "s" ;
                time:axis = "T" ;
                time:standard_name = "time" ;
                time:long_name = "Time" ;
                time:bounds = "time_bnds" ;
        float lon(lon) ;
                lon:units = "degrees_east" ;
                lon:axis = "X" ;
                lon:standard_name = "longitude" ;
                lon:long_name = "Longitude" ;
        float lat(lat) ;
                lat:units = "degrees_north" ;
                lat:axis = "Y" ;
                lat:standard_name = "latitude" ;
                lat:long_name = "Latitude" ;
        float pressure_level(pressure_level) ;
                pressure_level:long_name = "pressure" ;
                pressure_level:units = "Pa" ;
                pressure_level:stored_direction = "increasing" ;
                pressure_level:standard_name = "air_pressure" ;
        float time_bnds(time, nv) ;
                time_bnds:comments = "time bounds for each time value" ;
                time_bnds:units = "s" ;
        double date(time) ;
                date:units = "seconds since 2010-01-01T00:00:00" ;
                date:bounds = "date_bnds" ;
        double date_bnds(time, nv) ;
                date_bnds:comments = "date bounds for each date value" ;
                date_bnds:units = "seconds since 2010-01-01T00:00:00" ;
        float hus(pressure_level, lat, lon, time) ;
                hus:short_name = "hus" ;
                hus:long_name = "Specific Humidity, Instantaneous" ;
                hus:units = "kg kg^-1" ;
                hus:comments = "Mass of all water phases per mass of air" ;
                hus:start_date = "2010-01-01T00:00:00" ;

TODO

• Run AMIP for a year from ClimaCoupler and produce diagnostics in pressure coordinates of ta, hur, hus, ua, and pfull

[ph-kev]

From running AMIP (diagedmf + 0M + bucket for 1 year and 1 month, I plotted pressure slices at 850 hPa, 500 hPa, and 250 hPa of time-averaged hus, hur, and ta (removing a spin up of three months). The buildkite for the simulation is https://buildkite.com/clima/climacoupler-amip/builds/258).

[ph-kev]

I don't know if this is a good simulation for writing diagnostics in pressure coordinates.

[szy21]

what's the default pressure coordinate fo the diagnostics?

[ph-kev]

what's the default pressure coordinate fo the diagnostics?

The default coordinates are the same as the one used for ERA5.

era5_pressure_levels() = return 100.0 .* [
    1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300,
    350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 775, 800, 825, 850, 875, 900,
    925, 950, 975, 1000,
]

[szy21]

And how does extrapolation work right now? e.g. for columns where the surface is lower than 1000 hPa.

[szy21]

Thanks!

[ph-kev]

And how does extrapolation work right now? e.g. for columns where the surface is lower than 1000 hPa.

The default is flat extrapolation, but I think linear extrapolation can also be used.

[juliasloan25]

this looks good to me!

[juliasloan25]

Suggested change

	This is only available in versions after than ClimaAtmos v0.34.0.
	This is only available in versions after ClimaAtmos v0.35.0.

and maybe we can note it requires specific ClimaCore, ClimaDiagnostics, etc

[ph-kev]

I think it is fine to not include it for ClimaCore and ClimaDiagnostics, since I am going to bump the versions in the Project.toml for those packages anyway.