Perl strings and operators

perl/operators/operators.md

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+Let us understand the below terms before we get into more details.
+
+### 1. Operator
+
+An operator is a symbol which has special meaning and performs an operation on single or multiple operands like addition, substraction etc. In the below example, `+` is the operator. 
+
+```c
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+int main() 
+{
+   int x, y, sum;
+   x = 10;
+   y = 20;
+
+   sum = x + y;
+   cout << "Sum : " << sum;
+
+   return(0);
+}
+```
+### Check result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb5yays)
+
+### 2. Operand
+
+An operand is what operators are applied on. In the above example `x` and `y` are the operands.
+
+# Types of Operators in C
+
+## 1. Arithmetic Operators
+
+C++ arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on operands.
+
+|Operator|	Description	| Example|
+|----|----|----|
+| +	| Used to perform Addition |	8+2 = 10|
+| - | Used to perform Subtraction |	12-2 = 10|
+| * | Used to perform Multiplication |	5*2 = 10|
+| / | Used to perform Division	| 100/10 = 10|
+| % | Used to return Remainder	| 40%10 = 0|
+| ++ | Used to perform Increment |	int a=10; a++; // a becomes 11|
+| -- | Used to perform Decrement |	int a=10; a--; // a becomes 9|
+
+
+### Example
+
+```c
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+int main() 
+{
+   int x, y, sum, diff, product, division, mod, inc, dec;
+   x = 90;
+   y = 10;
+
+   sum = x + y;
+   cout << "Sum : " << sum << endl;
+
+   diff = x - y;
+   cout << "Difference : " << diff << endl;
+
+   product = x * y;
+   cout << "Product : " << product << endl;
+
+   division = x / y;
+   cout << "Division : " << division << endl;
+
+   mod = x % y;
+   cout << "Remainder : " << mod << endl;
+
+   inc = x++;
+   cout << "x value after incrementing : " << x << endl;
+
+   dec = x--;
+   cout << "x value after decrementing : " << x;
+
+   return(0);
+
+}
+```
+### Check Result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb6bf4b)
+
+## 2. Relational Operators
+
+C++ relational operators are used to compare two operands. 
+
+| Operator | Description| Usage|
+|----|----|----|
+| == | Is equal to | x == y|
+| != | Not equal to |	!=x |
+| > | Greater than | x > y |
+| >= | Greater than or equal to |	x >= y|
+| < | Less than| x < y |
+| <= | Less than or equal to| x <= y|
+
+### Example
+
+```C
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+int main() 
+{
+   int x = 90;
+   int y = 10;
+
+  if ( x == y) {
+    cout << "x and y are equal" << endl;
+  }
+
+  if ( x != y) {
+    cout << "x and y are not equal" << endl;
+  }
+
+  if ( x > y) {
+    cout << "x is greater than y" << endl;
+  }
+
+  if ( x < y) {
+    cout << "x is less than y" << endl;
+  }
+}
+```
+### Check Result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb6ppv9)
+
+## 3. Bitwise Operators
+
+C++ bitwise operators are used to perform bitwise operations on operands.
+
+|Operator|	Description| Usage|
+|----|----|----|
+| `&` |	Bitwise AND | `(x > y) & (y > z)`|
+| `|` |	Bitwise OR | `(x > y) | (y > z)`|
+| `^` |	Bitwise XOR | `(x > y) ^ (y > z)`|
+| `~` |	Bitwise NOT	| `(~x)`|
+| `<<` | Bitwise Left Shift| `x << y`|
+| `>>` | Bitwise Right Shift| `x >> y`|
+
+## 4. Logical operators
+
+Below are the logical operators present in the C++.
+
+|Operator|	Description| Usage|
+|----|----|----|
+| `&&` |	Logical AND | `(x > y) && (y > z)`|
+| `||` |	Logical OR | `(x > y) || (y > z)`|
+| `!` |	Logical NOT	| `(!x)`|
+
+## 5. Assignment Operators
+
+Below are the assignment operators present in the C++.
+
+|Operator|	Description| Usage|
+|----|----|----|
+| =	| Assign| int x = 10;|
+| += |	Add and assign|	int x=10; x+=30; // x becomes 40|
+| -= |	Subtract and assign| int x=40; x-=10; // x becomes 30|
+| *= |	Multiply and assign| int x=10; x*=40; // x becomes 400|
+| /= |	Divide and assign|	int x=100; x /= 10;// x becomes 10|
+| %= |	Modulus and assign|	int x=100; x%=10; // x becomes 0|
+| <<= | Left shift and assign|	x <<= 2 is same as x = x << 2|
+| >>= | Right shift and assign|	x >>= 2 is same as x = x >> 2|
+| &= | Bitwise and assign| x &= 10 is same as x = x & 10|
+| ^= | Bitwise exclusive OR and assign| x ^= 10 is same as x = x ^ 10|
+| `|=` |Bitwise inclusive OR and assign	| `x |= 10 is same as x = x | 10`|
+
+### Example
+
+```C
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+int main() 
+{
+ int x = 10; // assigning 10 to x 
+cout << "x value: " << x << endl;
+
+x+=30;
+cout << "x value after += operation: " << x << endl;
+
+x-=10;
+cout << "x value after -= operation: " << x << endl;
+
+x*=10;
+cout <<"x value after *= operation: " << x << endl;
+
+x/=10;
+cout <<"x value after /= operation: " << x << endl;
+
+x%=10;
+cout <<"x value after %= operation: " << x;   
+
+}
+```
+
+### Check Result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb6zaez)
+
+## 6. Misc Operator
+
+* Ternary Operator
+If the operator is applied on a three operands then it is called ternary. This is also known as conditional operator as a condition is followed by `?` and true-expression which is followed by a `:` and false expression. This is oftenly used as a shortcut to replace if-else statement
+
+### Example
+
+```c
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+int main() 
+{
+    int x = 10;
+    int y = 90;
+
+    int z = x > y ? x : y;
+
+    cout << "Larger Number is: " << z;
+}
+```
+### Check Result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb79s3q)
+
+* sizeof()
+
+This operator is used to return the size of a variable.
+
+```c
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+int main() 
+{
+
+ int x = 90;
+ int y = sizeof(x);
+
+ cout <<"Size of x is: " <<  y;
+}
+```
+### Check Result [here](https://onecompiler.com/cpp/3vmb7cnag)
+
+## Summary
+
+| Operator type | Description|
+|----|-----|
+| Arithmetic Operator|+ , - , * , / , %|
+| comparision Operator| < , > , <= , >=, != , ==| 
+| Bitwise Operator| & , ^ , | 
+| Logical Operator| && , `||`, ! |
+| Assignment Operator|= , += , -= , *= , /= , %=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, `|=` |
+| Ternary Operator| ? : |
+| sizeof operator| sizeof() |

perl/strings/strings.md

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+String is an ordered series of characters usually enclosed in single quotes (') or double quotes (“) quotations.
+
+## How to declare strings
+
+```java
+$string_var = value; 
+```
+value should be enclosed in either single quotes `'` or double quotes `“`.
+
+## Example
+
+```perl
+
+$str1 = 'Hello World! ';
+$str2 = "Happy learning!!"; 
+
+print($str1);
+print($str2);
+```
+### Check result [here](https://onecompiler.com/perl/3vnmqz42z)
+
+# String Functions
+
+Below are some of the useful string functions in Perl.
+
+| String Function |	Description|
+|----|----|
+|length| This function is used to return the number of characters of a given string|
+|substr| This method is used to modify a substring in a string|
+|index|	Searches for a substring in the given string and returns the position of the first occurrence of the substring if found|
+|rindex| Similar to index but searches for a substring from right to left|
+|reverse| This function is used to reverse a string|
+|lc| This function is used to convert the specified string to lowercase|
+|uc| This function is used to convert the specified string to uppercase|
+|crypt|	This function is used to encrypt password|
+|q/string/|	used to create single-quoted strings|
+|qq/string/| used to create double-quoted strings|
+|chr| to return ASCII or UNICODE character of a number|
+|hex| used to convert a hexadecimal string to it's equivalent decimal value|
+|oct| used to convert an octal number to it's equivalent decimal value|
+|ord| returns the ASCII value of the first character of a string|
+|sprintf| Formats string  provided by the user and returns the formatted string to be used with print()|
+
+## Example
+
+```perl
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+use warnings;
+use strict;
+
+# Find the length of a string
+my $str = "Hello world! Happy learning!!";
+print(length($str),"\n"); 
+
+# extract substring from a string
+my $substr1  = substr($str, 0, 5);   
+my $substr2    = substr($str, -10);     
+
+print($substr1,"\n");
+print($substr2,"\n");
+
+my $i = "Happy";
+my $p = index($str,$i); 
+print(qq\Index of substring "$i" is "$p" in the string: "$str"\,"\n");
+
+print("Upper case of the string:\n");
+print(uc($str),"\n");
+
+print("Lower case of the string:\n");
+print(lc($str),"\n");
+```
+### Check result [here](https://onecompiler.com/perl/3vnqhk3bu)