Fixed typos

02OpenScienceBasics/05OpenAccessToPublishedResearchResults.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Open Access to publications means that research publications like articles and b
 
 One of the most common ways to disseminate research results is by writing a manuscript and publishing it in a journal, conference proceedings or book. For many years those publications were available to the public under a payment by means of a subscription fee or individually. However, at the turn of the 21st century a new movement appeared with a clear objective: make all the research results available to the public without any restriction. This movement took the name of Open Access and established two initial strategies to achieve its final goal. The first strategy was to provide tools and assistance to scholars to deposit their refereed journal articles in open electronic repositories. The second one was to launch a new generation of journals using copyright and other tools to ensure permanent open access to all the articles they publish. As a result of the first strategy we see self-archiving practices: researchers depositing and disseminating papers in institutional or subject based repositories. And as a result of the second strategy we have seen the creation of the open access journals that provide free access to readers and allow reuse of their contents without almost any restriction.
 
-Beyond those two strategies established in the [Budapest Open Access Initiative](http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read) in 2002, we have seen the growth of new methods of dissemination. Among them, we find the publication of preprints through institutional repositories and preprint servers. Preprints are widely used in physical sciences and now emerging in life sciences and other fields. Preprints are documents that have not been peer reviewed but are considered as a complete scientific publication in a first stage. Some of the preprints servers include open peer review services and the availability to post new versions of the initial paper once reviewed by peers. Following this trend of including open peer review processes in preprint servers we have seen the development of new publishing platforms supported by funders like the [Wellcome Trust](https://wellcomeopenresearch.org/) or the [Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation ](https://gatesopenresearch.org/). Even the European Commission is planning to to launch a [publishing platform for the Horizon 2020 funded projects](https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/pdf/information_note_platform_public.pdf).
+Beyond those two strategies established in the [Budapest Open Access Initiative](http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read) in 2002, we have seen the growth of new methods of dissemination. Among them, we find the publication of preprints through institutional repositories and preprint servers. Preprints are widely used in physical sciences and now emerging in life sciences and other fields. Preprints are documents that have not been peer reviewed but are considered as a complete scientific publication in a first stage. Some of the preprints servers include open peer review services and the availability to post new versions of the initial paper once reviewed by peers. Following this trend of including open peer review processes in preprint servers we have seen the development of new publishing platforms supported by funders like the [Wellcome Trust](https://wellcomeopenresearch.org/) or the [Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation](https://gatesopenresearch.org/). Even the European Commission is planning to to launch a [publishing platform for the Horizon 2020 funded projects](https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/pdf/information_note_platform_public.pdf).
 
 The choice of a journal or a publishing platform may affect the availability and accessibility of the research results. There are several options for researchers when deciding where, when, and how to publish their findings. It is fundamental to know all the implications to avoid future problems.
 

02OpenScienceBasics/06OpenLicensingAndFileFormats.md

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ The most used licenses for scientific content are [Creative Commons licenses](ht
 
 CC0 was originally created as a legal tool to release scientific databases without any restriction, and especially to overcome the different treatments of legal protection when publishing a database. CC0 has been seen as a tool for dedicating works to the public domain but it is more than a simple waiver. CC0 is a three-step instrument built to allow its use in jurisdictions where a full public domain dedication is not possible \(for instance in many continental Europe countries\). First, by using CC0, the copyright holder waives any right to the maximum extent allowed by applicable law. Second, if there is any remaining unwaivable right, CC0 acts as a license to grant any of those remaining rights without any restriction or obligation. And finally, the copyright holder asserts not to enforce any right that could not been possible to waive or grant by the applicable law. The idea behind CC0 is to convince researchers to follow community norms instead of using licenses in materials as a database where, in many cases, its contents are uncopyrightable.
 
-As a trainer, you may show the differences among licenses and how they can suit some of the Open Science definitions, the Open Science requirements or how they fit into different research outcomes. Depending on the prior knowledge of your audience, you can give an overview of the different building blocks \(attribution, \(non\)commercial, derivatives, etc.\) of the licenses in general or provide a detailed analysis of each building block and its effects on re-use and interoperability. As copyright rules vary greatly per jurisdiction \(common law vs. civil law countries, but also within the European Union\), usability of licenses can vary greatly. This can be discussed in detail if the audience has previous knowledge about licensing, but if they are relatively new to the subject this should not be discussed in detail.
+As a trainer, you may show the differences among licenses and how they can suit some of the Open Science definitions, the Open Science requirements or how they fit into different research outcomes. Depending on the prior knowledge of your audience, you can give an overview of the different building blocks \(attribution, \(non-\)commercial, derivatives, etc.\) of the licenses in general or provide a detailed analysis of each building block and its effects on re-use and interoperability. As copyright rules vary greatly per jurisdiction \(common law vs. civil law countries, but also within the European Union\), usability of licenses can vary greatly. This can be discussed in detail if the audience has previous knowledge about licensing, but if they are relatively new to the subject this should not be discussed in detail.
 
 Core licensing items to consider \(from the [Data Packaging Guide](https://github.com/saverkamp/beyond-open-data/blob/master/DataGuide.md)\):
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Some file formats cannot be converted to open formats, but are nonetheless archi
 
 Q: "Why should I use the CC-BY license for my written/creative content?"
 
-A: The CC-BY license is the most permissive license that also retains some rights for the creators—the only requirement is that someone who uses, modifies, or distributes the content attributes the original creator. Other attributes of Creative Commons licenses include No Derivatives \(ND\), Non Commercial \(NC\), and Share Alike \(SA\), which add additional restrictions that may limit the potential use and impact of your work. Preventing derivatives with ND strongly limits the impact and use of your work, since no one else will be able to build on what you have done. Similarly, while many researchers may prefer the NC limitation to prevent companies from commercializing or making money on their work, strictly defining commercial use is challenging. Furthermore, the intent of much publicly funded research is to lead to economic development through \(ventual\) commercial use, which would be prevented by this license. Using an SA license allows reuse and distribution, but requires downstream works to apply the same license, limiting use and combination with other works.
+A: The CC-BY license is the most permissive license that also retains some rights for the creators—the only requirement is that someone who uses, modifies, or distributes the content attributes the original creator. Other attributes of Creative Commons licenses include No Derivatives \(ND\), Non-Commercial \(NC\), and Share Alike \(SA\), which add additional restrictions that may limit the potential use and impact of your work. Preventing derivatives with ND strongly limits the impact and use of your work, since no one else will be able to build on what you have done. Similarly, while many researchers may prefer the NC limitation to prevent companies from commercializing or making money on their work, strictly defining commercial use is challenging. Furthermore, the intent of much publicly funded research is to lead to economic development through \(ventual\) commercial use, which would be prevented by this license. Using an SA license allows reuse and distribution, but requires downstream works to apply the same license, limiting use and combination with other works.
 
 A common fear when using CC0 is that the attribution requirement is dropped—however, proponents state that attribution is a key element in good scientific practice, regardless of copyright status of license conditions of the quoted work. Some repositories applying CC0 explicitly mention attribution, cf., e.g., this example from Dataverse: "Our Community Norms as well as good scientific practices expect that proper credit is given via citation. Please use the data citation above, generated by the Dataverse."
 

README.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Bringing together methods, techniques, and practices, the handbook aims at suppo
 
 ## Help us making the handbook better
 
-We welcome comments and feedback from everyone, irrespective of their expertise or background. The easiest way to do this is to use [hypothes.is](https://via.hypothes.is/https://book.fosteropenscience.eu). Also, you can create pull requests, either from within the Gitbook website or app, or with any tool you like. The handbook's content is maintained as [this GitHub repository] (https://github.com/Open-Science-Training-Handbook).
+We welcome comments and feedback from everyone, irrespective of their expertise or background. The easiest way to do this is to use [hypothes.is](https://via.hypothes.is/https://book.fosteropenscience.eu). Also, you can create pull requests, either from within the Gitbook website or app, or with any tool you like. The handbook's content is maintained as [this GitHub repository](https://github.com/Open-Science-Training-Handbook).
 
 ## Let's run an Open Science training together