feat: add pre-commit config for airbyte-python-cdk

[devin-ai-integration]

Adds a new .pre-commit-config.yaml based on the Airbyte monorepo, excluding Java/Kotlin tasks.

This PR adds pre-commit configuration that:

• Includes Ruff for Python linting and formatting (using repo-defined settings)
• Includes Prettier for JSON/YAML formatting
• Includes TOML syntax validation
• Excludes all Java/Kotlin specific tasks
• Configures appropriate file excludes for the CDK repository
• Adds LICENSE_SHORT file for license header checks

All CI checks are passing and the configuration has been tested in this PR:

• chore: demonstrate pre-commit auto-formatting changes #271

Link to Devin run: https://app.devin.ai/sessions/84bdfd3518704af28a92318f28002810

[devin-ai-integration]

Original prompt:

@Devin - Create a pre-commit config for the CDK that matches the one used in the Airbyte monorepo. Except don't include Java or Kotlin tasks.

[devin-ai-integration]

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