CLion: fix gdbserver argument parsing

[LeFrosch]

Discussion thread for this change

Issue number: #6812

Description of this change

This PR addresses multiple issues with argument parsing and extends the execution headless test to also debug run configurations.

• removes manual escaping of inferior arguments in the gdbserver script, because since 2020 gdbserver does this automatically
• collect and forward args defined in the BUILD file when using LLDB
• fixes index out of bound exception for empty user defined arguments

[kekxv]

@LeFrosch When is the release planned?

[ujohnny]

So if we understand the gdbserver changes right, this change could break gdbserver < 10.1, so probably we would like to put a version detection and use the previous logic for old gdbserver versions