release-24.3: sql: only re-use resolved routine type when flag is set

[blathers-crl]

Backport 1/1 commits from #143170.

/cc @cockroachdb/release

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This commit adds a RoutineUseResolvedType flag to the SemaContext properties to indicate that type-checking for a routine that has already been resolved to a concrete type should short-circuit. This is used to determine the column type for a Values operator which depends on a RECORD-returning routine, which only determines its type after the body is built. This will prevent regressions in other code paths that do not desire this short-circuiting behavior.

Fixes #142615

Release note (bug fix): Fixed a bug in v24.1.14, v24.3.7, v24.3.8, and v25.1 which could cause a nil-pointer error when a column's default expression contained a volatile expression (like nextval) as a UDF argument.

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Release justification: fix for regression due to previously backported fix

[blathers-crl]

Thanks for opening a backport.

Please check the backport criteria before merging:

• Backports should only be created for serious
  issues or test-only changes.
• Backports should not break backwards-compatibility.
• Backports should change as little code as possible.
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• Backports should not add new functionality (except as defined
  here).
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  policy.

If your backport adds new functionality, please ensure that the following additional criteria are satisfied:

• There is a high priority need for the functionality that cannot wait until the next release and is difficult to address in another way.
• The new functionality is additive-only and only runs for clusters which have specifically “opted in” to it (e.g. by a cluster setting).
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  channel (#db-backports-point-releases or #db-backports-XX-X-release) for awareness and discussion.

Also, please add a brief release justification to the body of your PR to justify this
backport.

[cockroach-teamcity]

This change is 

[DrewKimball]

@mgartner this one needs a look as well :)