📝 Update docs to use Typer() more prominently

.github/DISCUSSION_TEMPLATE/questions.yml

@@ -64,13 +64,15 @@ body:
       placeholder: |
         import typer
 
+        app = typer.Typer()
 
+        @app.command()
         def main(name: str):
             typer.echo(f"Hello {name}")
 
 
         if __name__ == "__main__":
-            typer.run(main)
+            app()
       render: python
     validations:
       required: true

docs/tutorial/arguments/default.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ That way the *CLI argument* will be optional *and also* have a default value.
 
 We can also use `typer.Argument()` to make a *CLI argument* have a default value other than `None`:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/default/tutorial001_an.py hl[5] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/default/tutorial001_an.py hl[8] *}
 
 /// tip
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Hello Camila
 
 And we can even make the default value be dynamically generated by passing a function as the `default_factory` argument:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/default/tutorial002_an.py hl[7:8,11] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/default/tutorial002_an.py hl[10:11,14] *}
 
 In this case, we created the function `get_name` that will just return a random `str` each time.
 

docs/tutorial/arguments/envvar.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ You can learn more about environment variables in the [Environment Variables](..
 
 To do that, use the `envvar` parameter for `typer.Argument()`:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/envvar/tutorial001_an.py hl[5] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/envvar/tutorial001_an.py hl[8] *}
 
 In this case, the *CLI argument* `name` will have a default value of `"World"`, but will also read any value passed to the environment variable `AWESOME_NAME` if no value is provided in the command line:
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Hello Mr. Czernobog
 
 You are not restricted to a single environment variable, you can declare a list of environment variables that could be used to get a value if it was not passed in the command line:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/envvar/tutorial002_an.py hl[6] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/envvar/tutorial002_an.py hl[9] *}
 
 Check it:
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Hello Mr. Anubis
 
 By default, environment variables used will be shown in the help text, but you can disable them with `show_envvar=False`:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/envvar/tutorial003_an.py hl[7] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/envvar/tutorial003_an.py hl[10] *}
 
 Check it:
 

docs/tutorial/arguments/help.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Now that you also know how to use `typer.Argument()`, let's use it to add docume
 
 You can use the `help` parameter to add a help text for a *CLI argument*:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial001_an.py hl[5] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial001_an.py hl[8] *}
 
 And it will be used in the automatic `--help` option:
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Options:
 
 And of course, you can also combine that `help` with the <abbr title="a multi-line string as the first expression inside a function (not assigned to any variable) used for documentation">docstring</abbr>:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial002_an.py hl[5:8] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial002_an.py hl[8:11] *}
 
 And the `--help` option will combine all the information:
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Options:
 
 If you have a *CLI argument* with a default value, like `"World"`:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial003_an.py hl[5] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial003_an.py hl[8] *}
 
 It will show that default value in the help text:
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ Options:
 
 But you can disable that if you want to, with `show_default=False`:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial004_an.py hl[7] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial004_an.py hl[10] *}
 
 And then it won't show the default value:
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ In **Typer** these default values are shown by default. 👀
 
 You can use the same `show_default` to pass a custom string (instead of a `bool`) to customize the default value to be shown in the help text:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial005_an.py hl[9] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial005_an.py hl[12] *}
 
 And it will be used in the help text:
 
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ But you can customize it with the `metavar` parameter for `typer.Argument()`.
 
 For example, let's say you don't want to have the default of `NAME`, you want to have `username`, in lowercase, and you really want ✨ emojis ✨ everywhere:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial006_an.py hl[5] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial006_an.py hl[8] *}
 
 Now the generated help text will have `✨username✨` instead of `NAME`:
 
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ You might want to show the help information for *CLI arguments* in different pan
 
 If you have installed Rich as described in the docs for [Printing and Colors](../printing.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, you can set the `rich_help_panel` parameter to the name of the panel where you want this *CLI argument* to be shown:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial007_an.py hl[8,12] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial007_an.py hl[11,15] *}
 
 Then, if you check the `--help` option, you will see a default panel named "`Arguments`" for the *CLI arguments* that don't have a custom `rich_help_panel`.
 
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ If you want, you can make a *CLI argument* **not** show up in the `Arguments` se
 
 You will probably not want to do this normally, but it's possible:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial008_an.py hl[5] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/help/tutorial008_an.py hl[8] *}
 
 Check it:
 

docs/tutorial/arguments/optional.md

@@ -39,8 +39,11 @@ In the [First Steps](../first-steps.md#add-a-cli-argument){.internal-link target
 
 Now let's see an alternative way to create the same *CLI argument*:
 
+{* docs_src/arguments/optional/tutorial000.py hl[4] *}
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/optional/tutorial001_an.py hl[5] *}
+Or, using an explicit `Typer()` instance creation:
+
+{* docs_src/arguments/optional/tutorial001_an.py hl[8] *}
 
 /// info
 
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@ Now, finally what we came for, an optional *CLI argument*.
 
 To make a *CLI argument* optional, use `typer.Argument()` and make sure to provide a "default" value, for example `"World"`:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/optional/tutorial002_an.py hl[5] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/optional/tutorial002_an.py hl[8] *}
 
 Now we have:
 
@@ -178,7 +181,7 @@ Notice that "`Camila`" here is an optional *CLI argument*, not a *CLI option*, b
 
 Instead of using `Annotated`, you can use `typer.Argument()` as the default value:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/optional/tutorial001.py hl[4] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/optional/tutorial001.py hl[7] *}
 
 /// tip
 
@@ -212,13 +215,13 @@ If you hadn't seen that `...` before: it is a special single value, it is <a hre
 
 ///
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/optional/tutorial003.py hl[4] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/optional/tutorial003.py hl[7] *}
 
-And the same way, you can make it optional by passing a different `default` value, for example `None`:
+And the same way, you can make it optional by passing a different `default` value, for example `"World"`:
 
-{* docs_src/arguments/optional/tutorial002.py hl[6] *}
+{* docs_src/arguments/optional/tutorial002.py hl[7] *}
 
-Because the first parameter passed to `typer.Argument(default=None)` (the new "default" value) is `None`, **Typer** knows that this is an **optional** *CLI argument*, if no value is provided when calling it in the command line, it will have that default value of `None`.
+Because the first parameter passed to `typer.Argument(default="World")` (the new "default" value) is `"World"`, **Typer** knows that this is an **optional** *CLI argument*, if no value is provided when calling it in the command line, it will have that default value of `"World"`.
 
 The `default` argument is the first one, so it's possible that you see code that passes the value without explicitly using `default=`, like:
 
@@ -229,7 +232,7 @@ name: str = typer.Argument(...)
 ...or like:
 
 ```Python
-name: str = typer.Argument(None)
+name: str = typer.Argument("World")
 ```
 
 ...but again, try to use `Annotated` if possible, that way your code in terms of Python will mean the same thing as with **Typer** and you won't have to remember any of these details.

docs/tutorial/commands/index.md

@@ -46,127 +46,10 @@ Have that in mind so you don't get confused.
 
 Here I'll use **CLI application** or **program** to refer to the program you are building in Python with Typer, and **command** to refer to one of these "subcommands" of your program.
 
-## Explicit application
-
-Before creating CLI applications with multiple commands/subcommands we need to understand how to create an explicit `typer.Typer()` application.
-
-In the *CLI options* and *CLI argument* tutorials you have seen how to create a single function and then pass that function to `typer.run()`.
-
-For example:
-
-{* docs_src/first_steps/tutorial002.py hl[9] *}
-
-But that is actually a shortcut. Under the hood, **Typer** converts that to a CLI application with `typer.Typer()` and executes it. All that inside of `typer.run()`.
-
-There's also a more explicit way to achieve the same:
-
-{* docs_src/commands/index/tutorial001.py hl[3,6,12] *}
-
-When you use `typer.run()`, **Typer** is doing more or less the same as above, it will:
-
-* Create a new `typer.Typer()` "application".
-* Create a new "`command`" with your function.
-* Call the same "application" as if it was a function with "`app()`".
-
-/// info | `@decorator` Info
-
-That `@something` syntax in Python is called a "decorator".
-
-You put it on top of a function. Like a pretty decorative hat (I guess that's where the term came from).
-
-A "decorator" takes the function below and does something with it.
-
-In our case, this decorator tells **Typer** that the function below is a "`command`".
-
-///
-
-Both ways, with `typer.run()` and creating the explicit application, achieve almost the same.
-
-/// tip
-
-If your use case is solved with just `typer.run()`, that's fine, you don't have to create the explicit `app` and use `@app.command()`, etc.
-
-You might want to do that later when your app needs the extra features, but if it doesn't need them yet, that's fine.
-
-///
-
-If you run the second example, with the explicit `app`, it works exactly the same:
-
-<div class="termy">
-
-```console
-// Without a CLI argument
-$ python main.py
-
-Usage: main.py [OPTIONS] NAME
-Try "main.py --help" for help.
-
-Error: Missing argument 'NAME'.
-
-// With the NAME CLI argument
-$ python main.py Camila
-
-Hello Camila
-
-// Asking for help
-$ python main.py  --help
-
-Usage: main.py [OPTIONS] NAME
-
-Options:
-  --install-completion  Install completion for the current shell.
-  --show-completion     Show completion for the current shell, to copy it or customize the installation.
-  --help                Show this message and exit.
-```
-
-</div>
-
-## CLI application completion
-
-There's a little detail that is worth noting here.
-
-Now the help shows two new *CLI options*:
-
-* `--install-completion`
-* `--show-completion`
-
-To get shell/tab completion, it's necessary to build a package that you and your users can install and **call directly**.
-
-So instead of running a Python script like:
-
-<div class="termy">
-
-```console
-$ python main.py
-
-✨ Some magic here ✨
-```
-
-</div>
-
-...It would be called like:
-
-<div class="termy">
-
-```console
-$ magic-app
-
-✨ Some magic here ✨
-```
-
-</div>
-
-Having a standalone program like that allows setting up shell/tab completion.
-
-The first step to be able to create an installable package like that is to use an explicit `typer.Typer()` app.
-
-Later you can learn all the process to create a standalone CLI application and [Build a Package](../package.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
-
-But for now, it's just good to know that you are on that path. 😎
-
 ## A CLI application with multiple commands
 
-Coming back to the CLI applications with multiple commands/subcommands, **Typer** allows creating CLI applications with multiple of them.
+
+**Typer** allows creating CLI applications with multiple commands/subcommands.
 
 Now that you know how to create an explicit `typer.Typer()` application and add one command, let's see how to add multiple commands.
 

docs/tutorial/commands/one-or-multiple.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # One or Multiple Commands
 
-You might have noticed that if you create a single command, as in the first example:
+You might have noticed that if you create a single command, as in the following example:
 
-{* docs_src/commands/index/tutorial001.py hl[3,6,12] *}
+{* docs_src/typer_instance/tutorial001.py hl[3,6,12] *}
 
 **Typer** is smart enough to create a CLI application with that single function as the main CLI application, not as a command/subcommand:
 

docs/tutorial/exceptions.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Typer does some tricks to help you detect those errors quickly.
 
 Let's take this example broken app:
 
-{* docs_src/exceptions/tutorial001.py hl[5] *}
+{* docs_src/exceptions/tutorial001.py hl[8] *}
 
 This code is broken because you can't sum a string and a number (`name + 3`).
 
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ So, the error you see will be **much clearer** and simpler, to help you detect t
 $ python main.py
 
 <font color="#F92672">╭──────────────── </font><font color="#F92672"><b>Traceback (most recent call last)</b></font><font color="#F92672"> ────────────────╮</font>
-<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>main.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">5</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">main</font>                        <font color="#F92672">│</font>
+<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>main.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">8</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">main</font>                        <font color="#F92672">│</font>
 <font color="#F92672">│</font>                                                                   <font color="#F92672">│</font>
-<font color="#F92672">│</font>    2                                                              <font color="#F92672">│</font>
-<font color="#F92672">│</font>    3                                                              <font color="#F92672">│</font>
-<font color="#F92672">│</font>    4 <font color="#66D9EF">def</font> <font color="#A6E22E">main</font>(name: <font color="#A1EFE4">str</font> = <font color="#F4BF75">&quot;morty&quot;</font>):                               <font color="#F92672">│</font>
-<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">❱ </font> 5 │   <font color="#A1EFE4">print</font>(name + <font color="#66D9EF">3</font>)                                          <font color="#F92672">│</font>
-<font color="#F92672">│</font>    6                                                              <font color="#F92672">│</font>
-<font color="#F92672">│</font>    7                                                              <font color="#F92672">│</font>
-<font color="#F92672">│</font>    8 <font color="#66D9EF">if</font> <font color="#F92672">__name__</font> == <font color="#F4BF75">&quot;__main__&quot;</font>:                                   <font color="#F92672">│</font>
+<font color="#F92672">│</font>    5                                                              <font color="#F92672">│</font>
+<font color="#F92672">│</font>    6 <font color="#FF00FF">@app</font>.command()                                              <font color="#F92672">│</font>
+<font color="#F92672">│</font>    7 <font color="#66D9EF">def</font> <font color="#A6E22E">main</font>(name: <font color="#A1EFE4">str</font> = <font color="#F4BF75">&quot;morty&quot;</font>):                               <font color="#F92672">│</font>
+<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">❱ </font> 8 │   <font color="#A1EFE4">print</font>(name + <font color="#66D9EF">3</font>)                                          <font color="#F92672">│</font>
+<font color="#F92672">│</font>    9                                                              <font color="#F92672">│</font>
+<font color="#F92672">│</font>    10                                                             <font color="#F92672">│</font>
+<font color="#F92672">│</font>    11 <font color="#66D9EF">if</font> <font color="#F92672">__name__</font> == <font color="#F4BF75">&quot;__main__&quot;</font>:                                   <font color="#F92672">│</font>
 <font color="#F92672">│</font>                                                                   <font color="#F92672">│</font>
 <font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">╭──── locals ────╮</font>                                                <font color="#F92672">│</font>
 <font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> name = <font color="#F4BF75">&apos;morty&apos;</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font>                                                <font color="#F92672">│</font>
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ $ python main.py
 Traceback (most recent call last):
 
   File "main.py", line 12, in <module>
-    typer.run(main)
+    app()
 
   File "main.py", line 8, in main
     print(name + 3)
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ In this case, `name` is a local variable, it comes from a parameter passed to th
 
 But if it was something like a password, you would have liked to hide it.
 
-In that case, you can create the `typer.Typer()` application explicitly and set the parameter `pretty_exceptions_show_locals=False`:
+In that case, you can set the parameter `pretty_exceptions_show_locals=False` when creating the `typer.Typer()` application:
 
 {* docs_src/exceptions/tutorial002.py hl[3] *}