feat(browser): Add debugId sync APIs between web worker and main thread

[Lms24]

This PR adds two Browser SDK APIs to let the main thread know about debugIds of worker files:

• webWorkerIntegration(worker) to be used in the main thread
• registerWebWorker(self) to be used in the web worker

The communication between workers and main thread is established between both APIs and they have to be used both for the sync to work correctly. Another limitation around this approach is that users must set up webWorkerInegration before they register their own message listeners. This ensures that the message from registerWebWorker is not propagated to user-created message listeners. We'll document this thoroughly in docs and I already added a section about this in the JSDoc.

Because of the strict co-dependence of both APIs, I decided to add them in one PR (also makes testing easier).

Usage Example

// main.js
Sentry.init({...})

const worker = new MyWorker(...);

Sentry.addIntegration(Sentry.webWorkerIntegration(worker));

worker.addEventListener('message', e => {...});

// worker.js
Sentry.registerWebWorker(self);

self.postMessage(...);

closes #16975
closes #16976