feat(core): Add support for tracking provider metadata

[AbhiPrasad]

In https://github.com/vercel/ai/releases/tag/ai%404.3.17 of the ai SDK, provider metadata got exposed (vercel/ai@a288694)

This is included in the ai.response.providerMetadata property.

To get more detailed, info, we parse ai.response.providerMetadata and attach attributes as appropriate. Still need some help with the naming.

resolves https://linear.app/getsentry/issue/JS-661/add-support-for-cached-and-reasoning-tokens

[github-actions]

size-limit report 📦

Path	Size	% Change	Change
@sentry/browser	23.88 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser - with treeshaking flags	22.35 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing)	39.75 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay)	77.88 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay) - with treeshaking flags	67.7 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay with Canvas)	82.58 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	94.69 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Feedback)	40.58 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. sendFeedback)	28.56 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. FeedbackAsync)	33.46 kB	-	-
@sentry/react	25.61 kB	-	-
@sentry/react (incl. Tracing)	41.72 kB	-	-
@sentry/vue	28.31 kB	-	-
@sentry/vue (incl. Tracing)	41.53 kB	-	-
@sentry/svelte	23.9 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle	25.18 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing)	39.44 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay)	75.4 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	80.87 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle - uncompressed	73.54 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing) - uncompressed	116.99 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay) - uncompressed	231.17 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback) - uncompressed	243.98 kB	-	-
@sentry/nextjs (client)	43.32 kB	-	-
@sentry/sveltekit (client)	40.2 kB	-	-
@sentry/node	167.84 kB	+0.15%	+238 B 🔺
@sentry/node - without tracing	100.3 kB	-0.01%	-1 B 🔽
@sentry/aws-serverless	128.41 kB	-	-

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