Adds ankerl::unordered_dense{segmented_map, segmented_set}

This new underlying container has a much smoother memory allocation curve than the default underlying `std::vector`. * Much smoother memory usage, memory usage increases continuously. * No high peak memory usage. * Faster insertion because elements never need to be moved to new allocated blocks * Slightly slower indexing compared to `std::vector` because an additional indirection is needed. Abseil is fastest for this simple inserting test, taking a bit over 0.8 seconds. It's peak memory usage is about 430 MB. Note how the memory usage goes down after the last peak; when it goes down to ~290MB it has finished rehashing and could free the previously used memory block. `ankerl::unordered_dense::segmented_map` doesn't have these peaks, and instead has a smooth increase of memory usage. Note there are still sudden drops & increases in memory because the indexing data structure needs still needs to increase by a fixed factor. But due to holding the data in a separate container we are able to first free the old data structure, and then allocate a new, bigger indexing structure; thus we do not have peaks. bump to 4.0.0
martinus · Apr 8, 2023 · ec970e9 · ec970e9
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diff --git a/.clang-tidy b/.clang-tidy
@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
 ---
-Checks: '*,
-
-    -altera*,
-    -fuchsia*,
-    -llvmlibc*,
-
-    -bugprone-easily-swappable-parameters,
-    -cert-err58-cpp,
-    -cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers,
-    -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index,
-    -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-pointer-arithmetic,
-    -llvm-header-guard,
-    -readability-function-cognitive-complexity,
-    -readability-identifier-length,
-    -readability-magic-numbers,
-    '
+Checks: '*
+  -altera*
+  -bugprone-easily-swappable-parameters
+  -cert-err58-cpp
+  -cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-pointer-arithmetic
+  -fuchsia*
+  -llvm-header-guard
+  -llvmlibc*
+  -readability-function-cognitive-complexity
+  -readability-identifier-length
+  -readability-magic-numbers
+  '
 WarningsAsErrors: '*'
 HeaderFilterRegex: ''
 CheckOptions:

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.12)
 project("unordered_dense"
-    VERSION 3.1.1
+    VERSION 4.0.0
     DESCRIPTION "A fast & densely stored hashmap and hashset based on robin-hood backward shift deletion"
     HOMEPAGE_URL "https://github.com/martinus/unordered_dense")
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
 
 A fast & densely stored hashmap and hashset based on robin-hood backward shift deletion.
 
-The classes `ankerl::unordered_dense::map` and `ankerl::unordered_dense::set` are (almost) drop-in replacements of `std::unordered_map` and `std::unordered_set`. While they don't have as strong iterator / reference stability guaranties, they are typically *much* faster. 
+The classes `ankerl::unordered_dense::map` and `ankerl::unordered_dense::set` are (almost) drop-in replacements of `std::unordered_map` and `std::unordered_set`. While they don't have as strong iterator / reference stability guaranties, they are typically *much* faster.
+
+Additionally, there are `ankerl::unordered_dense::segmented_map` and `ankerl::unordered_dense::segmented_set` with lower peak memory usage.
 
 - [1. Overview](#1-overview)
 - [2. Installation](#2-installation)
@@ -257,13 +259,29 @@ The map/set supports two different bucket types. The default should be good for
 * up to 2^63 = 9223372036854775808 elements.
 * 12 bytes overhead per bucket.
 
-## 4. Design
+## 4. `segmented_map` and `segmented_set`
+
+`ankerl::unordered_dense` provides a custom container implementation that has lower memory requirements than the default `std::vector`. Memory is not contiguous, but it can allocate segments without having to reallocate and move all the elements. In summary, this leads to
+
+* Much smoother memory usage, memory usage increases continuously.
+* No high peak memory usage.
+* Faster insertion because elements never need to be moved to new allocated blocks
+* Slightly slower indexing compared to `std::vector` because an additional indirection is needed.
+
+Here is a comparison against `absl::flat_hash_map` and the `ankerl::unordered_dense::map` when inserting 10 million entries
+![allocated memory](doc/allocated_memory.png)
+
+Abseil is fastest for this simple inserting test, taking a bit over 0.8 seconds. It's peak memory usage is about 430 MB. Note how the memory usage goes down after the last peak; when it goes down to ~290MB it has finished rehashing and could free the previously used memory block.
+
+`ankerl::unordered_dense::segmented_map` doesn't have these peaks, and instead has a smooth increase of memory usage. Note there are still sudden drops & increases in memory because the indexing data structure needs still needs to increase by a fixed factor. But due to holding the data in a separate container we are able to first free the old data structure, and then allocate a new, bigger indexing structure; thus we do not have peaks.
+
+## 5. Design
 
 The map/set has two data structures:
 * `std::vector<value_type>` which holds all data. map/set iterators are just `std::vector<value_type>::iterator`!
 * An indexing structure (bucket array), which is a flat array with 8-byte buckets.
 
-### 4.1. Inserts
+### 5.1. Inserts
 
 Whenever an element is added it is `emplace_back` to the vector. The key is hashed, and an entry (bucket) is added at the
 corresponding location in the bucket array. The bucket has this structure:
@@ -283,12 +301,12 @@ Each bucket stores 3 things:
 This structure is especially designed for the collision resolution strategy robin-hood hashing with backward shift
 deletion.
 
-### 4.2. Lookups
+### 5.2. Lookups
 
 The key is hashed and the bucket array is searched if it has an entry at that location with that fingerprint. When found,
 the key in the data vector is compared, and when equal the value is returned.
 
-### 4.3. Removals
+### 5.3. Removals
 
 Since all data is stored in a vector, removals are a bit more complicated:
 

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+�f!fffffff!ff�!
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diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/d09396127da6714e99f1f18d881939e19749c627 b/data/fuzz/api/d09396127da6714e99f1f18d881939e19749c627
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Y�C
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/d2cd83b299a8b86293335172c5379b825b07c9fc b/data/fuzz/api/d2cd83b299a8b86293335172c5379b825b07c9fc
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/d62f1806de56aed27a3782f7c390ba2937b34a34 b/data/fuzz/api/d62f1806de56aed27a3782f7c390ba2937b34a34
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diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/db7949e914d804216f190259bae93aff4315b148 b/data/fuzz/api/db7949e914d804216f190259bae93aff4315b148
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diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/def5720e6378d275f66d35f2c3435ac975199339 b/data/fuzz/api/def5720e6378d275f66d35f2c3435ac975199339
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/df1149c3e7f609ec27ca8ab4e3042352aa1a028a b/data/fuzz/api/df1149c3e7f609ec27ca8ab4e3042352aa1a028a
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/df77f4f8c395eea8b3eb53549fb9a51e4329eb68 b/data/fuzz/api/df77f4f8c395eea8b3eb53549fb9a51e4329eb68
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/e0eb473d04e391632367c82eae68e3fc03b27fd6 b/data/fuzz/api/e0eb473d04e391632367c82eae68e3fc03b27fd6
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/e5486aa467c80e54494e23136b3751aa188d8acc b/data/fuzz/api/e5486aa467c80e54494e23136b3751aa188d8acc
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/e573c1e57431b2d466c8c41408eb764892321bdd b/data/fuzz/api/e573c1e57431b2d466c8c41408eb764892321bdd
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diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/e63a119492d56193db5b359a99819f46cfd3164f b/data/fuzz/api/e63a119492d56193db5b359a99819f46cfd3164f
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/ea2e49089fabc8c14e8585611ed5591b0667482c b/data/fuzz/api/ea2e49089fabc8c14e8585611ed5591b0667482c
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+/@��
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+��H��,!�[
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/f8fd548dba02bfd14d0b116065a89b02452c739e b/data/fuzz/api/f8fd548dba02bfd14d0b116065a89b02452c739e
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/f98cdedc6fbf42753dc16e4d5c8de1eb5b26218f b/data/fuzz/api/f98cdedc6fbf42753dc16e4d5c8de1eb5b26218f
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/fd04f77309b4c46d1eda62ecf8dc7d51ec95bb36 b/data/fuzz/api/fd04f77309b4c46d1eda62ecf8dc7d51ec95bb36
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diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/fd835958194041f325074a5e1bbd063f44c75075 b/data/fuzz/api/fd835958194041f325074a5e1bbd063f44c75075
diff --git a/data/fuzz/api/fdeeb02ad36e89b018b71dea53e5faaee2081ca0 b/data/fuzz/api/fdeeb02ad36e89b018b71dea53e5faaee2081ca0
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+K#���
diff --git a/doc/allocated_memory.gnuplot b/doc/allocated_memory.gnuplot
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/usr/bin/gnuplot
+
+#set terminal pngcairo 
+#set terminal pngcairo size 730,510 enhanced font 'Verdana,10'
+set terminal pngcairo size 800,600 enhanced font 'Verdana,10'
+
+# define axis
+# remove border on top and right and set color to gray
+set style line 11 lc rgb '#808080' lt 1
+set border 3 back ls 11
+set tics nomirror
+# define grid
+set style line 12 lc rgb '#808080' lt 0 lw 1
+set grid back ls 12
+
+# line styles
+set style line 1 lt 1 lc rgb '#1B9E77' # dark teal
+set style line 2 lt 1 lc rgb '#D95F02' # dark orange
+set style line 3 lt 1 lc rgb '#7570B3' # dark lilac
+set style line 4 lt 1 lc rgb '#E7298A' # dark magenta
+set style line 5 lt 1 lc rgb '#66A61E' # dark lime green
+set style line 6 lt 1 lc rgb '#E6AB02' # dark banana
+set style line 7 lt 1 lc rgb '#A6761D' # dark tan
+set style line 8 lt 1 lc rgb '#666666' # dark gray
+
+
+set style line 101 lc rgb '#808080' lt 1 lw 1
+set border 3 front ls 101
+set tics nomirror out scale 0.75
+
+set key left top
+
+set output 'allocated_memory.png'
+
+set xlabel "Runtime [s]"
+set ylabel "Allocated memory [MB]"
+
+set title "Inserting 10 Million uint64\\\_t -> uint64\\\_t pairs"
+
+# allocated_memory_segmented_vector.txt  allocated_memory_std_unordered_map.txt  allocated_memory_std_vector.txt
+plot \
+    'allocated_memory_segmented_vector.txt' using ($1):($2/1e6) w steps ls 1 lw 2 title "ankerl::unordered\\\_dense::segmented\\\_map" , \
+    'allocated_memory_std_vector.txt' using ($1):($2/1e6) w steps ls 2 lw 2 title "ankerl::unordered\\\_dense::map" , \
+    'allocated_memory_absl_flat_hash_map.txt' using ($1):($2/1e6) w steps ls 3 lw 2 title "absl::flat\\\_hash\\\_map"
diff --git a/doc/allocated_memory.png b/doc/allocated_memory.png
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		{/��/��R��[��򲲲�[��򲲲��[
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		��y��Z��?��,��?��,?��J��Z��y��Z��?��,��?��/��,?��J��Z��!��ڞ�%%��J��Z��
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		��!��۲#��!��!8K�!��@.-�!��!�#۔h�!��@s2�!��!�k�!��@s��!��
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Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
		@@ -0,0 +1 @@
		��/ /00 00 � 0� z 00 0 0 000 00 � 0� 0[
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
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		{{[/��/��/��%�/��{��/��/��/��/��/��:{��/��/��/��/��[/��/��{��/��/��/��/��/��:{��/��/��/��/��[/��/��/��[/��/��[/��{��/��/��/��:{��/��/��/��/��[/��/��/��[/��/��[/��{��/��/��[/��/�/��/��/��[/��/��/��/��/��[/��![