[v25.3.x] kafka: Clamp consume deadline to 5s

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport of PR #29378

[vbotbuildovich]

Retry command for Build#80009

please wait until all jobs are finished before running the slash command

/ci-repeat 1
skip-redpanda-build
skip-units
skip-rebase
tests/rptest/tests/write_caching_fi_test.py::WriteCachingFailureInjectionTest.test_unavoidable_data_loss

[vbotbuildovich]

CI test results

test results on build#80009

test_class	test_method	test_arguments	test_kind	job_url	test_status	passed	reason	test_history
InternalTopicProtectionLargeClusterTest	test_consumer_offset_topic	null	integration	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/80009#019c22fb-6302-4e2f-b0e6-8b5ef4807f26	FLAKY	19/21	Test PASSES after retries.No significant increase in flaky rate(baseline=0.0145, p0=0.2532, reject_threshold=0.0100. adj_baseline=0.1000, p1=0.3917, trust_threshold=0.5000)	https://redpanda.metabaseapp.com/dashboard/87-tests?tab=142-dt-individual-test-history&test_class=InternalTopicProtectionLargeClusterTest&test_method=test_consumer_offset_topic
TestReadReplicaService	test_writes_forbidden	{"cloud_storage_type": 1, "partition_count": 10}	integration	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/80009#019c22fb-62fc-4972-b3fd-361cd9f1e62d	FLAKY	10/11	Test PASSES after retries.No significant increase in flaky rate(baseline=0.0000, p0=1.0000, reject_threshold=0.0100. adj_baseline=0.1000, p1=0.3487, trust_threshold=0.5000)	https://redpanda.metabaseapp.com/dashboard/87-tests?tab=142-dt-individual-test-history&test_class=TestReadReplicaService&test_method=test_writes_forbidden
WriteCachingFailureInjectionTest	test_unavoidable_data_loss	null	integration	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/80009#019c22fb-62ff-461c-b6d1-a32a0f6b8659	FLAKY	27/31	Test FAILS after retries.Significant increase in flaky rate(baseline=0.0145, p0=0.0092, reject_threshold=0.0100)	https://redpanda.metabaseapp.com/dashboard/87-tests?tab=142-dt-individual-test-history&test_class=WriteCachingFailureInjectionTest&test_method=test_unavoidable_data_loss