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| Wikipedia | ||
| ------------------- | ||
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_social_science | ||
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| Papers | ||
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| https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10588-008-9042-2 | ||
| http://computationalsocialscience.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/CSSSA_2015_submission_3.pdf | ||
| https://economics.mit.edu/files/8753 | ||
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| ANalyse von Daten | ||
| Simulation von Systemen (interessanter) | ||
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| Hochschulen: | ||
| ------------------- | ||
| https://www.gesis.org/forschung/angewandte-informatik/computational-social-science/ | ||
| https://www.uni-bamberg.de/ma-politik/schwerpunkte/computational-social-sciences/ | ||
| https://www.hfp.tum.de/professuren/professur-fuer-computational-social-science-and-big-data/ | ||
| https://www.hfp.tum.de/professuren/professur-fuer-policy-analysis/ | ||
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| Konferenzen | ||
| ------------------- | ||
| https://ic2s2.org/2017/elements/accepted_talks.html | ||
| https://ic2s2.org/2017/elements/accepted_posters.html | ||
| https://ic2s2.org/2017/ | ||
| http://summerschool.computationalsocialscience.eu/ | ||
| http://symposium.computationalsocialscience.eu/ |
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| Basics of Physics | ||
| ------------------------------------------- | ||
| * A few of the basics about atomic structure | ||
| * E=mc2 Energy and Mass, Binding Energy | ||
| * Nuclear Fission vs Fusion | ||
| * Critical mass | ||
| * Isotopes | ||
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| * Atomic Bomb vs. H-Bomb | ||
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| * What are the destructive effects? | ||
| - Heat | ||
| - pressure | ||
| - EMP - how vunerable would modern electronics be to the EMP? | ||
| - radiation - Would you say radiation (and long term area denial) is a side-effect | ||
| and that the military uses those weapons despite them, not because? | ||
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| * What kind of damage is expected from different yields? Some examples - | ||
| radius of damages from a small yield explosion and a large yield | ||
| explosion. | ||
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| The development of the A-Bomb | ||
| ------------------------------------------ | ||
| * Context: the Manhattan Project | ||
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| * Bomb was before nuclear power plants! | ||
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| * Basic Principle: critical mass must be assembled for detonation | ||
| - gun method: propel core into hollow shell | ||
| - implosion method: compression using "explosive lenses". | ||
| - Explain details about both. | ||
| - Trade-offs? | ||
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| * Manhattan Project built both, right? | ||
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| * Plutonium Bombs vs. Uranium Bombs | ||
| - Can both be used with both fuels (uranium, plutonium) | ||
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| * Technical/Engineering Milestones in the dev of the US Bomb | ||
| ... and key people | ||
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| * Who lay the theoretical basics so they knew it was possible? | ||
| Einstein, right? | ||
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| * Yield compared to today? | ||
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| H-Bombs | ||
| ------------------------------------------ | ||
| * Basic Principle | ||
| - Staging: Fission triggers fusion | ||
| - Fusion triggers (one or more) stages of fission or fusion | ||
| - Initial Fission is always implosion; no gun. | ||
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| * Structure of the H Bomb | ||
| - incl. the substructure of the secondary | ||
| - Teller-Ulam Design? | ||
| . Reflective Shell, reflects Xrays and gamma rays | ||
| . heat and compress fusion fuel. | ||
| . transfer via radiation implosion; 73 million bar pressure! | ||
| . foam plasma pressure | ||
| . tamper-pusher ablation (much higher pressures; most likely used) | ||
| - Role of the Tamper, heat difference. | ||
| - Fusion creates high-speed neutrons that can then trigger fission in | ||
| non-enriched materials such as depleted uranium (up to 50%) | ||
| - Staging leads to effectively unlimited sized bombs -> limits in delivery | ||
| - Fusion does not create fission products; but the fission stages do. | ||
| - Spark Plug | ||
| - Interstage: "focus" four results of primary onto the secondary | ||
| 1) expanding hot gases from high explosive charges that implode the primary; | ||
| 2) superheated plasma that was originally the bomb's fissile material and its tamper; | ||
| 3) the electromagnetic radiation; and | ||
| 4) the neutrons from the primary's nuclear detonation. | ||
| Seems to to be the key to the design. Secret! | ||
| Which aspects are known? | ||
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| * Why use a tertiary instead of just a bigger secondary? | ||
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| * majority of current Teller–Ulam are fission-fusion-fission weapon | ||
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| * What are the engineering challenges? | ||
| . efficiency | ||
| . size/weight | ||
| . reliability | ||
| . stablity/storage | ||
| - How have bombs evolved over the decades? | ||
| - Should we talk about some? B61, B83? | ||
| What are the yields, TNT equivalent | ||
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| * Variable yield weapons. | ||
| - How is it achieved? | ||
| . injecting deuterium/tritium gas | ||
| . timing/use of external neutron initiators | ||
| . shutting down the secondary | ||
| - Doesn't this waste fuel? | ||
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| * Safety Mechanisms | ||
| - how is accidental activation avoided? | ||
| - it did work over the years, right? No explosions :-) | ||
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| Other kinds of weapons, briefly | ||
| ------------------------------------------------- | ||
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| * Boosted fission weapon | ||
| * Neutron bomb | ||
| * Radiological weapon | ||
| * Antimatter weapon | ||
| * "Dirty Bomb" | ||
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| Delivery Systems | ||
| ------------------------------------------------- | ||
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| * Delivery mechamisms, challenges involved in those | ||
| - ICBM - silos | ||
| - SRBM - subs | ||
| - Bombers: Bombs, Cruise Missiles | ||
| - MIRVs | ||
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| * Tactical NWs (like: Davy Crockett) seem to be a rather odd idea. | ||
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| * Interplay with warhead design | ||
| - Size/weight reduction | ||
| - guidance and accuracy vs. power of the bomb | ||
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| * Discuss a few milestone warheads, maybe in use today? | ||
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| * Are the warheads different for the different delivery mechanisms? | ||
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| * Readiness, time to launch | ||
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| Creating the Fuel | ||
| ------------------------------------------------- | ||
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| * What is Weapons grade, why do we need "purer" stuff there? | ||
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| * Refinement, Purification, Centrifuges | ||
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| * Which other rare elements are needed in addition to Plutonium and/or Uranium? | ||
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| Testing, Design and Maintenance | ||
| -------------------------------------------------- | ||
| * How do you test? | ||
| - above the ground | ||
| - under the ground (challenge of transposing the results) | ||
| - monitoring, test -> CTBT episode | ||
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| * Effects of atmospheric nuclear testing on the environment/climate. | ||
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| * How many tests over history? | ||
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| * Now that testing is banned, how are NW developed and evaluated? | ||
| - Simulate: impact of modern computing on from-scratch development | ||
| - How is yield calculated without testing? | ||
| - What other parameters are interesting in addition to yield? | ||
| How do you characterize a NW? | ||
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| * Stockpile maintenance | ||
| - What is being done to maintain the stockpile? | ||
| - How does decay affect reliabilty and safe storage? | ||
| - I seem to know that the NIF has a role there. | ||
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| * Are we still developing new NW today? | ||
| Seems to me the hight of the dev was 1945 to 1980s? | ||
| Not much happened since then. Correct? | ||
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| History and Politics | ||
| ------------------------------------------------- | ||
| * Permanent readiness (Bombers with weapons in the air) | ||
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| * (Almost) Accidents, Losses of Weapons | ||
| There was a B-52 above Spain .... | ||
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| * Size and structure of the stockpile in the cold war and today | ||
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| * Which countries have NW? | ||
| - US | ||
| - Russia | ||
| - French | ||
| - British | ||
| - Chinese | ||
| - Israel | ||
| - India | ||
| - Pakistan | ||
| - others? | ||
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| * Why do countries want the bomb? Can't use it, realistically!? | ||
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| * Is there an agreement among historians whether "it was worth it" to | ||
| have NW in the cold war? | ||
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| * What do we think North Korea has today? | ||
| - Is the knowledge to build NW available? | ||
| - What are the engineering challenges that are not public knowledge? | ||
| - Or is it really about the raw materials and their refinement process? | ||
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| * How long would it take a developed country to build a nuke | ||
| if they decided to do so? | ||
| - starting from unclassified, available scientific data, | ||
| - no financial constraints) | ||
| - Cost and time? | ||
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| ================================================== | ||
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| http://www.nonproliferation.org/experts/jeffrey-lewis/ | ||
| http://www.miis.edu/academics/faculty/FDalnokiVeress/node/23025 | ||
| http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/about-me/ | ||
| http://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/people/siegfried_s_hecker | ||
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| https://armscontrolcenter.org/about/meet-our-experts/#PCoyle | ||
| https://www.boozallen.com | ||
| CTBT fragen | ||
| http://www.ucsusa.org/ | ||
| https://www.lowyinstitute.org/issues/nuclear-weapons | ||
| http://www.aerospace.illinois.edu/nuclear-weapons-expert-bruce-goodwin-present-stillwell-memorial-lecture | ||
| https://cgsr.llnl.gov/about/fellows/bruce-goodwin | ||
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| Contributors: | ||
| * Patrick Hosford | ||
| * Daniel Merrlin Rüscher | ||
| * Christopher Fredette | ||
| * Sebastian Knapp | ||
| * Benn Britton | ||
| * Bernd Hart | ||
| * MalteJ | ||
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| Basics: | ||
| * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon | ||
| * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design | ||
| * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon | ||
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| Relates to episodes: | ||
| * http://omegataupodcast.net/185-nuclear-test-monitoring-and-the-ctbt/ | ||
| * http://omegataupodcast.net/248-dew-sage-and-the-f-106-delta-dart/ | ||
| * http://omegataupodcast.net/258-the-history-and-technology-of-spy-satellites/ | ||
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